{"id":16756,"date":"2015-12-01T16:14:42","date_gmt":"2015-12-01T14:14:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=16756"},"modified":"2018-01-15T16:20:39","modified_gmt":"2018-01-15T13:20:39","slug":"gokbilim-tutkunlari-william-ve-caroline-herschel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2015\/12\/01\/gokbilim-tutkunlari-william-ve-caroline-herschel","title":{"rendered":"G\u00f6kbilim tutkunlar\u0131: William ve Caroline Herschel"},"content":{"rendered":"

Evrene ili\u015fkin kavray\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 geli\u015ftirenler aras\u0131nda William Herschel\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck ve sayg\u0131n bir yeri vard\u0131r. William\u2019\u0131n yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131, k\u0131z karde\u015fi Caroline\u2019\u0131n bu devrimci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olu\u015fturmadaki rol\u00fc az\u0131msanamaz.\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n

Sunu\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz say\u0131da \u00d6zg\u00fcr Can \u00d6z\u00fcdo\u011fru, \u201cM\u00fczisyen fizik\u00e7iler-1: William Hercshel\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131nda Hercshel\u2019in g\u00f6kbilimine katk\u0131lar\u0131 yan\u0131 s\u0131ra m\u00fczisyen y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc de ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Prof. Dr. Rennan Pek\u00fcnl\u00fc, William Hercshel\u2019den s\u00f6z ederken k\u0131z karde\u015fi Caroline\u2019dan s\u00f6z etmemek eksikliktir diyerek bize a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki makaleyi iletti. Kendisine te\u015fekk\u00fcr ediyor, okurlar\u0131m\u0131za sunuyoruz.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00dc\u00e7 y\u00fcz y\u0131l \u00f6nce Newton\u2019un ve Leibniz\u2019in alg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 evren mekanikti. Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lara g\u00f6re tanr\u0131 saat\u00e7iydi ve yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 makinenin di\u015flileri, \u00e7arklar\u0131 hi\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fmeden sonsuza dek d\u00f6n\u00fcp duruyordu. Ancak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz g\u00f6kbilimi evrenin mekanik de\u011fil, evrimsel oldu\u011funu saptad\u0131. Evrenin her bir yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fam \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc var. Y\u0131ld\u0131zlar do\u011far, geli\u015fir, olgunla\u015f\u0131r ve \u00e7ekirdek tepkimeleri sona erdi\u011finde art\u0131klar\u0131ndan yeni y\u0131ld\u0131zlara do\u011fum b\u00f6lgeleri olu\u015ftururlar. Evrene ili\u015fkin bu devrimci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc dikkatimize sunanlar aras\u0131nda William Herschel\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck ve sayg\u0131n bir yeri vard\u0131r. William\u2019\u0131n yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131, k\u0131z karde\u015fi Caroline\u2019\u0131n bu devrimci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olu\u015fturmadaki rol\u00fc az\u0131msanamaz.<\/p>\n

William gen\u00e7lik y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6kbilimci olarak de\u011fil, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bestek\u00e2r olarak an\u0131lma iste\u011fiyle, m\u00fczisyen olarak ge\u00e7irdi. 1780\u2019li y\u0131llarda bir g\u00f6kbilimciyi \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karan etmenler a) teleskop \u00fcreticisi, b) g\u00f6zlemci veya c) kuramc\u0131 olmakt\u0131. William her \u00fc\u00e7 alanda da ba\u015far\u0131n\u0131n doru\u011funa ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131nda, yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 teleskop yap\u0131m\u0131ndaki profesyonelli\u011fi Avrupa\u2019da \u00fcn yapt\u0131. Hen\u00fcz amat\u00f6r g\u00f6kbilimciyken 2,1 metrelik teleskopuna yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fckemmel yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131, kraliyet deste\u011fi kazanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. William b\u00f6ylece m\u00fczikten g\u00f6kbilime ge\u00e7i\u015f yapt\u0131. William\u2019\u0131n teleskopu, o g\u00fcne dek bilinmeyen bir gezegenin (Uran\u00fcs), san\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi s\u0131radan bir y\u0131ld\u0131z olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi. William, kraliyet deste\u011finin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak gezegene, Kral III. George\u2019un ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi: Georgian Star<\/strong>. Bunun \u00fczerine Kral George William\u2019\u0131 Windsor saray\u0131 g\u00f6kbilimcisi yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Teleskop yap\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 William, 32 birim bak\u0131r, 13 birim kalay ve 1 birim antimon kullanarak 60 cm\u2019lik yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 ayna yapt\u0131. On be\u015f g\u00fcn sonra, bu kez 165 cm odak uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahip ayna yapt\u0131 ve notlar\u0131na \u015fu t\u00fcmceyi d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc: \u201cAynalar\u0131 t\u0131ra\u015flay\u0131p \u015fekil verdikten sonra parlatmaya ge\u00e7tim\u201d. William \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na t\u00fcm zamanlar\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc ayna yap\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 olarak devam etti. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 aynalar, yak\u0131n kom\u015fular\u0131m\u0131z olan Ay, gezegenler ve parlak y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131 incelemek \u00fczere tasarlanm\u0131\u015f orta boy aynalard\u0131.<\/p>\n

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Caroline, William\u2019\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 evin d\u00fczenini sa\u011flama sorumlulu\u011funu duyumsayan ve kariyerine bir \u015fark\u0131c\u0131 olarak devam etme iste\u011finde olan Caroline, erkek karde\u015fi William\u2019a yard\u0131m etme konusunda karars\u0131z ve panik durumundayd\u0131. An\u0131lar\u0131nda, \u201cT\u00fcm odalar\u0131n at\u00f6lye d\u00fczenine girdi\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fcm\u201d diye yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Di\u011fer yandan, \u00e7o\u011fu ki\u015fiden daha \u00e7ok, kendisine gereksinim oldu\u011funu duyumsama iste\u011fi vard\u0131 ve \u015fimdi eline bir f\u0131rsat ge\u00e7mi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Bir aynay\u0131 parabolik \u015fekle t\u0131ra\u015flay\u0131p parlatmak optik yasalar gere\u011fi \u00e7ok zaman al\u0131yordu ancak William i\u00e7in bu i\u015f hem sanat hem de beceriydi. Aynan\u0131n nas\u0131l \u015fekillendi\u011fini \u201cduyumsamak\u201d i\u00e7in, i\u015f tamamlan\u0131ncaya dek, kesikli\u011fe u\u011framadan metali elinde tutmal\u0131yd\u0131. Bu arada hem ac\u0131k\u0131yor hem de s\u0131k\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bir keresinde Caroline \u201cO\u2019nu canl\u0131 tutabilmek i\u00e7in\u201d on alt\u0131 saat boyunca bir bebek gibi besledi. Bu arada William\u2019a Don Quixote<\/em>, Arabian Nights<\/em>, Laurence Sterne\u2019den Tristram Shandy<\/em>, Henry Fielding\u2019den romanlar okuyordu. Caroline notlar\u0131na \u015fu sat\u0131rlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyordu: \u201cAte\u015fin s\u00f6nmemesi, geceleri uzun s\u00fcren g\u00f6zlem s\u0131ras\u0131nda s\u0131cak bir fincan kahve gereksiniminin kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 i\u015flerini b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zevkle yap\u0131yordum\u201d. William, 1781 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fczlerce ayna parlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, 1785 y\u0131l\u0131nda da birka\u00e7 kez, hi\u00e7 dinlenmeksizin otuz saat s\u00fcreyle ayna parlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

1 May\u0131s 1776 tarihinde Sat\u00fcrn\u2019\u00fcn halkas\u0131 ve iki ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fckemmel bir bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcledi. Ayn\u0131 zamanda 3 metre odak uzakl\u0131kl\u0131 ve 22,5 cm \u00e7apl\u0131 bir yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 teleskop \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. William, Ferguson\u2019un kitab\u0131nda Yer ve Ay\u2019\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu saptamas\u0131n\u0131 okumu\u015ftu (\u201cBizim D\u00fcnyam\u0131z Ay\u2019a uydudur, di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle Ay\u2019\u0131n Ay\u2019\u0131d\u0131r\u201d). William yeni yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 teleskopunu Ay\u2019a \u00e7evirdi ve Ferguson\u2019un s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fi Ay\u2019da ya\u015fayan canl\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcp g\u00f6remeyece\u011fini merak etti. Ancak Ay\u2019da zeki canl\u0131lar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin bir kan\u0131t yoktu! William canl\u0131 nesneleri alg\u0131layabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc. \u00d6zellikle Mare Humorum<\/strong>\u2019un bir orman oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerine kar\u015f\u0131n dikkatliydi, \u201cAy\u2019da canl\u0131 olan nesnelerin yeterince b\u00fcy\u00fck olamayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Yer\u2019den g\u00f6zlenmeleri olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r\u201d saptamas\u0131nda bulundu.<\/p>\n

William, erken d\u00f6nemde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlerde Uran\u00fcs gezegenini kuyruklu y\u0131ld\u0131z sanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 (William Uran\u00fcs\u2019\u00fc kuyruklu y\u0131ld\u0131z san\u0131p g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrdeki boyutunun giderek artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Yer\u2019e yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131). Bu san\u0131 sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olumsuz etkilemi\u015f oldu. 1781 y\u0131l\u0131 yaz ba\u015flar\u0131nda matematik\u00e7iler William\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcvenilir g\u00f6zlemlerini \u00f6nlerine alarak hesaplar yapt\u0131 ve o g\u00f6kcisminin bir gezegen oldu\u011funa karar verdiler. Ancak, o gezegenin Sat\u00fcrn gezegeninden de \u00f6tede olu\u015funa \u00e7ok \u015fa\u015f\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. William, kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7mi\u015f olan g\u00f6kbilim tarihinde bir gezegenin bulgusunu yapan ilk ki\u015fi oldu ve bu bulgusuyla G\u00fcne\u015f dizgesinin boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 ikiye katlad\u0131. William\u2019\u0131n Londra\u2019daki arkada\u015flar\u0131 bu bulgunun b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc konusunda Kral\u2019\u0131 bilgilendirdiler.<\/p>\n

Bu arada William, Philosophical Transactions<\/em>\u2019da yay\u0131nlanmak \u00fczere Sir Joseph Banks\u2019a bir mektup yazd\u0131 ve ke\u015ffetti\u011fi gezegenin ad\u0131n\u0131 Georgium Sidus<\/strong> olarak belirledi. Bu isim, Horace\u2019\u0131n Odes\u2019lerinden biri olan Julium Sidus<\/strong>\u2019u ve daha \u00f6nemlisi, Medicea Sidera<\/strong>\u2019y\u0131 an\u0131msat\u0131yordu ki, Galileo, J\u00fcpiter\u2019in uydular\u0131na bu ad\u0131 vererek bulgusunu patronuna adam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na dek gezegen \u201cGeorgian Gezegeni\u201d olarak an\u0131ld\u0131. Ancak William\u2019\u0131n bu se\u00e7ene\u011fi k\u0131ta Avrupa\u2019s\u0131ndaki g\u00f6kbilimciler aras\u0131nda destek bulmad\u0131. Avrupa k\u0131tas\u0131 g\u00f6kbilimcileri bu gezegene \u00f6nce Herschel ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi ve en sonunda Berlin profes\u00f6r\u00fc J. E. Bode\u2019nin \u00f6nerisi olan Uran\u00fcs ismi onand\u0131.<\/p>\n

1783 y\u0131l\u0131 Aral\u0131k ay\u0131 ortalar\u0131nda William g\u00f6kbilim tarihinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6zlem kampanyas\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatacakt\u0131. 6 metre odak uzakl\u0131kl\u0131 45 cm \u00e7apl\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 teleskopunu G\u00fcney y\u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7evirip transit ge\u00e7i\u015fler i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/p>\n

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Caroline Herschel (1750-1848)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Geriye bir tek g\u00f6z\u00fcn karanl\u0131\u011fa al\u0131\u015fma sorunu kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. William g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc inceleme i\u015flemini b\u0131rak\u0131p, yapay \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa gidip bulgusunu yazmaya zaman ay\u0131ramazd\u0131. Bu g\u00f6revi onun i\u00e7in Caroline \u00fcstlenmeliydi. Yak\u0131ndaki bir pencerenin yan\u0131na Caroline i\u00e7in bir sandalye haz\u0131rlad\u0131, \u00f6n\u00fcne k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t kalem, referans kitab\u0131, saat ve ipe ba\u011fl\u0131 bir \u00e7an koydu. K\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131n\u0131n dondurucu so\u011fu\u011funda Caroline\u2019\u0131n donmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in pencere kapal\u0131 tutulacak, William i\u015faret olarak ipi \u00e7ekti\u011finde \u00e7an \u00e7alacak, Caroline pencereyi a\u00e7acak, William\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131rarak iletti\u011fi bilgiyi not edecek, onun referans kitab\u0131ndan istedi\u011fi kaynaklar\u0131 kendisine iletecek ve pencereyi tekrar kapatacakt\u0131. Caroline, karde\u015fi William\u2019\u0131n bir tek v\u00fccutta toplanm\u0131\u015f fotokopi makinesi, hesap makinesi ve s\u00f6zc\u00fck i\u015flemcisiydi.<\/p>\n

Alexander\u2019\u0131n teleskopa uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 mekanik yeniliklerle birlikte William ve Caroline\u2019\u0131n i\u015fbirli\u011fi \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 derecede verimli bir sonuca gitti. 1786 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131 bulutsu ve y\u0131ld\u0131z k\u00fcmesi katalogundaki say\u0131 1802 y\u0131l\u0131nda 2510 a ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; Messier\u2019in katalogunda bu say\u0131 y\u00fcz civar\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

William yeni bir 6 metrelik teleskop pe\u015findeydi, bir \u00f6nceki 6 metreli\u011fi de Caroline\u2019\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131yordu. Caroline\u2019\u0131n art\u0131k ya\u015famda bir amac\u0131 vard\u0131. Asl\u0131nda ama\u00e7lar\u0131 birden fazlayd\u0131. Herschel\u2019lerin evinin d\u00fczeni ondan soruluyordu. Giri\u015filen b\u00fcy\u00fck bilimsel ama\u00e7ta William\u2019\u0131n e\u015fi bulunmaz yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131, William\u2019\u0131n ona gereksinim duymad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlarda Caroline\u2019n\u0131n izleyece\u011fi kendi g\u00f6zlem program\u0131 vard\u0131 ve di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok y\u00f6nden William\u2019\u0131n sa\u011f koluydu. Bazen bu adanm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ac\u0131 bedelleri oluyordu. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bulutsu ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya birlikte ba\u015flad\u0131ktan birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc saat 22:00\u2019de g\u00f6zleme uygun duruma geldi ve 6 metrelik teleskopu g\u00f6zleme haz\u0131rlama tela\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131. William Caroline\u2019a teleskopun ayar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in seslendi. Eriyen karda ve karanl\u0131kta ko\u015fturan Caroline baca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 demir \u00e7engele kapt\u0131rd\u0131. Caroline olay\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle betimliyordu: \u201cWilliam acele etmemi istedi, ben de kendisine ac\u0131 bir \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131kla yan\u0131t verebildim: \u2018Baca\u011f\u0131m \u00e7engele tak\u0131ld\u0131\u2019. William ve asistan\u0131 hemen yan\u0131ma geldiler, ancak beni baca\u011f\u0131m\u0131n 60 graml\u0131k etini demir \u00e7engelde b\u0131rakarak kald\u0131rabildiler\u201d.<\/p>\n

Caroline bir s\u00fcre g\u00f6zlemlerden ayr\u0131 kalacakt\u0131. Doktoru benzer bir yaralanma durumunda bir askere 6 hafta bak\u0131m ve dinlenme izni verilece\u011fini s\u00f6yledi. Bu durumda Caroline\u2019\u0131n yazd\u0131klar\u0131, fedak\u00e2rl\u0131k, sorumluluk ve bilim a\u015fk\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok ilgin\u00e7ti: \u201cGecenin geri kalan k\u0131sm\u0131nda hava ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zleme uygun olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve bu nedenle William\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6zlemsel a\u00e7\u0131dan bir \u015fey yitirmemi\u015f olmas\u0131 beni rahatlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sonraki gecelerde de g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc taramas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok k\u0131sa aral\u0131klar olmu\u015ftu.\u201d<\/p>\n

Kaynak<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Michael Hoskin, Discoverers of the Universe: William and Caroline Herschel<\/em>, Princeton Univ. Press, 2011.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Evrene ili\u015fkin kavray\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 geli\u015ftirenler aras\u0131nda William Herschel\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck ve sayg\u0131n bir yeri vard\u0131r. William\u2019\u0131n yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131, k\u0131z karde\u015fi Caroline\u2019\u0131n bu devrimci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olu\u015fturmadaki rol\u00fc az\u0131msanamaz.\u00a0\u00a0 Sunu\u015f Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz say\u0131da \u00d6zg\u00fcr Can \u00d6z\u00fcdo\u011fru, \u201cM\u00fczisyen fizik\u00e7iler-1: William Hercshel\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131nda Hercshel\u2019in g\u00f6kbilimine katk\u0131lar\u0131 yan\u0131 s\u0131ra m\u00fczisyen y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc de ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Prof. Dr. Rennan Pek\u00fcnl\u00fc, William Hercshel\u2019den s\u00f6z ederken k\u0131z […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":475,"featured_media":16759,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[179,30,26],"tags":[247,248,288,2000,911],"class_list":["post-16756","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-142-sayi","category-astronomi","category-fizik","tag-astrofizik","tag-astronomi","tag-fizik","tag-gokbilim","tag-herschel"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t