{"id":16907,"date":"2015-11-01T11:55:18","date_gmt":"2015-11-01T08:55:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=16907"},"modified":"2018-01-17T12:04:25","modified_gmt":"2018-01-17T09:04:25","slug":"2015-nobel-fizik-odulu-notrino-salinimlarinin-kesfi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2015\/11\/01\/2015-nobel-fizik-odulu-notrino-salinimlarinin-kesfi","title":{"rendered":"2015 Nobel Fizik \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc:\u00a0N\u00f6trino sal\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n ke\u015ffi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Deneysel n\u00f6trino fizi\u011fi 4. Kez Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc al\u0131yor. Takaaki Kajita ve\u00a0 Arthur B. McDonald temel par\u00e7ac\u0131klardan n\u00f6trinonun bir k\u00fctleye sahip oldu\u011funu ortaya koyan, n\u00f6trino sal\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetmelerinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc 2015 Nobel Fizik \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc ald\u0131lar.<\/em><\/p>\n

Bu y\u0131l\u0131n fizik \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc n\u00f6trino sal\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n ilk g\u00f6zlemlerini yapan deneysel fizik\u00e7iler Takaaki Kajita ve Arthur B. McDonald aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Deneysel n\u00f6trino fizi\u011finin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 4. Nobel \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc oldu bu. San\u0131r\u0131m, bu alanda bir rekor say\u0131labilir. Peki, bu par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 bu kadar \u00f6nemli k\u0131lan \u015fey ne?<\/p>\n

N\u00f6trinolar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk olarak, Wolfgang Pauli taraf\u0131ndan, 1930\u2019da ortaya at\u0131ld\u0131. Beta bozunumunda g\u00f6zlemlenen par\u00e7ac\u0131klardan elde edilen bilgilere g\u00f6re, bu olayda momentum, enerji ve toplam a\u00e7\u0131sal momentum korunmuyordu. \u00dcnl\u00fc fizik\u00e7i Niels Bohr\u2019un aksine Wolfgang Pauli korunum yasalar\u0131n\u0131n var olan halinden vazge\u00e7mek yerine, beta bozunumu sonras\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan, g\u00f6zlemleyemedi\u011fimiz bir par\u00e7ac\u0131k daha olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc. N\u00f6trino ismini 1933 y\u0131l\u0131nda Enrico Fermi, beta bozunumunu a\u00e7\u0131klayan teorisini anlat\u0131rken ilk defa kulland\u0131. Bunun sonras\u0131nda geli\u015fen s\u00fcre\u00e7te n\u00f6trinolar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 teorik fizik\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan iyice kabul edildi.<\/p>\n

Ancak bir sorun vard\u0131. Bu n\u00f6trino denilen par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n g\u00f6zlemlenmesi bir problemdi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu par\u00e7ac\u0131k hem k\u00fctlesiz olarak \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, hem de etraf\u0131m\u0131zda bulunan madde ile \u00e7ok az etkile\u015fiyordu. \u015eu an bildi\u011fimiz kadar\u0131yla, her saniye, v\u00fccudumuzdan 6 trilyon tane, G\u00fcne\u015fin \u00e7ekirde\u011findeki tepkimelerde olu\u015fan n\u00f6trino ge\u00e7ip gidiyor. Sadece bizim v\u00fccudumuzdan de\u011fil O\u00fcnyan\u0131n i\u00e7inden de ge\u00e7ip gidiyor ve hatta bir\u00e7o\u011fu milyonlarca \u0131\u015f\u0131k y\u0131l\u0131 boyunca hi\u00e7bir par\u00e7ac\u0131k ile etkile\u015fmeden yoluna devam ediyor. Bu durumda, neredeyse g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez olan bu par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6zlemlenmesi ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na bir problem olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Neyse ki, her an olan, ak\u0131l almaz say\u0131daki n\u00f6trino ya\u011fmuru i\u00e7erisinde az say\u0131da da olsa etkile\u015fenler \u00e7\u0131kabiliyor. Teknik olarak \u00e7ok zor olsa da bu durum n\u00f6trinolar\u0131n g\u00f6zlemlenmesinin imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kalk\u0131yor. Yeterince b\u00fcy\u00fck bir dedekt\u00f6r ile bu m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. \u0130lk n\u00f6trino dedekt\u00f6r\u00fc, G\u00fcne\u015ften gelen n\u00f6trinolar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in ABD\u2019de, 1960 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131ld\u0131. Eski bir maden binlerce tonluk temizleme s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131yla dolduruldu. G\u00fcnde ortalama bir tane n\u00f6trinonun s\u0131v\u0131daki florine atomu ile etkile\u015fip onu argon atomuna \u00e7evirmesi bekleniyordu. Dedekt\u00f6r\u00fcn ba\u015f\u0131ndaki fizik\u00e7i Raymond Davis ise mucizevi bir \u015fekilde bu argon atomlar\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmenin bir yolunu bulmu\u015ftu. 40 y\u0131l sonra, kendisi bu mucizevi i\u015f sebebi ile, 2002 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki Nobel Fizik \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn sahibi oldu.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6zlemin sonucunda a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan say\u0131larda ise bir sorun vard\u0131. G\u00fcne\u015ften gelen g\u00f6zlemlenen n\u00f6trino say\u0131s\u0131, beklenenin 1\/3 \u00fc kadard\u0131. Ba\u015flarda bu kay\u0131p, G\u00fcne\u015fin i\u00e7yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki etkile\u015fimlerin yeterince iyi bilinmemesine ba\u011fland\u0131. Ancak zaman ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e g\u00fcne\u015f modelleri ne kadar iyile\u015firse iyile\u015fsin 1\/3 sorunu hi\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fmedi. Bu durumda fizik\u00e7iler de bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirerek sorunun belki de g\u00fcne\u015f modellerinde de\u011fil de, n\u00f6trino teorisinde oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Standart Model\u2019e g\u00f6re n\u00f6trinolar k\u00fctlesiz par\u00e7ac\u0131klard\u0131. Acaba n\u00f6trinolar\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00fctleleri olabilir mi sorusunu fizik\u00e7iler bu sorun \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde sormaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. N\u00f6trinolar e\u011fer \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de olsa bir k\u00fctleye sahipler ise, kuarklar (protonun i\u00e7yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan par\u00e7ac\u0131klar) gibi \u00e7e\u015fniler aras\u0131nda sal\u0131n\u0131yor olma ihtimalleri, kuantum mekani\u011fi teorisi sayesinde m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/p>\n

3 farkl\u0131 n\u00f6trino \u00e7e\u015fnisi var. Bunlar elektron, m\u00fcon ve tau n\u00f6trinolar\u0131. Bu 3 farkl\u0131 n\u00f6trino madde ile etkile\u015fti\u011finde isimlerini ald\u0131klar\u0131 leptonlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrler. E\u011fer ki n\u00f6trinolar\u0131n k\u00fctlesi var ise bu 3 farkl\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fni, uzay-zamanda yol al\u0131rken birbiri aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015febilir. Bu durumda da G\u00fcne\u015fte olu\u015fan bir elektron n\u00f6trinosu D\u00fcnyaya gelene kadar ba\u015fka bir n\u00f6trino \u00e7e\u015fnisine de\u011fi\u015febilir. Hatta ba\u015fka bir \u00e7e\u015fniye de\u011fi\u015fip sonras\u0131nda tekrardan elektron n\u00f6trinosu da olabilir. Bu durumda, Davis\u2019in dedekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz klorinden argona de\u011fi\u015fimi sadece elektron n\u00f6trinolar\u0131 sa\u011flayabildi\u011fi i\u00e7in, eksik olan 2\/3\u2019lik n\u00f6trino, G\u00fcne\u015ften D\u00fcnyaya gelene kadar m\u00fcon veya tau n\u00f6trinolar\u0131na evrilmi\u015f olabilir.<\/p>\n

Bu sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken ise her 3 farkl\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fniyi de g\u00f6zlemleyebilecek bir dedekt\u00f6r yapabilmek. 1990\u2019lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, Ontario Queen \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden, Arthur B. McDonald ve grubu, Kanada\u2019da bunu yapabilmek i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Kanada H\u00fck\u00fcmetinden al\u0131nan destekle tonlarca a\u011f\u0131r su ile dolu bir dedekt\u00f6r yap\u0131l\u0131yor. A\u011f\u0131r su dedi\u011fimiz, suyun, i\u00e7erisindeki hidrojen atomlar\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca bir proton de\u011fil ayr\u0131ca bir de n\u00f6tron i\u00e7erdi\u011fi ve d\u00f6teryuma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir hali olan do\u011fal bir kaynak, ancak nadir bir kaynak. Her 3 n\u00f6trino \u00e7e\u015fnisi de bu a\u011f\u0131r su i\u00e7erisindeki d\u00f6teryum ile etkile\u015febiliyor. Bu sayede dedekt\u00f6rde, kabaca Davis\u2019in dedekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde g\u00f6r\u00fclenin 3 kat\u0131 kadar say\u0131da n\u00f6tron g\u00f6zlemlediler, ki bu da en iyi g\u00fcne\u015f modellerince \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen say\u0131ya tekab\u00fcl ediyor. Bu sayede, elektron n\u00f6trinolar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten de di\u011fer n\u00f6trinolara sal\u0131nabildi\u011fi ispatlanm\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

Yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak ayn\u0131 zamanlarda, Tokyo \u00dcniversitesinde, Takaaki Kajita ve grubu taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan ba\u015fka bir n\u00f6trino dedekt\u00f6r\u00fc, bu sefer G\u00fcne\u015ften gelen de\u011fil ama atmosferdeki, kozmik \u0131\u015f\u0131malar\u0131n sebep oldu\u011fu tepkimeler sonucu olu\u015fan n\u00f6trinolar\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlemek i\u00e7in kurulmu\u015ftu. Kozmik protonlar\u0131n atmosferde \u00e7arp\u0131\u015f\u0131p olu\u015fturdu\u011fu par\u00e7ac\u0131k ya\u011fmurlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, \u00e7ok say\u0131da m\u00fcon n\u00f6trinosu da var. Yap\u0131lan dedekt\u00f6r, bu atmosferik m\u00fcon n\u00f6trinolar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Dedekt\u00f6r\u00fcn tasar\u0131m\u0131ndaki p\u00fcf noktas\u0131 ise, iki taraftan da gelen n\u00f6trinolar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilmesiydi. Bu durumda, hem dedekt\u00f6r\u00fcn alt\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu atmosferden gelen n\u00f6trinolar \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebiliyordu, hem de d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00f6b\u00fcr taraf\u0131ndaki atmosferde olu\u015fup d\u00fcnyan\u0131n i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7ip gelen m\u00fcon n\u00f6trinolar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebiliyordu. Her iki tarafa da gelen kozmik \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ve etkile\u015fimlerinin ayn\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek, \u00fcretilen m\u00fcon n\u00f6trino say\u0131lar\u0131 da ayn\u0131 olmak durumunda. Deneye g\u00f6re ise, iki taraftan gelen m\u00fcon n\u00f6trinolar\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 ayn\u0131 de\u011fildi. Bu da, biliminsanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in, farkl\u0131 mesafeler kat eden m\u00fcon n\u00f6trinolar\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 oranda di\u011fer n\u00f6trinolara sal\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir g\u00f6stergesiydi.<\/p>\n

Bunlar, iki biliminsan\u0131n\u0131n Nobel \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc almalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131. Peki, n\u00f6trino sal\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 ve n\u00f6trinolar\u0131n k\u00fctleli olmalar\u0131n\u0131 bu kadar \u00f6nemli k\u0131lan \u015fey ne? Yaz\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda da belirtti\u011fimiz gibi, n\u00f6trinolar Standart Model taraf\u0131ndan k\u00fctlesiz olarak \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Standart Model, belki de insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u015fu ana kadar g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc en ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 model. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar ve \u00e7arp\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131larda elde edilen b\u00fct\u00fcn verileri ve g\u00f6zlemleri kendi i\u00e7erisinde a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f bir model. Ancak n\u00f6trinolar\u0131n k\u00fctlesinin olmas\u0131, bu modelde bir \u015feylerin eksik oldu\u011funun kan\u0131t\u0131. Bu durum yeni fizi\u011fe bakmak i\u00e7in sahip olunan b\u00fcy\u00fck motivasyonlardan biri.<\/p>\n

Kaynak<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0<\/strong>newyorker.com\/news\/daily-comment\/what-neutrinos-reveal<\/p>\n

2015 Nobel Fizik \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc alan biliminsanlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"Takaaki Kajita<\/strong><\/p>\n

Takaaki Kajita 1981\u2019de Saitama \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden mezun oldu ve 1986\u2019da doktoras\u0131n\u0131 Tokyo \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden ald\u0131. 1988\u2019den beri de, 1999\u2019da profes\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ICCR\u2019de (Kozmik Radyasyon Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta. Yine 1999\u2019da ICCR\u2019nin Kozmik N\u00f6trino Merkezinin ba\u015f\u0131na getirildi. Evrenin Fizi\u011fi ve Matemati\u011fi Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn bir \u00fcyesi. Kajita\u2019n\u0131n Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc ald\u0131ktan sonra te\u015fekk\u00fcr etti\u011fi isimlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda, eski dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 Masatoshi Koshiba geliyor. Koshiba da 2002 y\u0131l\u0131nda n\u00f6trino \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ile Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

– https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Takaaki_Kajita<\/p>\n

\"\"Arthur B.McDonald<\/strong><\/p>\n

Arthur B.McDonald 1964\u2019de Dalhouise \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden mezun oldu.1969\u2019da ise Kaliforniya Teknoloji \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden doktoras\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. 1970-82 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Birle\u015fik Devletler\u2019deki Chalk River N\u00fckleer Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi\u2019nde ara\u015ft\u0131rma g\u00f6revlisiydi. Sonras\u0131nda 1989\u2019a kadar Princeton \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde profes\u00f6rl\u00fck yapt\u0131. Princeton\u2019dan Queen\u2019s \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ne kat\u0131lmak i\u00e7in ayr\u0131ld\u0131 ve h\u00e2l\u00e2 orada g\u00f6rev yapmakta. Ayr\u0131ca, Perimeter Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde de y\u00f6netim kurulu \u00fcyeli\u011fi yap\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

– https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arthur_B._McDonald<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

2015 Ekonomi, Bar\u0131\u015f ve Edebiyat Nobelleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ekonomi, Bar\u0131\u015f ve Edebiyat alanlar\u0131nda verilen Nobel \u00d6d\u00fclleri\u2019nin, pozitif bilimlerle ilgili alanlardan farkl\u0131 olarak, esasta siyasi mesajlar ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinir.<\/p>\n

\u0130sve\u00e7 Kraliyet Bilimler Akademisi, 2015 Nobel Ekonomi \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc Princeton \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden \u0130ngiliz Angus Deaton\u2019a verdi. Deaton\u2019\u0131n \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc, t\u00fcketim, yoksulluk ve varl\u0131k \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 analizler sonucunda hak etti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131. Cambridge \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden mezun olan Deaton, 1983\u2019den beri Princeton \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. 19 Ekim 1945\u2019te \u0130sko\u00e7ya\u2019da do\u011fan Deaton, gelir e\u015fitsizli\u011fi, t\u00fcketim ve refah alan\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile biliniyor.<\/p>\n

2015 Nobel Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc \u00a0de, Tunus Ulusal Diyalog D\u00f6rtl\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019ne verildi. Nobel Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc Komitesi, 2011\u2019de ba\u015flayan Arap isyanlar\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan demokrasiyi in\u015fa etme \u00e7abalar\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc Tunus D\u00f6rtl\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc \u00f6d\u00fcllendirdiklerini belirtti. \u00a0Tunus Genel Sendikas\u0131, Tunus End\u00fcstri ve Ticaret Konfederasyonu, Tunus \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Ligi ve Tunus Hukuk\u00e7ular Derne\u011fi\u2019den olu\u015fan Tunus D\u00f6rtl\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn \u201c\u0130\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131na gelmi\u015f bir \u00fclkede alternatif bar\u0131\u00e7\u0131l bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d ifade edildi.<\/p>\n

2015 Nobel Edebiyat \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc ise, \u201cUkrayna krizinde Rusya\u2019y\u0131 sert bir dille ele\u015ftiren\u201d gazeteci yazar Svetlana Aleksiyevi\u00e7\u2019in oldu.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Deneysel n\u00f6trino fizi\u011fi 4. Kez Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc al\u0131yor. Takaaki Kajita ve\u00a0 Arthur B. McDonald temel par\u00e7ac\u0131klardan n\u00f6trinonun bir k\u00fctleye sahip oldu\u011funu ortaya koyan, n\u00f6trino sal\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetmelerinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc 2015 Nobel Fizik \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc ald\u0131lar. Bu y\u0131l\u0131n fizik \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc n\u00f6trino sal\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n ilk g\u00f6zlemlerini yapan deneysel fizik\u00e7iler Takaaki Kajita ve Arthur B. McDonald aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Deneysel n\u00f6trino fizi\u011finin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":620,"featured_media":16908,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[178,26],"tags":[288,2015,1061,356],"class_list":["post-16907","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-141-sayi","category-fizik","tag-fizik","tag-nobel-odulleri","tag-notrino","tag-parcacik-fizigi"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t