{"id":16915,"date":"2015-11-01T12:04:45","date_gmt":"2015-11-01T09:04:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=16915"},"modified":"2018-01-17T12:24:29","modified_gmt":"2018-01-17T09:24:29","slug":"2015-nobel-tip-odulu-olumcul-parazitlerle-savasan-ilaclarin-bulunmasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2015\/11\/01\/2015-nobel-tip-odulu-olumcul-parazitlerle-savasan-ilaclarin-bulunmasi","title":{"rendered":"2015 Nobel T\u0131p \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc: \u00d6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl parazitlerle sava\u015fan ila\u00e7lar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bu y\u0131l Nobel Fizyoloji ve T\u0131p \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc, d\u00fcnyada b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u0131k\u0131mlara ve \u00f6l\u00fcmlere neden olan hastal\u0131klardan nehir k\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (onkoserkiyaz), fil hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 (elephantiasis) ve s\u0131tma (malaria) tedavilerinde yeni \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar a\u00e7an ila\u00e7lar\u0131 bulan biliminsanlar\u0131na verildi.<\/em><\/p>\n

Bu y\u0131l Nobel Fizyoloji ve T\u0131p \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc, kitlesel \u00f6l\u00fcmleri engellemi\u015f ve engelleyecek olan ila\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011fadan bulup \u00e7\u0131karan 3 biliminsan\u0131na verildi. Y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131n \u201cdevrimsel\u201d nitelikte tedavisini daha \u00f6nceden kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulgular zemininde yeniden ke\u015ffeden ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lardan farmakolog Satoshi Omura, Tokyo Kitasato \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden. \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc Madison New Jersey Drew \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden mikrobiyolog William Campbell ile payla\u015ft\u0131. Birbirinin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc artt\u0131ran ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda bu iki biliminsan\u0131, k\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011fe ve \u00e7e\u015fitli deformitelere neden olan iki \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n (nehir k\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve fil hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131) tedavisinde kullan\u0131lan avermektini (insanlar i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc antelmintik ve evcil hayvanlar i\u00e7in b\u00f6cek \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc ila\u00e7 olan, yap\u0131sal a\u00e7\u0131dan benzer iki yar\u0131 sentetik laktondan olu\u015fan kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m) ila\u00e7 haline getirdiler.<\/p>\n

\u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fcn ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131 ise, Pekin Geleneksel \u00c7in T\u0131bb\u0131 Akademisi Eczac\u0131l\u0131k B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan Youyou Tu\u2019ya verildi.Youyou Tu da a\u011f\u0131r bir hastal\u0131k olan malarya, yani s\u0131tman\u0131n tedavisinde y\u00fcksek yok edici etkiye sahip \u201cartemisin\u201d maddesini ke\u015ffedip safla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Youyou Tu 1970\u2019lerin ba\u015flar\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu ke\u015ffiyle 2011\u2019de, Amerikan Nobelleri denilen Lasker \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc de kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Tu, Nobel alan ilk \u00c7inli ve kad\u0131n biliminsan\u0131 olarak da tarihe ge\u00e7mi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131 yaratan mikroplar ve parazitler<\/strong><\/p>\n

Do\u011fada bulunan pek \u00e7ok bakteri ve parazit bizler i\u00e7in zararl\u0131 ve hatta \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl olabilmektedir. Nobel T\u0131p \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc, verilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk zamanlardan itibaren bir\u00e7ok defa bu hastal\u0131klarla sava\u015f konusunda m\u00fccadele eden ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapan biliminsanlar\u0131na dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. S\u00fclfonamidleri ke\u015ffeden Gerhard Domagk 1939\u2019da, penisilini ke\u015ffeden Alexander Fleming 1945\u2019de, t\u00fcberk\u00fcloza kar\u015f\u0131 etkin bir ila\u00e7 olan streptomisini bulan Selman Waksman ise 1952\u2019de bu \u00f6d\u00fcle lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Ancak bu d\u00f6nemden sonra uzunca bir zaman parazitik hastal\u0131klar\u0131n tedavilerinde elle tutulur ba\u015far\u0131lar yakalanamam\u0131\u015f; onkoserkiyaz ya da robles hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak da bilinen nehir k\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve elefantiasis olarak da bilinen fil hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7ok etkin ve g\u00fcvenli tedaviler yap\u0131lamam\u0131\u015f; malarya yani s\u0131tmada ise, var olan tedavilere ve ila\u00e7lara diren\u00e7 geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flay\u0131nca yeni ve kal\u0131c\u0131 bir tedavi olu\u015fturulamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Parazitler bir di\u011fer organizman\u0131n i\u00e7inde ya da \u00fczerinde ikamet ederek onlardan beslenen, orada \u00e7o\u011falan ve s\u0131kl\u0131kla da konaklar\u0131nda ya\u015fam boyu s\u00fcren hastal\u0131klara neden olabilen canl\u0131lard\u0131r. \u0130nsanlarda hastal\u0131\u011fa neden olan 3 tip temel parazitten s\u00f6z edebiliriz: protozoolar, helmintler ve ektoparazitler.<\/p>\n

Pek \u00e7ok parazit ayn\u0131 zamanda evcil hayvanlara ya da besi hayvanlar\u0131na musallat olarak topluma ekonomik bir y\u00fck de yaratabilmektedir. Her y\u0131l milyonlarca \u00e7ocuk ve yeti\u015fkin bu hastal\u0131klarla bo\u011fu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Nehir k\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (onkoserkiyaz), fil hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 (elephantiasis) ve s\u0131tma (malaria) hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131l\u0131m b\u00f6lgeleri olduk\u00e7a benzerdir ve haritada koyu renkle g\u00f6sterilen alanlard\u0131r.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Nehir k\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n

Onkoserkiyaz ya da bilinen di\u011fer ad\u0131yla nehir k\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, bir asalak solucan olan Onchocercavolvulus <\/em>enfeksiyonunun sebep oldu\u011fu bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r. Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n belirtileri aras\u0131nda \u015fiddetli ka\u015f\u0131nma, deri alt\u0131nda \u015fi\u015flikler ve k\u00f6rl\u00fck say\u0131labilir. Trahom hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan k\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn en yayg\u0131n ikinci sebebidir. Asalak solucan, Simulium<\/em> tipi bir siyah sine\u011fin \u0131s\u0131rmas\u0131yla bula\u015f\u0131r. Enfeksiyonun olu\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in genellikle \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u0131s\u0131r\u0131k gereklidir. Bu sinekler nehir kenar\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in hastal\u0131\u011fa bu isim verilmi\u015ftir. Solucanlar insan\u0131n i\u00e7ine girdikten sonra, larvalar meydana getirir ve bunlar deriden d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar. Burada, o ki\u015fiyi \u0131s\u0131ran bir sonraki siyah sine\u011fi enfekte edebilirler. Solucan\u0131n eri\u015fkin di\u015fileri 18 y\u0131la kadar ya\u015fayabilir ve s\u00fcrekli \u00e7o\u011falabilir. Hastal\u0131k en \u00e7ok Alt Sahra\u2019da, G\u00fcney Asya\u2019da ve G\u00fcney-Orta Amerika\u2019da, nehir k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. 25 milyon insan\u0131 etkileyip bunlar\u0131n ortalama 300 bininde k\u00f6rl\u00fck olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. 2016\u2019ya kadar 31 endemik b\u00f6lgede yakla\u015f\u0131k 250 milyon ki\u015finin risk alt\u0131nda olabilece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Satoshi Omura, biyoaktif i\u00e7eri\u011fi olan yeni bir Streptomyces t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc Japon topraklar\u0131nda ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Resimde sol g\u00f6rselde temsil edildi\u011fi \u00fczere, laboratuvar\u0131nda \u00fcretti ve binlerce Streptomyces t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc karakterize etti. Bunlar aras\u0131nda 50 tanesi umut verir g\u00f6z\u00fckt\u00fc ve sonunda da avermektine kaynakl\u0131k edecek Streptomyces avermitilis t\u00fcr\u00fc izole edildi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Fil hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Fil hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131yla bilinen, lenfatik filariasis<\/em> ya da elefantiasis<\/em> hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ana ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131, genellikle tropik ve subtropik iklim ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131ndaki \u00fclkelerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen, Aedes cooki<\/em>, An.punctulatus complex<\/em>, Anopheles farauti<\/em>, Culex quinquefasciatus<\/em> ve Mansonia uniformis <\/em>vb. cinsi sivrisineklerdir. Bu arac\u0131yla insanlara bula\u015fan insanlarda g\u00f6r\u00fclen yuvarlak solucanlar\u0131n genelde 5 safhadan olu\u015fan karma\u015f\u0131k bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcreci vard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Di\u015fi ve erkek solucanlar\u0131n \u00e7iftle\u015fmesinden sonra, di\u015fi binlerce mikro-solucan do\u011furur.<\/li>\n
  • Mikro-solucanlar ge\u00e7ici konak olan bir b\u00f6cek taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131n\u0131rlar.<\/li>\n
  • Ge\u00e7ici konakta ilk kan emme s\u0131ras\u0131nda kabuk de\u011fi\u015ftirerek bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hale gelirler.<\/li>\n
  • \u0130kinci kan emme s\u0131ras\u0131nda b\u00f6cek bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 larvay\u0131 cilde zerk eder.<\/li>\n
  • Bula\u015ft\u0131ktan yakla\u015f\u0131k 2 y\u0131l kadar sonra larvalar deri de\u011fi\u015ftirerek yeti\u015fkin solucanlar haline gelir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Parazit say\u0131s\u0131 insan v\u00fccudunda artt\u0131k\u00e7a kronik bir yang\u0131 meydana getirir. Lenfatik damarlar geni\u015fler ve ak\u0131m yava\u015flar. Zamanla \u00f6zellikle bacaklarda \u015fi\u015fme, ate\u015f ve hareket kayb\u0131 olu\u015fur. Hastalar hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 yata\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 ge\u00e7irmek zorunda kal\u0131r. Bu hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n da yine ayn\u0131 co\u011frafi b\u00f6lgeler ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere 120 milyondan fazla insan\u0131 etkiledi\u011fi bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n

    Satoshi Omura, 1971\u2019de ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle toprakta bulunan bir grup bakteri olan ve antibakteriyal aktivite yaratabilen Streptomyces <\/em>t\u00fcr\u00fcne odakland\u0131. Bu bakteriden daha \u00f6nce antimikrobiyal ajan olan streptomisini elde eden Selman Waksman, 1952\u2019de Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Omura ise bu laboratuvarda k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00fcretimi \u00e7ok zor olan t\u00fcr\u00fcn, farkl\u0131 ve e\u015fsiz bir teknikle \u00e7ok geni\u015f t\u00fcr aral\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00f6zellikle tedavi i\u00e7in \u00fcmit vaat eden 50 tanesini derinlemesine ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131 ve Ito yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki bir golf sahas\u0131ndaki topraktan elde etti\u011fi Streptomyces avermitilis<\/em>\u2019den avermektin<\/strong>i \u00fcretti (1979).<\/p>\n

    Drew \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde mikrobiyolog olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan William C. Campbell ise, Omura\u2019n\u0131n bu bulgular\u0131 \u00fczerinden hareketle avermektini \u00f6zellikle evcil hayvanlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na bela olan helmintler \u00fczerinde denemeye karar verdi. Burada ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar al\u0131nca, avermektinin kimyasal bir t\u00fcrevi olan ivermektin<\/strong>i veterinerlik ilac\u0131 olarak k\u00f6peklerde, s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda ve di\u011fer hayvanlarda kullanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. 1978\u2019de Campbell, ivermektini Bat\u0131 Afrika\u2019da nehir k\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmede kullanmay\u0131 \u00f6nerdi. \u0130vermektin, nehir k\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne neden olan parazitin larvas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrebiliyordu. O d\u00f6nemin ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Jimmy Carter ve \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015firketlerin deste\u011fiyle yo\u011fun bir program olu\u015fturuldu ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla \u00f6zellikle do\u011fu Nijerya ve kom\u015fulu\u011fundaki b\u00f6lgelerde hastal\u0131k neredeyse ortadan kalkt\u0131.<\/p>\n

    \u0130vermektin bug\u00fcn, y\u0131lda sadece 1 ya da 2 kez al\u0131nmak yoluyla y\u00fcksek tedavi imk\u00e2n\u0131 sa\u011flayan bir ila\u00e7 durumundad\u0131r. 1998\u2019den beri D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc, geri b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bu hastal\u0131klar\u0131n s\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc co\u011frafyalara ilac\u0131n \u00fccretsiz olarak yollanmas\u0131 ve her iki hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n da tamamen ortadan kalkmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapmaktad\u0131r. Eradikasyon (hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00f6k\u00fcn\u00fcn kaz\u0131nmas\u0131) hedefi, fil hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in 2020, nehir k\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7inse 2025 olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    Sonu\u00e7ta Campbell ve Omura\u2019n\u0131n e\u015fsiz katk\u0131lar\u0131yla, d\u00fcnyada parazitik hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 s\u0131rad\u0131\u015f\u0131 etkinlikte bir tedavi materyali ele ge\u00e7irilebilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    \"\"S\u0131tmaya raz\u0131 m\u0131y\u0131z?<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Malarya, yani s\u0131tma hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, k\u00f6kleri M\u00d6 2000\u2019lere kadar uzanan ve M\u0131s\u0131r ve Yunan kaynaklar\u0131nda varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilen; hatta insan evriminde farkl\u0131 genotiplerin olu\u015fumuna bask\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015f \u00f6nemli bir bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131k.<\/p>\n

    S\u0131tma, plasmodium <\/em>parazitinin be\u015f farkl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn (P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae<\/em> ve P. knowlesi<\/em>) neden oldu\u011fu bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r. Hastal\u0131k insanlara parazitle enfekte olan di\u015fi anofel sivrisine\u011finin \u0131s\u0131r\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bula\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Anofel sivrisinekler daha \u00e7ok g\u00fcne\u015fin bat\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan do\u011fu\u015funa kadar olan zaman diliminde \u0131s\u0131r\u0131r. Bazen bula\u015fma kan transf\u00fczyonu, organ nakli, i\u011fne (\u015f\u0131r\u0131nga) payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 veya anneden fet\u00fcse \u015feklinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n

    S\u0131tma kulu\u00e7ka s\u00fcresi ortalama 7 g\u00fcn olan akut ate\u015fli bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r. Semptomlar s\u0131tma-endemik b\u00f6lgeye gidildikten en erken 7 g\u00fcn sonra (genellikle 7-30 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde) g\u00f6r\u00fclmekle beraber, ayr\u0131ld\u0131ktan birka\u00e7 ay (nadiren bir y\u0131la kadar ) sonras\u0131nda da g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n

    S\u0131tman\u0131n \u00f6zelli\u011fi, belirtilerin n\u00f6betler halinde gelmesidir. N\u00f6bet ba\u015flamadan birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce halsizlik, ne\u015fesizlik, i\u015ftahs\u0131zl\u0131k, ba\u015fa\u011fr\u0131s\u0131, s\u0131rt ve bacak a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131 olur. N\u00f6bet, \u015fiddetli titremeyle y\u00fckselen ate\u015fle ba\u015flar, terlemeyle sona erer. Fakat ate\u015fsiz vakalar da olabilir. Nab\u0131z h\u0131zlan\u0131r, ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131, sinirlilik, kollarda ve bacaklarda a\u011fr\u0131lar olur.<\/p>\n

    Uzun s\u00fcren durumlarda karaci\u011fer ve dalak b\u00fcy\u00fcr, sar\u0131l\u0131k ve kans\u0131zl\u0131k geli\u015febilir. Solunum \u015fik\u00e2yetleri ve hatta zat\u00fcrree olabilir. Menenjit, \u015fuur bulan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fitli fel\u00e7ler meydana gelebilir. \u0130shal s\u0131cak iklimlerde s\u0131k olur. Dalak kendili\u011finden y\u0131rt\u0131labilir, i\u00e7 kanama olabilir.<\/p>\n

    D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019ne g\u00f6re her y\u0131l yakla\u015f\u0131k 3,4 milyar insan s\u0131tmayla enfekte olma riski ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bu hastal\u0131\u011fa dair ke\u015fifler yapan bir\u00e7ok biliminsan\u0131, ge\u00e7mi\u015f y\u0131llarda Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fcne lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u00d6rne\u011fin Ronald Ross, bir \u0130ngiliz subay\u0131yd\u0131 ve cerraht\u0131. 1902\u2019de s\u0131tman\u0131n sivrisinekler yoluyla insana bula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bulmu\u015f ve Nobel T\u0131p \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

    Do\u011fadan gelen hastal\u0131klar\u0131n tedavisinde do\u011faya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Bu y\u0131lki Nobel T\u0131p \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn di\u011fer kazanan\u0131, 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda yine s\u0131tma kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ila\u00e7 olan artemisini bularak (1960-1970) Amerikan Nobeli olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131lan Lasker \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc de alan Youyou Tu idi. B\u00f6ylece ilk kez bir \u00c7inli bilimkad\u0131n\u0131 bu \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc alm\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

    1960\u2019larda s\u0131tman\u0131n temel tedavisi klorokin ve kininle yap\u0131l\u0131yordu. Fakat zamanla bunun etkinli\u011finin h\u0131zla azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlendi. 1967\u2019de \u00c7in, ulusal bir proje kurdu ve s\u0131tma tedavisinde yeni y\u00f6ntemler ke\u015ffedilmesini sa\u011flamay\u0131 hedefledi. Tu ve ekibi, bu projede, 2000\u2019in \u00fczerinde bitkisel k\u00f6kenli maddeyi ara\u015ft\u0131rarak yeni bir antimalaryal ila\u00e7 aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na girdi. Tu bunun i\u00e7in geleneksel kitaplara d\u00f6nme gereklili\u011fi duydu ve 340 t\u00fcr \u00fczerinde karar k\u0131larak safla\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131. Sonu\u00e7ta 1972\u2019de pelinotu bitkisinden (\u00c7incesi \u201cqinghao\u201d) Artemisia annua<\/em>\u2019y\u0131 safla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131lar ve saf artemisini<\/em> kimyasal olarak elde ettiler. B\u00f6ylece klorokine diren\u00e7 kazanan parazitlerle m\u00fccadelede yeni ve etkili bir kap\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

    Yine de G\u00fcney Asya gibi b\u00f6lgelerde artemisine de diren\u00e7 olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle ACT denen (\u201cArtemisin-based Combination Therapy\u201d, artemisin temelli kombine tedavi) artemisinin di\u011fer antimalaryal ila\u00e7larla birlikte kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, etkinli\u011fi artt\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Bu sayede 2000-2013 tarihleri aras\u0131nda s\u0131tmadan \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131 dramatik bir oranda azalm\u0131\u015f; Afrika\u2019da y\u00fczde 54\u2019e inmi\u015ftir. S\u0131tma enfeksiyonu ise y\u00fczde 26 azalm\u0131\u015f, 2-10 ya\u015f aras\u0131 \u00e7ocuklarda y\u00fczde 14\u2019lere kadar d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    \"\"
    Youyou Tu, atalar\u0131ndan kalan kaynaklar\u0131 tarayarak do\u011fal bitkilerden yeni bir antimalaryal ila\u00e7 yaratma ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131. Tu, uygun adaylardan Artemisi annua\u2019n\u0131n safla\u015ft\u0131rma s\u00fcrecine ba\u015flayarak bitkiyi aktif bir ajan haline getirdi. Artemisin ve kombine t\u00fcrevleri, s\u0131tmaya kar\u015f\u0131 \u015fu anda en etkili ila\u00e7t\u0131r.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

    Avermektin ve artemisin tedavisinin insan t\u00fcr\u00fcne faydas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Bu iki maddenin ke\u015ffi, parazitik hastal\u0131klar\u0131n tedavisinde k\u00f6kten de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn avermektin t\u00fcrevleri, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her taraf\u0131ndaki parazitik hastal\u0131klarda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yan etkileri \u00e7ok azd\u0131r ve \u00fccretsiz olarak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle, geri b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen fil hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve nehir k\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00fcmleri anlaml\u0131 d\u00fczeyde azaltm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu hastal\u0131klar neredeyse ortadan kalkma d\u00fczeyine gelmi\u015ftir ki bu, insan t\u00fcr\u00fc i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131d\u0131r. Artemisin de s\u0131tmadan mustarip t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. S\u0131tma her y\u0131l 200 milyon insan\u0131 enfekte eden bir hastal\u0131kken, ACT tedavilerinden sonra y\u00fczde 30\u2019u \u00e7ocuk n\u00fcfus olmak \u00fczere, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada ortalama \u00f6l\u00fcm oranlar\u0131nda y\u00fczde 20 azalma meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Sadece Afrika i\u00e7in konu\u015fulursa bu, her y\u0131l 100.000 hayat\u0131n kurtulmas\u0131 demektir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n insan t\u00fcr\u00fcne yapt\u0131klar\u0131 katk\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclemez d\u00fczeyde de\u011ferlidir.<\/p>\n

    2015 Nobel T\u0131p ve Fizyoloji \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc alanlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Satoshi Omura<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Omura, 1935\u2019te Japonya-Yamanashi\u2019de do\u011fdu. 1968\u2019de Tokyo \u00dcniversitesi Eczac\u0131l\u0131k Fak\u00fcltesi\u2019nden mezun oldu, 1970\u2019de Tokyo Bilim \u00dcniversitesi Kimya B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019nde y\u00fcksek lisans\u0131n\u0131 tamamlad\u0131. Kitasato \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesi olarak g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131. Emekli oldu\u011fu 2007\u2019den bu yana ayn\u0131 \u00fcniversitede \u201cbilge profes\u00f6r\u201d olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

    Youyou Tu<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Tu, 1930\u2019da \u00c7in\u2019de d\u00fcnyaya geldi. 1955\u2019te Pekin T\u0131p \u00dcniversitesi Eczac\u0131l\u0131k Fak\u00fcltesi\u2019nden mezun olan Tu, halen Geleneksel \u00c7in T\u0131bb\u0131 Akademisi\u2019nde \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesi olarak g\u00f6rev yap\u0131yor. 2000\u2019den bu yana ise yine ayn\u0131 yerde \u201c\u015fef profes\u00f6r\u201d olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Tu, Nobel T\u0131p \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019ne lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclen ilk \u00c7inli bilimkad\u0131n\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n

    William C. Campbell<\/strong><\/p>\n

    1930\u2019da \u0130rlanda-Ramelton\u2019da do\u011fdu. Dublin \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden mezun olduktan sonra \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na mikrobiyolog ve parazitolog olarak ABD Wisconsin \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde devam etti. 1984\u2019ten 1990\u2019a kadar Assay Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve Geli\u015ftirme B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc. Halen ABD New Jersey\u2019deki Drew \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesi olarak g\u00f6rev yap\u0131yor.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

    Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

    http:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/<\/p>\n

    http:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/medicine-nobel-recognizes-fights-against-malaria-and-river-blindness\/<\/p>\n

    http:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/medicine-nobel-recognizes-fights-against-malaria-and-river-blindness\/<\/p>\n

    https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fil_hastal%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1<\/p>\n

    https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Onkoserkiyaz<\/p>\n

    http:\/\/www.seyahatsagligi.gov.tr\/Site\/HastalikDetay\/Sitma<\/p>\n

    http:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/anti-parasite-drugs-sweep-nobel-prize-in-medicine-2015-1.18507<\/p>\n

    http:\/\/www.aljazeera.com.tr\/haber\/nobel-tip-odulunu-uc-bilim-insani-paylasti<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Bu y\u0131l Nobel Fizyoloji ve T\u0131p \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc, d\u00fcnyada b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u0131k\u0131mlara ve \u00f6l\u00fcmlere neden olan hastal\u0131klardan nehir k\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (onkoserkiyaz), fil hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 (elephantiasis) ve s\u0131tma (malaria) tedavilerinde yeni \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar a\u00e7an ila\u00e7lar\u0131 bulan biliminsanlar\u0131na verildi. Bu y\u0131l Nobel Fizyoloji ve T\u0131p \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc, kitlesel \u00f6l\u00fcmleri engellemi\u015f ve engelleyecek olan ila\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011fadan bulup \u00e7\u0131karan 3 biliminsan\u0131na verildi. Y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131n \u201cdevrimsel\u201d […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":42,"featured_media":16919,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[178,21,33],"tags":[1875,300,2015,1521,640],"class_list":["post-16915","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-141-sayi","category-biyoloji","category-saglik-bilimleri","tag-enfeksiyon","tag-hastaliklar","tag-nobel-odulleri","tag-tedavi","tag-tip"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t