{"id":16962,"date":"2018-09-24T05:00:17","date_gmt":"2018-09-24T02:00:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=16962"},"modified":"2018-09-26T21:21:22","modified_gmt":"2018-09-26T18:21:22","slug":"16962","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/09\/24\/16962","title":{"rendered":"Arktik buzullar\u0131nda maceral\u0131 bir hayat: Louise Arner Boyd"},"content":{"rendered":"

Zengin bir \u00e7ocukluktan kutup ay\u0131s\u0131 avc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na, arama kurtarma seferlerinden bilimsel seferlere, Arktik\u2019i Evcille\u015ftiren K\u0131z\u2019dan Buz Krali\u00e7esi\u2019ne, arktik buzullarda ge\u00e7en maceral\u0131 bir hayat\u0131n hik\u00e2yesi\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n

Louise A. Boyd, 16 Eyl\u00fcl 1887\u2019de Kaliforniya\u2019da zengin bir ailenin k\u0131z\u0131 olarak d\u00fcnyaya geldi. Ailesi Bodie\u2019de bulunan alt\u0131n madeninin i\u015fletmecisi ve sahibiydi. Ailenin n\u00fcfuzu ve serveti, Louise ve iki karde\u015finin iyi e\u011fitimler almas\u0131n\u0131 ve rahat ya\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Louise, k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda \u00f6zel hocalardan ders ald\u0131. Yaz aylar\u0131n\u0131 da iki erkek karde\u015finin pe\u015finde avlanarak, bal\u0131k tutarak, ata binerek ve kamp yaparak ge\u00e7irdi.<\/p>\n

Birka\u00e7 ay arayla bir kalp hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na yenik d\u00fc\u015fen karde\u015flerinin ailesinde b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fc, anne ve babas\u0131n\u0131n Louise\u2019in \u00fczerine a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 titremesine sebep oldu. Ailesinin mustarip oldu\u011fu sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden s\u00fcrekli \u015fehir de\u011fi\u015ftirir oldular. \u00dczerindeki bask\u0131dan ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u00e7ocukmu\u015f gibi ona y\u00f6neltilen koruma duygular\u0131ndan s\u0131k\u0131lan Louise, bir g\u00fcn tek ba\u015f\u0131na, bulunduklar\u0131 \u015fehirden bir trene atlay\u0131p ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Buffalo Kenti\u2019ne ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir araba kiralad\u0131 ve Amerika eyaletleri aras\u0131nda gezmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Hi\u00e7bir otoyolun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, var olan yollar\u0131n da sadece toprak patikalardan olu\u015ftu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nemde bunu yapan Louise, seyahatine ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sadece 22 ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131. Bu seyahat daha sonralar\u0131 bir\u00e7ok kez \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131, Amerika\u2019y\u0131 ba\u015ftan ba\u015fa gezdi\u011fi yolculuklar\u0131n ilkiydi.<\/p>\n

\"\"Bir macerac\u0131ya miras kal\u0131rsa<\/strong><\/p>\n

1919 y\u0131l\u0131nda annesini, 1920\u2019de babas\u0131n\u0131 kaybeden Louise, art\u0131k kendi kaderini belirlemekte \u00f6zg\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bunu yapmak i\u00e7in ihtiyac\u0131 olan her \u015feyi ailesinden kalan Boyd Yat\u0131r\u0131m \u015eirketleri\u2019nin ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7mesi ile elde etmi\u015f oldu. Bir s\u00fcre Avrupa seyahatleriyle macera ve seyahat tutkusunu tatmin etti. Ancak 1924 y\u0131l\u0131nda Norve\u00e7\u2019e giden bir gezi gemisindeyken g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kutup buzullar\u0131 onu daha heyecanl\u0131 bir yolculu\u011fa itti: Kuzey Kutbu.<\/p>\n

Norve\u00e7\u2019ten d\u00f6ner d\u00f6nmez yolculu\u011fun planlar\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131. 1926 y\u0131l\u0131nda G\u00fcney Kutbu\u2019na karadan Kuzey Kutbu\u2019na havadan ilk ula\u015fan insan olan Norve\u00e7li k\u00e2\u015fif Roald Amundsen<\/strong>\u2019in gemisi Hobby\u2019yi sat\u0131n ald\u0131. Birka\u00e7 arkada\u015f\u0131yla birlikte Norve\u00e7\u2019in Spitsbergen b\u00f6lgesine gittiler. Yolculu\u011fun amac\u0131 avc\u0131l\u0131kt\u0131. Louise burada \u00e7ocuklu\u011funda edindi\u011fi \u201ch\u00fcnerlerini\u201d konu\u015fturdu ve bir\u00e7ok kutup ay\u0131s\u0131 avlad\u0131. Ad\u0131 Yunan mitolojisindeki Avc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n Tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 Diana\u2019dan gelen \u201cArktik Diana\u201d (Arctic Diana) ve \u201cArktik\u2019i Evcille\u015ftiren K\u0131z\u201d (The Girl Who Tamed the Arctic) lakaplar\u0131yla k\u00f6t\u00fc an\u0131lmaya ba\u015flansa da, Louise ar\u015fivlere y\u00fczlerce metrelik film ve 700 tane foto\u011fraf ba\u011f\u0131\u015flayarak avc\u0131l\u0131ktan ba\u015fka y\u00f6nlerinin de oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n

1928 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir keyfi seyahat daha planlayan Louise, Kuzey Kutbu\u2019nda kaybolan \u0130talyan k\u00e2\u015fif Umberto Nobile\u2019yi arama kurtarma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00f6lgeye giden Amundsen ve ekibinin de kayboldu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frenince bu fikrinden vazge\u00e7ti. Norve\u00e7 y\u00f6netimine g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi mektupta Amundsen\u2019in eski gemisi Hobby ile onu arama \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na \u201cO 22 can\u0131n hayat\u0131 s\u00f6z konusuyken ben keyif i\u00e7in yapaca\u011f\u0131m bu seyahate nas\u0131l \u00e7\u0131kabilirim ki!\u201d s\u00f6zleriyle kat\u0131lmak istedi\u011fini bildirdi. Arktik Okyanusu\u2019nda 10.000 mil (16100 km) yol almas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Amundsen ve ekibinden bir iz bulamad\u0131. Cesaretinden ve arama \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc katk\u0131s\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 Norve\u00e7 Kral\u0131 Louise\u2019i Aziz Olav Ni\u015fan\u0131 ile \u00f6d\u00fcllendirdi. Louise bu ni\u015fana lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclen Amerikal\u0131 ilk, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc kad\u0131n oldu.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm giderlerini kendisinin kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00fc\u00e7 ay s\u00fcren arama \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 hem filme kaydetti hem de foto\u011fraflad\u0131. Arama \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve bu trajediyi g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seren tek ki\u015fiydi. Hi\u00e7 teredd\u00fct etmeden t\u00fcm film ve foto\u011fraflar\u0131 Amerikan Co\u011frafya Cemiyeti\u2019ne ba\u011f\u0131\u015flad\u0131. Bu Louise ile Cemiyet\u2019in kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 yarar sa\u011flayacaklar\u0131 uzun ili\u015fkinin ilk k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131m\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bilimsel seferler<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"Amerikan Co\u011frafya Cemiyeti\u2019ne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 katk\u0131lar\u0131n verdi\u011fi tatmin duygusu ve macera arzusunun da ayn\u0131 yolla elde edilebilece\u011fini anlayan Louise 1931 ile 1937 aras\u0131nda neredeyse her sene Arktik\u2019in \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerine bilimsel ama\u00e7lar g\u00fcden seferler d\u00fczenledi. \u0130lk seferini daha sonra Louise Boyd Arazisi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lacak olan Gr\u00f6nland\u2019in De Geer Buzulu b\u00f6lgesine yapt\u0131. Buradan bir\u00e7ok bitki \u00f6rne\u011fi toplad\u0131. B\u00f6lgenin vah\u015fi ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 ve a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 foto\u011fraflad\u0131.<\/p>\n

1933\u2019de Cemiyet\u2019in sponsoru oldu\u011fu bir sefer d\u00fczenledi. Bu seferde fiyortlar\u0131 ve buzullar\u0131 inceledi. Sonik bir cihazla k\u0131y\u0131dan uzak b\u00f6lgelerin okyanus derinliklerinin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesini sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130lerleyen y\u0131llarda b\u00f6lgeye bir\u00e7ok sefer daha d\u00fczenledi. Bu seferleriyle teyit ederek bildirdi\u011fi 2 mil derinli\u011findeki deniz alt\u0131 buzul da\u011flar\u0131n \u00f6\u011frenilmesi ile b\u00f6lgeye Louise Boyd Arazisi ad\u0131 verildi. 1937 ve 1938 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Norve\u00e7 \u00e7evresine d\u00fczenledi\u011fi seferlerde Bear Adas\u0131 ve Jan Mayen Adas\u0131 aras\u0131nda bulunan sualt\u0131 da\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetti. Bu ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131ndan sonra \u201cBuz Krali\u00e7esi\u201d (Ice Queen) ve \u201cArktik\u2019in Han\u0131m\u0131\u201d (The Lady of the Arctic) olarak an\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bilimsel seferleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda ve sonras\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok bilimsel toplulu\u011fun \u00fcyesi oldu. Londra Kraliyet Bah\u00e7\u0131vanl\u0131k Cemiyeti, Amerikan Fotogrametri Cemiyeti, Pasifik K\u0131y\u0131 Co\u011frafyac\u0131lar\u0131 Derne\u011fi, Amerikan Bah\u00e7\u0131vanl\u0131k Cemiyeti, Kad\u0131n Co\u011frafyac\u0131lar Derne\u011fi, Kaliforniya Botanik Derne\u011fi, Philadelphia Co\u011frafya Cemiyeti ve Marin Bah\u00e7ecilik Kul\u00fcb\u00fc, \u00fcyesi oldu\u011fu topluluklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sava\u015fta co\u011frafi dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k<\/strong><\/p>\n

2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131yla birlikte Louise\u2019in bilimsel seferleri de son buldu. Alman kuvvetlerinin Danimarka\u2019y\u0131 fethinden hemen sonra Gr\u00f6nland\u2019da konu\u015flanmaya ba\u015flamalar\u0131 ile Amerikan h\u00fck\u00fcmetinde tedirginlik ba\u015flad\u0131. B\u00f6lgeyi Almanlar\u2019dan \u00f6nce ele ge\u00e7irme karar\u0131 alan Amerikal\u0131lar, Louise\u2019in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 seferleri detaylar\u0131yla anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131, Gr\u00f6nland\u2019\u0131n Kuzey Do\u011fu Sahili <\/em>(The Coast of North East Greenland<\/em>) adl\u0131 Amerikan Co\u011frafya Cemiyeti taraf\u0131ndan bas\u0131lan kitab\u0131n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flamadan durdurdu. B\u00f6lge hakk\u0131nda detayl\u0131 bilgilerin sadece Louise\u2019de oldu\u011funu bilen Amerikal\u0131lar, Almanlar\u0131n kitab\u0131 okumalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu engellemeyi 1948 y\u0131l\u0131nda kald\u0131rd\u0131. Kitap ancak bu y\u0131lda yay\u0131mlanabildi. Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda b\u00f6lge hakk\u0131nda verdi\u011fi e\u015fsiz bilgiler ve stratejik yard\u0131mlar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 Louise\u2019e bir takdir belgesi verdi.<\/p>\n

Kutup u\u00e7u\u015fu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sava\u015f bitti\u011finde Louise 50 ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fti. Art\u0131k Arktik seferler d\u00fczenleyemeyecek durumda oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Ancak i\u00e7indeki macera arzusu bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc dinmek bilmiyordu. Bu arzuyu kontrol alt\u0131na alman\u0131n sadece bir yolu vard\u0131: Yeni bir macera. Hemen haz\u0131rl\u0131klara ba\u015flad\u0131. Daha \u00f6nce Roald Amundsen taraf\u0131ndan ilk defa ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen ba\u015far\u0131y\u0131 tekrarlayacak ve bunu yapan ilk kad\u0131n olacakt\u0131. 1955 y\u0131l\u0131nda kiralad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zel bir u\u00e7akla Kuzey Kutbu \u00fczerinde u\u00e7an ilk kad\u0131n oldu.<\/p>\n

Bu u\u00e7u\u015ftan sonra San Fransisco\u2019daki evine d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde kendini \u00fcyesi oldu\u011fu topluluklara adad\u0131. 1960 y\u0131l\u0131nda onu en \u00e7ok mutlu eden \u015feylerden biri, Amerikan Co\u011frafya Cemiyeti\u2019nin y\u00f6netim kuruluna se\u00e7ilmesi oldu. O, cemiyet y\u00f6netim kuruluna se\u00e7ilen ilk kad\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n

14 Eyl\u00fcl 1972\u2019de \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde y\u0131llar boyu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi say\u0131s\u0131z seferde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 harcamalardan dolay\u0131 paras\u0131z kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Belki paras\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ama kaderini kendi \u00e7izmi\u015f, kendi hayat\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Arkas\u0131nda 3 kitap, binlerce foto\u011fraf, film ve onlarca bitki \u00f6rne\u011fi b\u0131rakt\u0131. \u00c7ekti\u011fi foto\u011fraflar, gitti\u011fi b\u00f6lgelerin co\u011frafi de\u011fi\u015fimini g\u00f6zlemlemek ve k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n etkilerini ge\u00e7mi\u015f ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde halen kullan\u0131lmakta.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

– 4 R\u00fczg\u00e2r\u0131n Kad\u0131nlar\u0131 <\/em>(Women of the Four Winds<\/em>), Elizabeth Fagg Olds, Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1985, ss.231- 296.<\/p>\n

– Arktik\u2019in \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131: Louise Boyd\u2019un Gezileri <\/em>(The Call of the Arctic: Travels of Louise Boyd<\/em>), Jocelyn Moss, Marin County Historical Society Magazine<\/em>, Cilt: XIV, No. 2, 1987.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Zengin bir \u00e7ocukluktan kutup ay\u0131s\u0131 avc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na, arama kurtarma seferlerinden bilimsel seferlere, Arktik\u2019i Evcille\u015ftiren K\u0131z\u2019dan Buz Krali\u00e7esi\u2019ne, arktik buzullarda ge\u00e7en maceral\u0131 bir hayat\u0131n hik\u00e2yesi\u2026 Louise A. Boyd, 16 Eyl\u00fcl 1887\u2019de Kaliforniya\u2019da zengin bir ailenin k\u0131z\u0131 olarak d\u00fcnyaya geldi. Ailesi Bodie\u2019de bulunan alt\u0131n madeninin i\u015fletmecisi ve sahibiydi. Ailenin n\u00fcfuzu ve serveti, Louise ve iki karde\u015finin iyi e\u011fitimler […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":741,"featured_media":29600,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[178,1464,2315],"tags":[2022,1955,2021],"class_list":["post-16962","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-141-sayi","category-dosya","category-kadin-gezginler","tag-dunya-turu","tag-gezgin","tag-kadin-gezginler"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t