{"id":17036,"date":"2015-10-01T15:23:14","date_gmt":"2015-10-01T12:23:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=17036"},"modified":"2018-01-18T15:32:27","modified_gmt":"2018-01-18T12:32:27","slug":"einsteinin-dusunce-deneyleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2015\/10\/01\/einsteinin-dusunce-deneyleri","title":{"rendered":"Einstein\u2019\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneyleri"},"content":{"rendered":"

Einstein\u2019\u0131n fizi\u011fe yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 paha bi\u00e7ilmez katk\u0131lardan biri de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneyleridir. Asans\u00f6r i\u00e7erisindeki bir g\u00f6zlemci hakk\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri, kendisinin en \u00f6nemli bulu\u015fu olan genel g\u00f6relili\u011fe \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmi\u015ftir. Bug\u00fcn teorik fizi\u011fin en \u00f6nemli sorular\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 kara delikler hakk\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneylerinden yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131larak sorulmu\u015ftur. Ancak yine de h\u00e2l\u00e2, asla unutulmamas\u0131 gereken bir problem var: Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneyleri, deneysel verilerden \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 bir noktada olabilir.<\/em><\/p>\n

Sabine Hossenfelder \/ <\/strong>\u0130skandinav Teorik Fizik Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc<\/p>\n

Einstein\u2019\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneyleri, bir\u00e7ok \u0130ngilizce ders kitab\u0131nda da orijinal ad\u0131 ile ge\u00e7ti\u011fi \u00fczere \u201cGedankenexperiment\u201d olarak bilinir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneyleri i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu Almanca terim, Einstein\u2019\u0131n fizikte yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 yeniliklere yol a\u00e7an y\u00f6nteme verdi\u011fi isimdir. Kendisi, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n uzay-zamanda sabit bir h\u0131zla yol almas\u0131n\u0131 (\u00f6zel g\u00f6relili\u011fin kalbinde yatan \u00f6zellik) bulmas\u0131n\u0131, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckken \u0131\u015f\u0131k demetlerinin \u00fcst\u00fcne binmesi ve s\u00fcrmesi \u00fczerine kurdu\u011fu hayallere ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00fctle\u00e7ekimi devrimsel bir \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 genel g\u00f6relilik teorisini ise asans\u00f6rde yukar\u0131-a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 gitmesi \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinden yola \u00e7\u0131karak buldu\u011funu belirtir. Her iki durumda da, Einstein fikirlerini akl\u0131nda kurdu\u011fu deneylerde \u201c\u00f6l\u00e7erek\u201d, laboratuvar deneylerinin \u00f6tesinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201c\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler\u201d ile t\u00fcretmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Kendisi, bunu yapan ne ilk ne de son teorik fizik\u00e7i olmu\u015ftur. Ama onun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneyleri, modern fizi\u011fin s\u0131\u00e7rama noktalar\u0131ndand\u0131r ve Einstein\u2019\u0131n \u00fcretti\u011fi teorilerin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndaki merkezdir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde teorik fizik\u00e7iler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneylerini, yeni teorileri ve var olan teorilerdeki tutars\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 test etmek i\u00e7in yayg\u0131n olarak kullanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ancak bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneylerinin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ele al\u0131n\u0131\u015f \u015fekilleri baz\u0131 rahats\u0131z edici sorular\u0131 da beraberinde getirmektedir. Kuantum mekani\u011fi d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n mikroskopik olaylar\u0131 ile Einstein\u2019\u0131n genel g\u00f6relililk d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 astronomik mesafe olaylar\u0131n\u0131 beraber a\u00e7\u0131klayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 umdu\u011fumuz b\u00fcy\u00fck birle\u015fim teorisi (her \u015feyin teorisi), g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn en pop\u00fcler ve tutulan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, var olan deneylerle do\u011frulanmaktan \u00e7ok uzakta. Bu durumda, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneyleri tek ba\u015f\u0131na bu teorilerin devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayabilir mi? Mant\u0131ksal \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ma hangi seviyeye ve derinli\u011fe kadar g\u00fcvenebiliriz? Bilimsel sezgi ile fantezi aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7izgi nerede? Einstein\u2019\u0131n miras\u0131 bu sorulara kesin yan\u0131tlar vermiyor. Bir tarafta, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin g\u00fcc\u00fcnden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilham kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamaz bir ba\u015far\u0131ya yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015fken, di\u011fer taraftan da Einstein\u2019\u0131n bir\u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneyini ger\u00e7ek deneylerde elde edilmi\u015f verilerden yola \u00e7\u0131karak \u00fcretti\u011fini biliyoruz. Mesela Michelson-Morley deneyinde ilk defa \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n uzay-zamanda sabit bir h\u0131za sahip oldu\u011funun g\u00f6zlemlenmesi gibi. Ayr\u0131ca, Einstein\u2019\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneylerine olan d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sayesinde, bu deneylerle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015flar\u0131n ileride bulunacak teorilere bile katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n

Bu yaz\u0131da Einstein\u2019\u0131n \u00e7ok bilinen baz\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneylerine ve nas\u0131l ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131na, nerede ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olduklar\u0131na ya da nas\u0131l h\u00e2l\u00e2 ge\u00e7erli olan baz\u0131 sorulara yol a\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131na g\u00f6z ataca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

\"\"Cams\u0131z asans\u00f6r<\/strong><\/p>\n

Einstein\u2019\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneylerindeki dehas\u0131, deneyin hangi k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n gerekli hangi k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6rmezden gelinebilir oldu\u011funu anlamas\u0131nda yat\u0131yor. Kendisinin 1907\u2019de kurmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131, en \u00fcnl\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneyini ele alal\u0131m. Einstein, cams\u0131z bir asans\u00f6r\u00fcn i\u00e7inde olan ki\u015finin k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim kuvveti etkisi alt\u0131nda m\u0131, yoksa asans\u00f6r\u00fcn ivmeli hareketi ile mi hareket etti\u011fini bilemeyece\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrer. Bu noktadan yola \u00e7\u0131karak, her iki durumda da fizik yasalar\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi sonucuna var\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re, bahsi ge\u00e7en denklik ilkesinin bize s\u00f6yledi\u011fi \u015fey, k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimin b\u00f6lgesel olarak (asans\u00f6r\u00fcn i\u00e7erisinde) etkisinin, k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimsiz bir durumdaki ivmeli hareketin etkisi ile ayn\u0131 oldu\u011fudur. Bu denlik ilkesinin matematiksel form\u00fclasyona d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ile beraber, genel g\u00f6relili\u011fin temellerinden biri at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yani, Einstein\u2019\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneyi olan cams\u0131z asans\u00f6r deneyi, kendisini, en b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 olan k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimin geometrik a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye ve t\u00fcretmeye y\u00f6neltmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Tuhaf hareketler<\/strong><\/p>\n

Einstein, genel g\u00f6relilik kuram\u0131ndan sonra kariyerinin geri kalan\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok kez kuantum mekani\u011finin prensiplerini yanl\u0131\u015flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle, belirsizlik ilkesine kar\u015f\u0131 fikirler geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Belirsizlik ilkesine g\u00f6re, bir par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n konumu hakk\u0131nda ne kadar fikir sahibi olunursa, par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n konumlu ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir ba\u015fka \u00f6zelli\u011fi olan momentumu hakk\u0131nda daha az fikir sahibi olunuyor ve tersi de ge\u00e7erli. Bu ilke, belirli ba\u015fka \u00f6zellikler i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli. Einstein\u2019a g\u00f6re belirsizlik ilkesi, kuantum mekani\u011finin temelden hatal\u0131 oldu\u011funun bir g\u00f6stergesiydi.<\/p>\n

Danimarkal\u0131 fizik\u00e7i Niels Bohr ile olan fikir al\u0131\u015fveri\u015flerinde, Einstein bir\u00e7ok kez bu ilkenin tersine i\u015fleyebilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneyleri geli\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak Bohr her seferinde bu deneylerdeki hatalar\u0131 g\u00f6rmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131. Bu durum, kuantum mekani\u011finin, do\u011fan\u0131n temel \u00f6zelliklerinden biri oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini peki\u015ftirdi. E\u011fer Einstein bile ayn\u0131 anda hem momentumu hem de konumu \u00f6l\u00e7menin bir yolunu bulam\u0131yorsa, bu belirsizlik ilkesi denen \u015fey do\u011fru olmal\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

1935 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Einstein ve di\u011fer iki fizik\u00e7i Boris Podolsky ve Nathan Rosen, belirsizlik ilkesine ele\u015ftirilerini sunduklar\u0131 bir makale yay\u0131mlad\u0131lar. Belki de makaleyi Einstein de\u011fil de Podolsky yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, bu makaledeki Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneyleri, hayal etmesi ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmesi kolay olan, i\u00e7inde kutular\u0131n, saatlerin ya da \u0131\u015f\u0131k demetlerinin oldu\u011fu deneyler de\u011fildir; daha soyut olan iki genel kuantum sistemi aras\u0131ndaki etkile\u015fimleri a\u00e7\u0131klayan bir dizi kuantum denklemleri \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\"\"EPR d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneylerinin en kolay hali, dolan\u0131kl\u0131 (ayn\u0131 kuantum durum i\u00e7erisinde bulunan par\u00e7ac\u0131k \u00e7ifti) par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n paradoksal davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu deneyleri \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131klayabiliriz: Kararl\u0131 olmayan (bozunma s\u00fcresi k\u0131sa olan, uzun s\u00fcre do\u011fada serbest olarak bulunamayan) ve spini s\u0131f\u0131r olan bir par\u00e7ac\u0131k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim (Spin par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n toplam a\u00e7\u0131sal momentumu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerine katk\u0131 yapan bir \u00f6zelliktir, ancak par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n belirli bir orbit etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6nme oran\u0131 ile bir ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 yoktur. Bazen, basitle\u015ftirerek, tam olarak do\u011fru olmasa da, par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n kendi etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olarak s\u00f6z edilir). Korunum yasalar\u0131ndan, a\u00e7\u0131sal momentumun korunumunu ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, bu par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015fka iki par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011fa bozunmas\u0131 durumunda, par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n toplam spininin s\u0131f\u0131r olmas\u0131 gerekir. E\u011fer, bu iki par\u00e7ac\u0131k yar\u0131m spine sahipse, biri \u201cyukar\u0131\u201d spine sahip oldu\u011funda, \u00f6teki \u201ca\u015fa\u011f\u0131\u201d spine sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r ki toplamlar\u0131 s\u0131f\u0131r etsin. Bu durumda, ilk ba\u015fta sahip oldu\u011fumuz par\u00e7ac\u0131k, di\u011fer iki par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011fa bozundu\u011funda, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm yapmadan bu iki par\u00e7ac\u0131ktan hi\u00e7biri belirli bir spine sahip olmayacakt\u0131r. Ancak, herhangi biri \u00fczerinde \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda elde edilen spine g\u00f6re, \u00f6teki par\u00e7ac\u0131k da toplamlar\u0131 s\u0131f\u0131r edecek \u015fekilde bir kuantum sistemine de\u011fi\u015fecektir. Bu durum, par\u00e7ac\u0131klar birbirinden \u00e7ok uzakta olsalar bile de\u011fi\u015fmeyecektir.<\/p>\n

Einstein\u2019a g\u00f6re bu, uzak mesafeden etkile\u015fme tamamen bir sa\u00e7mal\u0131kt\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, kendi teorisi olan \u00f6zel g\u00f6relili\u011fe g\u00f6re, hi\u00e7bir \u015fey \u0131\u015f\u0131ktan h\u0131zl\u0131 hareket edemezdi ve bu y\u00fczden de birbirinden uzak olan bu iki par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n birbiriyle anl\u0131k olarak etkile\u015fmeleri ya da birbirlerinden anl\u0131k olarak \u201chaberdar\u201d olmalar\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131. Einstein, bu sorundan kurtulmak i\u00e7in, kuantum mekani\u011finin a\u00e7\u0131klamakta yetersiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nceden belirlemesi gereken bilinmeyen de\u011fi\u015fkenler teorisini ortaya att\u0131. Uzun y\u0131llar s\u00fcren bu problemin tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na, 1964 y\u0131l\u0131nda, John Stewart Bell noktay\u0131 koydu ve geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi teori ile dolan\u0131kl\u0131 olan par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n birbiri ile nas\u0131l etkile\u015fti\u011fini, bu bilgiyi payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayan bir teori ortaya koydu. Bu bilgi payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, Einstein\u2019\u0131n kabul etti\u011fi bilinmeyen de\u011fi\u015fkenler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile olan payla\u015f\u0131mdan farkl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde oluyordu.<\/p>\n

1970\u2019lerden itibaren yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanan dolan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k deneylerinde, Einstein tekrar tekrar yanl\u0131\u015fland\u0131 ve kuantum par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten de ortak bilgi payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde oldu\u011fu ve bilinmeyen de\u011fi\u015fkenlerle bunun a\u00e7\u0131klanamayaca\u011f\u0131 do\u011fruland\u0131. Yani, uzaktan anl\u0131k etkile\u015fim ger\u00e7ekti; ama deneylerin g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi kadar\u0131yla bu \u00f6zellik \u0131\u015f\u0131ktan h\u0131zl\u0131 bilgi transferi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lamazd\u0131. Bu da, dolan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Einstein\u2019\u0131n \u00f6zel g\u00f6relilik kuram\u0131 ile tamamen tutarl\u0131 hale getiriyordu. Ancak, dolan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ve do\u011frulanmas\u0131, Einstein\u2019\u0131n inat\u00e7\u0131 ve yanl\u0131\u015f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneyleri ile bu olguya kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 sayesinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

Alice ve Bob ya da teorik fizi\u011fin Interstellar\u2019\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde en \u00f6nemli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneylerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131, kuantum mekani\u011finin do\u011fas\u0131ndan kaynaklanan g\u00f6receli evrendeki bulan\u0131k belirsizlikleri \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Mesela, genel olarak tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan kara delik bilgi paradoksunu ele alal\u0131m. Genel g\u00f6relilikle kuantum mekani\u011fini birle\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, denklemler kara deliklerin \u201cbuharla\u015fmas\u0131\u201d gerekti\u011fini, kuantum etkiler sebebi ile yava\u015f yava\u015f k\u00fctlelerini kaybederek yok olmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Denklemlerden anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir di\u011fer \u015fey ise, bu s\u00fcrecin tersine i\u015flemesinin, kara deli\u011fin nas\u0131l olu\u015ftu\u011fundan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131. Yani, kara deli\u011fin buharla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n, i\u00e7eri\u011finden hi\u00e7bir bilgi alman\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir radyasyon ile meydana gelmesi gerekiyor. Ancak b\u00f6yle bir fiziksel s\u00fcre\u00e7 kuantum mekani\u011fine g\u00f6re yasakl\u0131 bir s\u00fcre\u00e7. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kuantum mekani\u011fine g\u00f6re, herhangi bir s\u00fcre\u00e7, zamanda tersinir olabilir. Mesela, kuantum mekani\u011fine g\u00f6re, yanm\u0131\u015f bir kitap h\u00e2l\u00e2 o kitab\u0131 tekrar yaratmak i\u00e7in gerekli olan bilgiyi, bilgiye ula\u015fmak neredeyse imk\u00e2ns\u0131z da olsa i\u00e7ermektedir. Ancak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re bu durum buharla\u015fan kara delikler i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli de\u011fil. Bu da bizi bir paradoksa, mant\u0131ksal bir tutars\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Kuantum mekani\u011fi ve genel g\u00f6relili\u011fin birle\u015fiminde kara deliklerin buharla\u015fmas\u0131 gerekiyor, ancak bu buharla\u015fma kuantum mekani\u011fine g\u00f6re m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil! Bu durumda bir hata yap\u0131l\u0131yor olmal\u0131, ama nerede?<\/p>\n

\"\"Bu paradoksu anlamak i\u00e7in olu\u015fturulan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneyinde Alice ve Bob isimli iki g\u00f6zlemcinin oldu\u011fu varsay\u0131l\u0131yor. Bu iki g\u00f6zlemci, dolan\u0131kl\u0131 durumda iki par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131 payla\u015fm\u0131\u015f durumdalar (EPR d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneyindeki gibi). Bob\u2019un Alice\u2019ten uzakta normal \u015fekilde dururken, Alice\u2019in kendi par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile kara deli\u011fe atlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. Alice ve par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmadan, Bob\u2019un par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131radan, dolan\u0131kl\u0131 olmayan, spini a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 veya yukar\u0131 olabilecek bir par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc dolan\u0131kl\u0131 oldu\u011fu e\u015f-par\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ve spinin bilgisi, Alice kara deli\u011fe atlad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yok olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Bob ve Alice, bu paradoksun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in getirilen kara deliklerde tamamlay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ilkesi (black hole complementarity), paradoksun cevab\u0131nda kilit rol oynam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. 1993\u2019te Stanford \u00dcniversitesinde olan Leonard Susskind,\u00a0 L\u00e1rus Thorlacius ve John Uglum taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6nerilen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm, Einstein\u2019\u0131n \u201cgedankenexperiment\u201d fikrini merkez alarak olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Susskind ve arkada\u015flar\u0131na g\u00f6re, kara deli\u011fe giden Alice ve par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bilgisi, kara deli\u011fin buharla\u015fmas\u0131 ile beraber bir zaman sonra tekrar d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu senaryo, kuantum mekani\u011fine g\u00f6re ba\u015fka bir tutars\u0131zl\u0131k yaratmaktad\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kuantum mekani\u011finde dolan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k bir seferde belirli bir par\u00e7ac\u0131k \u00e7iftiyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Yani dolan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k teke\u015fli olmak zorundad\u0131r. Bu durumda Bob\u2019un par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131 Alice\u2019inki ile dolan\u0131kl\u0131 ise, ba\u015fka bir par\u00e7ac\u0131k ile dolan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Ancak, Alice\u2019in par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131 kara deli\u011fin buharla\u015fmas\u0131 ile beraber ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacak olsa da, ilk ba\u015fta yok oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in Susskind ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n sundu\u011fu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm ilk bak\u0131\u015fta bir paradoksu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcp yerine ba\u015fka bir paradoks koymu\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n

Ancak, kusursuz bir cinayette oldu\u011fu gibi, e\u011fer kimse bu tutars\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa \u015fahit olmad\u0131ysa, belki de do\u011fan\u0131n kesin kurallar\u0131 kimsenin g\u00f6rmedi\u011fi bir anda y\u0131k\u0131labilir. Yani bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme g\u00f6re, Alice ve Bob\u2019un dolan\u0131kl\u0131 par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n kuantum mekani\u011fi kurallar\u0131n\u0131 bozduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Bu muhte\u015fem kuantum mekaniksel cinayeti \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in bir ba\u015fka, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir g\u00f6zlemci olan Charlie\u2019yi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. Charlie kara deli\u011fin etraf\u0131nda (kara deli\u011fin olay ufkunda) dola\u015f\u0131p Bob ve Alice\u2019i g\u00f6zlemliyor diyelim. Bob\u2019un d\u0131\u015far\u0131da, Alice\u2019in kara deli\u011fin i\u00e7erisinde oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u00fcre boyunca, kara delikten d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan radyasyonu \u00f6l\u00e7t\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc varsayal\u0131m. Teoriye g\u00f6re, Bob ve Alice\u2019in par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dolan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k teke\u015flili\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 geldi\u011fi bilgisi Charlie\u2019nin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerinden saklanabilir. Nas\u0131l m\u0131?<\/p>\n

Bunu kesin olarak bilebilmesi i\u00e7in, Charlie\u2019nin hem Bob\u2019un hem de Alice\u2019in par\u00e7ac\u0131klar hakk\u0131ndaki \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerini bilmesi gerekir ki, Alice kara deli\u011fin i\u00e7erisinde. \u0130nan\u0131lmaz bir \u015fekilde, Susskind ve Thorlacius\u2019un hesaplar\u0131nda g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi kadar\u0131yla, Charlie ne kadar \u00e7ok ve s\u0131k\u0131 \u015fekilde denerse denesin, kara deli\u011fin i\u00e7erisine girip kendi elde etti\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm bilgilerini Alice\u2019inki ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131, kara delikteki \u00e7ekim g\u00fcc\u00fc sebebi ile birbirlerinden tamamen uzakla\u015fmadan \u00f6nce imk\u00e2ns\u0131z. Bu durumda, Charlie\u2019nin zavall\u0131 kaderi sebebiyle, kuantum mekani\u011fi kurallar\u0131n\u0131n ihlal edildi\u011fi kimse taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclemez ve bu sebeple teorik fizik\u00e7iler do\u011fan\u0131n kurallar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bu cinayeti i\u015fleyebilirler. \u015eunu da s\u00f6ylemek gerekir ki, b\u00fct\u00fcn teorisyenler bu arg\u00fcman kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ikna olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneyine getirilen ele\u015ftirilerden biri, Einstein\u2019\u0131n denklik prensibini (asans\u00f6r deneyinin sonucunda buldu\u011fu) ihlal etti\u011fidir. Ayn\u0131 asans\u00f6r\u00fcn i\u00e7erisindeki g\u00f6zlemcinin, k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimine mi yoksa asans\u00f6r\u00fcn ivmeli hareketine mi maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmedi\u011fi gibi, bir g\u00f6zlemcinin kara delik ufkundan ge\u00e7erken ola\u011fand\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir \u015fey fark etmemesi ve geri d\u00f6n\u00fclmesi imk\u00e2ns\u0131z bir noktaya vard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamamas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n

Alice ve Bob\u2019un dolan\u0131kl\u0131 par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131na geri d\u00f6nelim. E\u011fer ki Bob, kara delikten uzakta, kara deli\u011fin radyasyonundan Alice ile beraber kaybolan bilgiyi \u00f6l\u00e7ebilirse, bu radyasyon \u00e7ok \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek bir enerji ile sa\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi takdirde radyasyonun, kara deli\u011fin \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimsel etkisinden kurtulamamas\u0131 gerekirdi. Bu radyasyonun enerjisi de herhangi bir g\u00f6zlemciyi an\u0131nda yok edecek kadar fazla olacak demektir. Yani bir bak\u0131ma bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme g\u00f6re, kara deli\u011fin etraf\u0131nda bir \u201cate\u015f duvar\u0131\u201d olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir ki, bu da Einstein\u2019\u0131n denklik prensibi ile \u00e7eli\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu noktada, teorinin derin sular\u0131na dalm\u0131\u015f bulunmaktay\u0131z. Bu soruya bir cevap asla bulamayabiliriz. Ancak bu yine de soruyla ilgilenmenin anlams\u0131z oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmez. Bu sorulara \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm aramak, do\u011fan\u0131n ve uzay-zaman\u0131n kuantum \u00f6zellikleri hakk\u0131ndaki bilgimizi artt\u0131rmam\u0131z\u0131 ve\/veya derinle\u015ftirmemizi sa\u011flayabilir. Yani bu problemler, iyi ya da k\u00f6t\u00fc, teorik fizi\u011fin en canl\u0131 alanlar\u0131ndan biridir. Ve bu sorular\u0131n hepsi, en ba\u015f\u0131nda, Einstein\u2019\u0131n asans\u00f6r deneyine dayanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Einstein\u2019\u0131n fizi\u011fe yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 paha bi\u00e7ilmez katk\u0131lardan biri de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneyleridir. Asans\u00f6r i\u00e7erisindeki bir g\u00f6zlemci hakk\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri, kendisinin en \u00f6nemli bulu\u015fu olan genel g\u00f6relili\u011fe \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmi\u015ftir. Bug\u00fcn teorik fizi\u011fin en \u00f6nemli sorular\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 kara delikler hakk\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneylerinden yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131larak sorulmu\u015ftur. Ancak yine de h\u00e2l\u00e2, asla unutulmamas\u0131 gereken bir problem var: Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneyleri, deneysel verilerden […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":620,"featured_media":17040,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[177,1464,26],"tags":[606,2030,277,288],"class_list":["post-17036","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-140-sayi","category-dosya","category-fizik","tag-deney","tag-dusunce-deneyleri","tag-einstein","tag-fizik"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t