{"id":17042,"date":"2015-10-01T15:33:57","date_gmt":"2015-10-01T12:33:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=17042"},"modified":"2018-01-18T15:54:03","modified_gmt":"2018-01-18T12:54:03","slug":"einstein-nerede-hata-yapti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2015\/10\/01\/einstein-nerede-hata-yapti","title":{"rendered":"Einstein nerede hata yapt\u0131?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Muazzam kavrama yetene\u011fine ra\u011fmen, Einstein bir\u00e7ok kez kendi \u00fcretti\u011fi en \u00f6nemli fikirleri anlamland\u0131r\u0131rken hataya d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc veya onlar\u0131n \u00f6nemini g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etti. Sonu\u00e7ta, k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimsel merceklemenin \u00f6nemini reddetti, ba\u015fta k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u015f\u00fcpheye d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ve evrenin geni\u015fledi\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcnde bulunamad\u0131. Einstein\u2019\u0131n hatalar\u0131 modern kozmolojinin en heyecan verici \u00fc\u00e7 alan\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131ndaki tarihsel s\u00fcreci anlamam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar, onun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sistemi hakk\u0131nda da bize bilgi sunuyor.<\/em><\/p>\n

Prof. Lawrance M. Krauss \/<\/strong> Arizona Devlet \u00dcniv., teorik fizik\u00e7i ve kozmolog<\/p>\n

Herkes hata yapar. Fakat hata yapan efsanele\u015fmi\u015f bir fizik\u00e7iyse, bu durum \u00f6zellikle ayd\u0131nlat\u0131c\u0131 olur. Di\u011fer insanlar gibi Albert Einstein da hayat\u0131 boyunca \u00e7e\u015fitli hatalar yapt\u0131 ve baz\u0131 fizik\u00e7ilerin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi bunlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131mlad\u0131. \u00c7o\u011fumuz i\u00e7in yanl\u0131\u015f yola sapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z zamanlar, mutlulukla unutulabilirdir. Einstein\u2019\u0131n durumunda ise, hatalar bile dikkate de\u011fer. Bu hatalar \u00f6ncelikle Einstein\u2019\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinin geli\u015fimi ve evrenle ilgili bilimsel kavray\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z konusunda bize fikir veriyor. Einstein\u2019\u0131n hatalar\u0131, bilimsel ke\u015fiflerin en u\u00e7 noktada ne kadar zorlay\u0131c\u0131 olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seriyor. Kavray\u0131\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 zorlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerindeki fikirlerin ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnyadaki olaylara kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelip gelmedi\u011fini ya da yeni ve radikal fikirlerin derin bir kavray\u0131\u015fla m\u0131, yoksa bo\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kmayla m\u0131 sonu\u00e7lanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kestirmek zordur.<\/p>\n

Uzay ve zaman kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 ars\u0131zca yeniden tan\u0131mlayan adam olarak bilim tarihine ge\u00e7en Einstein, y\u0131llar boyu kendi ke\u015fiflerini k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsedi ve hayret verecek kadar s\u0131k bir \u015fekilde kendi bulgular\u0131n\u0131 sorgulad\u0131. Bug\u00fcn kozmolojinin geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fc\u00e7 alan\u0131, onun hatal\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcm verdi\u011fi fikirlerinin \u00fczerine kurulu: K\u00fctle\u00e7ekimsel mercekleme, k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim dalgalar\u0131 ve evrenimizin ivmelenerek geni\u015flemesi.<\/p>\n

Einstein\u2019\u0131n \u00e7arp\u0131k merce\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u00fctle\u00e7ekimsel mercekleme durumunda, Einstein\u2019\u0131n kritik hatas\u0131 ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 en \u00f6nemli sonu\u00e7lardan birini \u00f6nemsiz g\u00f6stermekti: I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim alan\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde b\u00fck\u00fclmesi konusundaki \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fc. Aral\u0131k 1939\u2019da \u201cI\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n K\u00fctle\u00e7ekim Alan\u0131 \u0130\u00e7erisinde Sapmas\u0131ndan Dolay\u0131 Bir Y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n Mercek Benzeri Davran\u0131\u015f\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Science<\/em> dergisinde k\u0131sa bir makale yay\u0131mlad\u0131. Makale modern akademik literat\u00fcrde g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi imk\u00e2ns\u0131z olan bir t\u00fcr masumiyetle ba\u015fl\u0131yordu: \u201cBir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce, R. W. Mandl (bir \u00c7ek m\u00fchendis) beni ziyaret etti ve yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir hesaplamay\u0131 yay\u0131mlamam\u0131 istedi.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"
Kaliforniya Teknoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn huysuz, fakat bir o kadar da parlak astronomu Fritz Zwicky. 1937\u2019de yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 topu topu 1 sayfal\u0131k makalede, i\u00e7erisinde 100 milyar y\u0131ld\u0131z bar\u0131nd\u0131ran b\u00fcy\u00fck galaksiler g\u00f6zlemlenebilir d\u00fczeyde bir k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimsel mercekleme etkisi yaratabilirdi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bu \u201ck\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hesaplama\u201d \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim etkisi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fczeyde sapmaya maruz kalmas\u0131 ihtimalini inceliyordu. Einstein i\u00e7in, yeterli miktarda k\u00fctleli bir objenin arkas\u0131ndan gelen ve ona yak\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015f yapan \u0131\u015f\u0131k demetlerinin k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim etkisiyle b\u00fck\u00fcl\u00fcp \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f veya \u00e7oklu bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 -ki bu bir mercekten ge\u00e7en \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n b\u00fck\u00fclmesine benzer bir olayd\u0131r ve k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimsel mercekleme ismi buradan gelmektedir- g\u00f6stermek, basit bir meseleydi. Mercekleme evrendeki k\u00fctle da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n -maddenin g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgeleri i\u00e7in dahi- tespit edilmesi i\u00e7in bir y\u00f6ntem sundu\u011fundan, modern kozmolojinin en \u00f6nemli g\u00f6zlem ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri haline geldi.<\/p>\n

Fakat Einstein mercekleme etkisinin ne b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ne de \u00f6neminin fark\u0131na vard\u0131. 1936\u2019da yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 makalesini, kaynaktan gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131ndan ge\u00e7mesiyle g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcde meydana gelecek ayr\u0131lman\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir d\u00fczeyin \u00e7ok alt\u0131nda oldu\u011funu belirterek sonland\u0131rd\u0131, ki bu \u015f\u00fcphesiz makalesinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndaki al\u00e7akg\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc havay\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klar. Einstein asl\u0131nda teknik olarak hakl\u0131yd\u0131, fakat g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00fczerinde b\u00f6ylesine bir etki yaratacak tek obje olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark edememi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fin ilgin\u00e7 yan\u0131 Einstein\u2019\u0131n ilgisizli\u011fi onun bilimsel \u015f\u00f6hretine b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimsel mercekleme darbesi indirdi. I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fctleli cisimler taraf\u0131ndan sapmaya u\u011frat\u0131lmas\u0131, genel g\u00f6relili\u011fin g\u00f6zlemsel \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcleri i\u00e7in bir anahtar niteli\u011findeydi. 1919\u2019da \u00fcnl\u00fc fizik\u00e7i Arthur Eddington liderli\u011finde bir ke\u015fif ekibi taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen G\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131 g\u00f6zlemi sonucunda, uzaktaki y\u0131ld\u0131zlardan gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n tam da Einstein\u2019\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u015fekilde G\u00fcne\u015f taraf\u0131ndan sapt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011fruland\u0131. T\u00fcm d\u00fcnya gazeteleri bu haberi 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonunda bir Britanyal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir Alman biliminsan\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulayarak man\u015fetten verdi. Ku\u015fkusuz bu olay toplumu b\u00fcy\u00fcledi ve Einstein o zamana kadar eri\u015filememi\u015f bir bilimsel \u015f\u00f6hret kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu hik\u00e2yenin bir d\u00f6nemeci daha var: Einstein asl\u0131nda \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n b\u00fck\u00fclmesiyle ilgili hesaplamalar\u0131 y\u0131llar \u00f6nce 1912\u2019de yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Fakat ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n kozmolojik \u00f6neminin fark\u0131na varamad\u0131. Daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fc, talihsiz bir matematik hatas\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: Hesaplamalar\u0131nda genel g\u00f6relili\u011fin ilk versiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ki bu \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim etkisiyle sapma miktar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek de\u011ferinin yar\u0131s\u0131 kadar oldu\u011funu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. 1914\u2019te ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen G\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda uzak y\u0131ld\u0131zlardan gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in etkisiyle maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 sapmay\u0131 incelemek i\u00e7in bir ke\u015fif gezisi planlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, fakat 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n patlak vermesiyle g\u00f6zlem ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilememi\u015fti. G\u00f6zlem ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in Einstein asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u015fansl\u0131yd\u0131. E\u011fer ki g\u00f6zlem ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilmi\u015f olsayd\u0131, Einstein\u2019\u0131n yeni kuram\u0131 g\u00f6zlem verileriyle uyu\u015fmayacakt\u0131; b\u00f6ylesi bir durum hem onun hayat\u0131n\u0131 hem de bilim tarihini nas\u0131l etkilerdi, kim bilir.<\/p>\n

1936\u2019da makalesi yay\u0131mland\u0131ktan sonra, Einstein kendi ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131yla ilgili olarak dergi edit\u00f6r\u00fcne b\u00fcy\u00fcleyici d\u00fczeyde hatal\u0131 bir de\u011ferlendirmede bulundu: \u201cBay Mandl\u2019\u0131n beni zorlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yay\u0131n\u0131m konusunda deste\u011finiz i\u00e7in size te\u015fekk\u00fcr etmeme izin verin. Bu yay\u0131n\u0131n de\u011feri k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, fakat zavall\u0131 adam\u0131 mutlu ediyor.\u201d<\/p>\n

Einstein\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131, Kaliforniya Teknoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn huysuz fakat bir o kadar da parlak astronomu Fritz Zwicky\u2019nin Einstein ile a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanlarda Physical Review<\/em> dergisine g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi makalede i\u015faret etti\u011fi gibi, y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n galaksileri meydana getirdi\u011fiydi. Y\u0131ld\u0131zlar tek ba\u015flar\u0131na g\u00f6zlemsel a\u00e7\u0131dan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir mercekleme etkisi yapsa da, Zwicky\u2019nin not etti\u011fi gibi, i\u00e7erisinde 100 milyar y\u0131ld\u0131z bar\u0131nd\u0131ran b\u00fcy\u00fck galaksiler g\u00f6zlemlenebilir d\u00fczeyde bir mercekleme etkisi yaratabilirdi.<\/p>\n

Zwicky\u2019nin 1937\u2019de yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 topu topu 1 sayfal\u0131k makale kayda de\u011ferdi. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimsel mercekleme i\u00e7in, takip eden onlarca y\u0131lda astronomlar\u0131n birer birer ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131\u011f\u0131 neredeyse t\u00fcm uygulamalar\u0131 i\u00e7eren bir kehanette bulunurcas\u0131na, \u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131m alan\u0131 \u00f6nerdi: Genel g\u00f6relili\u011fin test edilmesi, galaksilerin mercekleme etkisi b\u00fcy\u00fcte\u00e7 gibi kullan\u0131larak normalde g\u00f6zlemlenemeyecek kadar uzakta bulunan objelerin g\u00f6zlenmesi ve gene mercekleme kullan\u0131larak evrendeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck yap\u0131lar\u0131n k\u00fctlelerinin hesaplanmas\u0131. Zwicky\u2019nin g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 en az di\u011ferleri kadar \u00f6nemli d\u00f6rd\u00fcnce bir uygulama ise, galaksilerin mercekleme etkisini kullanarak, evrenin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekteki evrimini ve geometrisini incelemekti. Fizikte \u00f6nemi bundan daha fazla yads\u0131nan herhangi bir hesaplaman\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek bile zor.<\/p>\n

Hayali tekilliklerin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 engel<\/strong><\/p>\n

Einstein, kendi teorisinin k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n (uzay-zamandaki dalgalanmalar) varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret etti\u011fini erken zamanda fark etmi\u015fti; fakat sonradan orijinal ve do\u011fru olan bu fikrinden vazge\u00e7ti. Bug\u00fcn \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fan karadeliklerden, patlayan y\u0131ld\u0131zlardan veya evrenin enflasyon d\u00f6neminden (b\u00fcy\u00fck patlaman\u0131n hemen ard\u0131ndan evrenin ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u0131zla geni\u015fledi\u011fi d\u00f6nem) kaynaklanan k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi, bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131na evreni tamamen yeni bir pencereden g\u00f6zlemeyi vaat ediyor.<\/p>\n

Einstein k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 1916\u2019da g\u00f6relili\u011fin genel teorisini tamamlamas\u0131ndan k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Dalgalar\u0131n ard\u0131ndaki matematik karma\u015f\u0131kt\u0131, fakat kurdu\u011fu nedensellik ba\u011f\u0131 \u00f6yle de\u011fildi. Elektromanyetizman\u0131n yasalar\u0131na g\u00f6re, e\u011fer bir elektrik y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc ileri geri hareket ettirirsek, sal\u0131n\u0131m yapan bir bozuntu elde ederiz ki, bu \u0131\u015f\u0131k gibi bir elektromanyetik dalga davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Benzer \u015fekilde, e\u011fer bir \u00e7ak\u0131l ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131 bir su birikintisinin y\u00fczeyinde ileri ve geri hareket ettirirsek, bir su dalgas\u0131 deseni elde ederiz. Einstein maddenin uzay\u0131 e\u011fdi\u011fini zaten g\u00f6stermi\u015fti. Ayn\u0131 mant\u0131ktan yola \u00e7\u0131karak benzer \u015fekilde hareket halindeki madde de uzayda sal\u0131n\u0131mlar \u00fcretebilmeliydi. Fakat Einstein bu bozuntular\u0131n fiziksel olarak ger\u00e7ek olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda \u015f\u00fcphe duymaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Titiz bir fizik\u00e7i olan Howard Percy Robertson (foto\u011frafta sol ba\u015fta), Einstein\u2019\u0131n k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 reddeden hatal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n bas\u0131lmas\u0131na, ona a\u00e7\u0131k etmeden engel olmu\u015ftu. Foto\u011frafta, Princeton Fizik B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fcyeleri Albert Einstein ile g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor, 1930\u2019lar-40\u2019lar. Soldan sa\u011fa: Howard Percy Robertson, Eugene P. Wigner, Hermann Weyl, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Albert Einstein, Rudolf Walter Ladenburg, J. Robert Oppenheimer.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Einstein bu fikir de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini 1936\u2019da Physical Review<\/em>\u2019e (Zwicky\u2019nin merceklemeyle ilgili olan makalesini yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayn\u0131 prestijli Amerikan dergisi) g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi makalesinde duyurdu. Bu hatay\u0131 yapmas\u0131 ve daha sonra fark etme s\u00fcreci, komik bi\u00e7imde \u00e7arp\u0131kt\u0131. \u00dc\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6nce Almanya\u2019dan Amerika\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve yeni d\u00fcnyan\u0131n uygulamalar\u0131na h\u00e2l\u00e2 al\u0131\u015famam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Einstein \u201cK\u00fctle\u00e7ekim dalgalar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekten var m\u0131?\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yay\u0131mlanan makalesini g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi g\u00fcnlerde, meslekta\u015f\u0131 Max Born\u2019a bir mektup yazd\u0131. Mektubuna \u015f\u00f6yle ba\u015fl\u0131yordu: \u201cGen\u00e7 bir meslekta\u015f\u0131mla (Nathan Rosen, Einstein\u2019\u0131n Princeton \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ndeki asistan\u0131) birlikte, ilk yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131m\u0131n aksine, k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n var olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ilgin\u00e7 bir sonuca ula\u015ft\u0131k. Bu durum lineer olmayan genel g\u00f6reliliksel alan denklemlerinin bize daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebilece\u011fi veya -daha olas\u0131 olarak- bizi bug\u00fcne kadar inand\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131zdan daha \u00e7ok s\u0131n\u0131rlayabilece\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi.\u201d<\/p>\n

Einstein\u2019\u0131n Physical Review<\/em>\u2019e g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi makale, dergide asla yay\u0131mlanmad\u0131. Derginin edit\u00f6r\u00fc normal i\u015fleyi\u015fi takip ederek makaleyi incelenmesi i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 alanda uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f di\u011fer ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lara g\u00f6nderdi (Bir \u00e7e\u015fit hakem denetimi denebilir). Anonim bir kaynaktan gelen de\u011ferlendirme raporu, Einstein\u2019a yan\u0131t olarak iletildi. Einstein bu durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u015fa\u015fk\u0131na d\u00f6nd\u00fc, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Almanya\u2019da daha \u00f6nce \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 yay\u0131nlarda uygulanan bir k\u0131stas de\u011fildi bu.<\/p>\n

Einstein, dergi edit\u00f6r\u00fcne cevaben ma\u011frur bir mektup yazd\u0131: \u201cBiz (Bay Rosen ve ben) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z\u0131 yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in size g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftik, ama yay\u0131mlanmadan \u00f6nce uzmanlar\u0131n\u0131za g\u00f6stermeniz i\u00e7in size yetki vermedik. Uzmanlar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n yorumunu almak i\u00e7in herhangi bir neden -hatal\u0131 bir durum- g\u00f6rm\u00fcyorum. Bu olay \u00fczerine makalemi ba\u015fka herhangi bir yerde yay\u0131mlamaya karar verdim.\u201d Einstein bir daha asla Physical Review<\/em>\u2019e makale g\u00f6ndermedi. G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe bak\u0131l\u0131rsa, se\u00e7kin Amerikal\u0131 kozmolog Howard Percy Robertson taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan ve Einstein\u2019\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesindeki kritik hatay\u0131 do\u011fru \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131klayan raporu da asla okumad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Einstein ve Rosen k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim d\u00fczlem dalgalar\u0131 (a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 y\u00fcksekten d\u00fc\u015fen bir kaya par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n bir g\u00f6l i\u00e7erisinde yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 dalgalanma gibi d\u00fcz, e\u015fit aral\u0131kl\u0131 dalgalar) i\u00e7in bir form\u00fcl yazmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131, fakat bunu yaparken bir tekillik ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131lar; niceliklerin sonsuz b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011fu bir nokta. Ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 bu mant\u0131ks\u0131z sonu\u00e7, onlar\u0131n k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n var olamayaca\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde karar almalar\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Ger\u00e7ekte Einstein kendi teorisinin matemati\u011fini yanl\u0131\u015f anlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Genel g\u00f6relilik bize, do\u011fan\u0131n biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n uzaydaki koordinatlar\u0131 belirlemek i\u00e7in se\u00e7ti\u011fi \u00f6zel y\u00f6ntemden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler; g\u00f6relilik denklemlerinin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte garip bir\u00e7ok sonucun, s\u0131rf yanl\u0131\u015f koordinat sisteminin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131ndan kaynakl\u0131 hatalar oldu\u011funu bug\u00fcn biliyoruz. \u00d6rne\u011fin, karadelik \u00e7evresinde hi\u00e7bir \u015feyin ka\u00e7amayaca\u011f\u0131 olay ufku denen bir b\u00f6lge var. Karadelik \u00e7evresindeki geometriyi k\u00e2\u011f\u0131da d\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fczde, mesafe ve zaman dahil bir\u00e7ok de\u011fer, olay ufkunda a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. Fakat bu sonsuz b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011ferler fiziksel de\u011fildir. I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n uzaydaki hareketini tan\u0131mlayan farkl\u0131 bir koordinat seti kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bu problemler ortadan kalkar. K\u00fctle\u00e7ekim dalgalar\u0131 i\u00e7in de ayn\u0131 durum ge\u00e7erli. D\u00fczlemsel k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n, tekillikler olmadan ifade edilebildi\u011fi tek bir koordinat sistemi yok; fakat tekilliklere i\u015faret eden koordinat sistemleri de ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i de\u011fil. Bunun yerine, birbiriyle \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fen iki farkl\u0131 koordinat sistemi kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, tekillikler ortadan kalkar.<\/p>\n

Kendi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden emin olan Einstein, makalesini bu defa Franklin Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn dergisine g\u00f6nderdi, fakat yay\u0131mlanmadan \u00f6nce yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hatan\u0131n fark\u0131na vard\u0131 ve dergi edit\u00f6rlerini bu konuda uyard\u0131. Makalenin \u201cK\u00fctle\u00e7ekim Dalgalar\u0131 \u00dczerine\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yay\u0131mlanan son hali, genel g\u00f6relilik denklemlerinin farkl\u0131 bir koordinat sistemi -d\u00fczlemsel yerine silindirik k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim dalgalar\u0131 i\u00e7in uygun olan bir sistem- kullan\u0131larak elde edilmi\u015f \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerini i\u00e7eriyordu. Bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerde Robertson\u2019un i\u015faret etti\u011fi gibi tekillikler ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Peki Einstein sonunda do\u011fru sonuca nas\u0131l ula\u015ft\u0131? Daha sonradan Einstein\u2019\u0131n asistan\u0131 olan Leopold Infeld\u2019in ifade etti\u011fine g\u00f6re, Robertson Infeld\u2019i buldu ve ona kibarca hatan\u0131n nereden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve olas\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6sterdi. Bu yolla sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc Infeld arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Einstein\u2019a ula\u015ft\u0131. G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re ne Robertson Physical Review<\/em>\u2019e g\u00f6nderilen makalenin hakem de\u011ferlendirmesini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren uzman oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa vurdu ne de Einstein dergi taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6nderilen rapora herhangi bir zamanda de\u011findi. Neticede hakem de\u011ferlendirmesi yapan titiz bir meslekta\u015f\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcdahalesi ile Einstein\u2019\u0131n k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 reddeden hatal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, hi\u00e7bir zaman yay\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

Einstein\u2019\u0131n karadelikler konusunda da i\u015fleri pek iyi gitmiyordu. H\u00e2l\u00e2 olay ufkundaki fiziksel olmayan tekillik konusunda kafas\u0131 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kt\u0131 ve do\u011fan\u0131n bir \u015fekilde bunun olu\u015fumunu \u00f6nleyece\u011fini varsay\u0131yordu. A\u00e7\u0131sal momentumun korunumu yasas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6ken bir objenin i\u00e7indeki par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 sabit bir \u00e7apta dengeleyece\u011fini ve olay ufkunun olu\u015fumunu imkans\u0131z k\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia ediyordu. Einstein ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n sonuna kadar karadelikleri ger\u00e7ek birer fiziksel obje olarak g\u00f6rmeyi reddetti.<\/p>\n

Zekice bir hata?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Einstein\u2019\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 en me\u015fhur hata, genel g\u00f6relili\u011fi evrenin geni\u015flemesine m\u00fcsaade etmeyecek \u015fekilde yeniden d\u00fczenlemesiydi. Bu hata yayg\u0131n olarak bilinir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Einstein\u2019\u0131n kendisi bunu bir \u201chata\u201d olarak if\u015fa etmi\u015ftir. 1915\u2019te genel g\u00f6relilik kuram\u0131n\u0131 tamamlad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda genel kabul g\u00f6ren g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re, galaksimiz Samanyolu statik (sabit) ve sonsuz bir bo\u015flukla \u00e7evreleniyordu. Fakat Einstein genel g\u00f6relilikte (ayn\u0131 Newton\u2019un teorisinde oldu\u011fu gibi) maddenin yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim kuvvetinin evrensel olarak bir \u00e7ekim kuvveti oldu\u011funun fark\u0131ndayd\u0131 ve bu durum statik bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc imk\u00e2ns\u0131z k\u0131l\u0131yordu. K\u00fctle\u00e7ekim maddeyi i\u00e7e \u00e7\u00f6kmeye zorlamal\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Einstein ile Bel\u00e7ikal\u0131 fizik\u00e7i ve Katolik papaz Georges Lemaitre. Lemaitre, geni\u015fleyen evren modelini ortaya att\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Einstein taraf\u0131ndan \u015fu s\u00f6zlerle f\u0131r\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: \u201cYapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z hesaplar do\u011fru, fakat fizi\u011finiz berbat!\u201d<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

1917\u2019de yay\u0131mlanan \u201cG\u00f6relili\u011fin Genel Teorisinde Kozmolojik Yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir makalesinde Einstein, genel g\u00f6relili\u011fin statik bir evreni sa\u011flamas\u0131 i\u00e7in denklemlere yerle\u015ftirdi\u011fi ekstra bir sabit terimine yer verdi. Einstein\u2019\u0131n \u201cdurdurucu k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim\u201d olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 umdu\u011fu bu kozmolojik sabit, \u00e7\u00f6kmeyi \u00f6nleyici olarak t\u00fcm uzayda k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimsel bir itme kuvveti sa\u011flayacakt\u0131. Fakat bu terimin i\u00e7e \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ortadan kald\u0131rmas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, hi\u00e7bir fiziksel dayana\u011f\u0131 yoktu.<\/p>\n

Kozmolojik sabitin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan 10 y\u0131l sonra, evrenin statik olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair bulgular ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Einstein ba\u015fta bu bulgulara direndi. 1927\u2019de -Edwin Hubble\u2019\u0131n galaksilerin uzakla\u015fmas\u0131yla ilgili d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 niteli\u011findeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 yay\u0131mlamas\u0131ndan iki y\u0131l \u00f6nce- Bel\u00e7ikal\u0131 fizik\u00e7i ve Katolik papaz Georges Lemaitre, geni\u015fleyen evren modelini ortaya atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Lemaitre sonradan Einstein taraf\u0131ndan \u015fu s\u00f6zlerle f\u0131r\u00e7aland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlatacakt\u0131: \u201cYapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z hesaplar do\u011fru, fakat fizi\u011finiz berbat!\u201d<\/p>\n

En sonunda Einstein Lemaitre\u2019\u0131n dedi\u011fine geldi. Hubble\u2019\u0131 ziyarete gitti ve Kaliforniya Pasadena yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Mount Wilson G\u00f6zlemevi\u2019ndeki teleskopundan bakt\u0131 ve 1933 y\u0131l\u0131nda, s\u00f6ylentilere g\u00f6re, Lemaitre\u2019\u0131n kozmolojik teorisini \u015fu s\u00f6zlerle \u00f6vd\u00fc: \u201cBu yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015fla ilgili \u015fimdiye kadar dinledi\u011fim en g\u00fczel ve tatmin edici a\u00e7\u0131klama.\u201d<\/p>\n

Geni\u015fleyen bir evrende olgular\u0131 statik tutacak kozmolojik bir sabite ihtiya\u00e7 olmamas\u0131 Einstein\u2019\u0131 etkiledi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Einstein hen\u00fcz 1919\u2019da bu sabitin \u201cteorinin bi\u00e7imsel g\u00fczelli\u011fine en b\u00fcy\u00fck zarar\u0131 veren \u015fey\u201d oldu\u011funu yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. George Gamow\u2019un \u201cD\u00fcnya G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm: Gayri Resmi Bir Otobiyografi\u201d \u00a0(My World Line: An Informal Autobiography<\/em>) isimli kitab\u0131ndan s\u0131k s\u0131k al\u0131nt\u0131lanan anekdotta Gamow, \u201c\u00c7ok sonralar\u0131, Einstein ile kozmolojik problemleri tart\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, kozmolojik sabit yorumunun hayat\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 en b\u00fcy\u00fck hata oldu\u011funu ifade etmi\u015fti\u201d diye yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7mi\u015fe d\u00f6n\u00fcp bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, Einstein\u2019\u0131n kozmolojik sabiti yorumlay\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imi hatal\u0131yd\u0131, fakat as\u0131l bu sabitin de\u011fersiz oldu\u011fuyla ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bunun iki nedeni var: Einstein e\u011fer kendi fikirleriyle ilgili cesarete sahip olsayd\u0131, genel g\u00f6relili\u011fin statik bir evren ile tutars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rebilirdi. Evrenin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekte dinamik oldu\u011funu kimsenin tahmin edemedi\u011fi bir zamanda, Einstein, sonradan isteksizce kabul etmektense, kozmik geni\u015flemeyi kendisi \u00f6ng\u00f6rebilirdi.<\/p>\n

Kozmolojik sabiti yorumlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 daha temel bir a\u00e7\u0131dan da hatal\u0131yd\u0131. Basit\u00e7e s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, sabit Einstein\u2019\u0131n istedi\u011fi gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayabilirdi: Kozmolojik sabit Einstein\u2019\u0131n uydurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi statik bir evrene izin vermeyebilirdi. Bu hata bir dereceye kadar kendini g\u00f6sterdi, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Einstein hesaplamalar\u0131nda bir kez daha yanl\u0131\u015f koordinat d\u00fczlemini kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Fakat olu\u015fturdu\u011fu kavram, fiziksel a\u00e7\u0131dan da sorunluydu. \u00d6zetle maddenin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ekim kuvvetini kozmolojik sabitten gelen itici bir kuvvetle dengelemek olas\u0131 olsa da, b\u00f6yle bir durumda meydana gelecek en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir sars\u0131lma, denetlenemez bir geni\u015fleme veya \u00e7\u00f6kme ile sonu\u00e7lan\u0131r. Yani kozmolojik sabit olsun veya olmas\u0131n, evren dinamik yap\u0131da olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7ta kozmolojik sabitin, ona ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 olan s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 astronomi bilgisine g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha sa\u011flam oldu\u011fu kan\u0131tland\u0131. Bu sabit Einstein\u2019\u0131n denklemlerine \u00f6zel bir ama\u00e7 i\u00e7in eklenmi\u015f olsa da, bug\u00fcn fizik\u00e7iler kuantum teorisinin merce\u011finden bakt\u0131klar\u0131nda, sabitin bo\u015f uzayda bulunan olas\u0131 bir enerjiye kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k geldi\u011fini anlad\u0131lar. Ger\u00e7ekte kuantum fizi\u011fi b\u00f6yle bir kozmolojik terimin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na gereksinim duyar. Dahas\u0131, bo\u015f uzay\u0131n enerji i\u00e7eri\u011fi sadece teorik bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce de\u011fildir. 1998\u2019de iki grup taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen yak\u0131n tarihin en b\u00fcy\u00fcleyici \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcnde, evrenin geni\u015flemesinin ivmelenerek ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi g\u00f6zlemlenmi\u015ftir ve bu ivmelenmenin tam da kozmolojik sabitin yapaca\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcrden bir etki oldu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eu durumda Einstein\u2019\u0131n iki kere hata yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir: Kozmolojik sabiti yanl\u0131\u015f bir ama\u00e7 i\u00e7in kullanmas\u0131 ve ondan elde edilebilecek \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmak yerine, onu bir kenara atmas\u0131.<\/p>\n

Einstein\u2019\u0131n asla kabul etmedi\u011fi hata<\/strong><\/p>\n

Einstein\u2019\u0131n hatalar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel olarak da \u00fcretkendi, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bunlar\u0131n hepsi fizi\u011fin i\u015fleyi\u015fiyle ilgili b\u00fcy\u00fck ve k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 fikirlerden \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu Einstein\u2019\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck hatas\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen durum i\u00e7in bile ge\u00e7erli: Kuantum mekani\u011finin do\u011fan\u0131n temel bir teorisi oldu\u011funu reddetmesi.<\/p>\n

Einstein fotoelektrik etki kuram\u0131 ile kuantum mekani\u011finin temellerini olu\u015fturmu\u015f olsa da (sonradan bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019ne lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc), asla klasik fizi\u011fin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sistemini tamam\u0131yla bir tarafa b\u0131rakamad\u0131. Einstein\u2019\u0131n kuantum teorisinin ikilemleri konusundaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri, onay verdiklerine g\u00f6re daha incelikli olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bir par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n konumunun bir olas\u0131l\u0131k meselesi olmas\u0131 veya bu par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7ok uzaktaki ba\u015fka bir par\u00e7ac\u0131ktan anl\u0131k olarak etlenebiliyor olmas\u0131, ona sa\u00e7ma geliyordu (Bkz. George Musser\u2019in \u201cEvren raslant\u0131sal m\u0131d\u0131r?\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalesi). Ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n sonraki y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, birle\u015fik alan kuram\u0131 ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda, k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim ile elektromanyetizma denklemlerini klasik bir \u00e7er\u00e7evede birle\u015ftirmeye \u00e7abalad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7aban\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak, Einstein 1921\u2019de Alman matematik\u00e7i Theodor Kaluca\u2019n\u0131n ortaya att\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u0130sve\u00e7li fizik\u00e7i Oscar Klein\u2019\u0131n geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi bir fikirden etkilendi. \u0130kilinin \u00f6nerdi\u011fine g\u00f6re, e\u011fer evren be\u015f boyuttan olu\u015fuyorsa -\u00fc\u00e7 tanesi bildi\u011fimiz uzay, bir tanesi zaman ve be\u015finci bir tanesi de g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyecek \u015fekilde k\u0131vr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir boyut- elektromanyetizma ve k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimin tek ve kapsay\u0131c\u0131 bir ifadesini elde etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilirdi. Einstein i\u00e7in kuram\u0131n \u00e7ekici y\u00f6nlerinden biri tamamen klasik olmas\u0131yd\u0131. Klein kuram\u0131nda, elektrik y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrdeki kuantizasyonunun, elektromanyetizmin be\u015finci boyutun kapal\u0131 ve dairesel \u015fekildeki geometrisini yans\u0131tmas\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Einstein\u2019\u0131n bir birle\u015fik alan kuram\u0131 olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi \u00e7abalar sonu\u00e7suz kald\u0131, fakat onun defolu fikirleri bir kez daha \u00f6nemli bir bulu\u015fa yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Eintein Kaluza ve Klein\u2019in ekstra boyutlar\u0131n\u0131n ilgi toplamas\u0131na ve bug\u00fcn genel g\u00f6relili\u011fin kuantum mekani\u011finin i\u00e7ine kat\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda pop\u00fcler bir \u00f6neri sunan sicim teorisinin daha y\u00fcksek boyutlu matemati\u011fine (ilham vererek) katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015f olabilir. Einstein muhtemelen genel g\u00f6relili\u011fin bir kuantum manzaras\u0131ndan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 fikrinden de ho\u015flanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Fakat g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz gibi, Einstein\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131lmaz biri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015fik\u00e2r.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Muazzam kavrama yetene\u011fine ra\u011fmen, Einstein bir\u00e7ok kez kendi \u00fcretti\u011fi en \u00f6nemli fikirleri anlamland\u0131r\u0131rken hataya d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc veya onlar\u0131n \u00f6nemini g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etti. Sonu\u00e7ta, k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimsel merceklemenin \u00f6nemini reddetti, ba\u015fta k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u015f\u00fcpheye d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ve evrenin geni\u015fledi\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcnde bulunamad\u0131. Einstein\u2019\u0131n hatalar\u0131 modern kozmolojinin en heyecan verici \u00fc\u00e7 alan\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131ndaki tarihsel s\u00fcreci anlamam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar, onun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sistemi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":677,"featured_media":17045,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[177,30,1464,26],"tags":[248,277,657,295,1161],"class_list":["post-17042","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-140-sayi","category-astronomi","category-dosya","category-fizik","tag-astronomi","tag-einstein","tag-evren","tag-gorelilik","tag-kutlecekim"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t