{"id":17112,"date":"2018-05-11T06:00:20","date_gmt":"2018-05-11T03:00:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=17112"},"modified":"2018-05-15T10:50:13","modified_gmt":"2018-05-15T07:50:13","slug":"ortadoguda-bir-ingiliz-arkeolog-ve-ajan-gertrude-bell","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/05\/11\/ortadoguda-bir-ingiliz-arkeolog-ve-ajan-gertrude-bell","title":{"rendered":"Ortado\u011fu\u2019da bir \u0130ngiliz arkeolog ve ajan: Gertrude Bell"},"content":{"rendered":"

Arabistan merkezindeki Hail\u2019e yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc gezisi Gertrude i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 anlamlar i\u00e7ermektedir: Tarihsel bir ana tan\u0131kl\u0131k ederken hem Britanya\u2019n\u0131n Ortado\u011fu planlar\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc ajand\u0131r, hem de fiziksel olarak \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fc fethetmek, b\u00f6lge insan\u0131n\u0131n manevi ve ahlaki kodlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmek gibi ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nem a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a zorlu engelleri bir kad\u0131n olarak a\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

Sunu\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n

Oxford Ulusal Biyografi S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019nde yer alan \u201cBell, Gertrude Margaret Lowthian\u00a0(1868\u20131926)\u201d (\u00e7evirimi\u00e7i edisyon Ocak 2008) maddesinden \u00f6zetlenerek \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir. Ba\u015fl\u0131k ve araba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 biz att\u0131k. Yazar:<\/strong>\u00a0Liora Lukitz<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"\"Gertrude Bell, 14 Temmuz 1868\u2019de Durham \/ Washington Hall\u2019da do\u011far. Demir ustas\u0131 ve ikinci ku\u015faktan baronet olan Thomas Hugh Bell ve ilk e\u015fi Maria\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7ocu\u011fudur. Sanayici b\u00fcy\u00fckbabas\u0131 Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell\u2019in etkisiyle varl\u0131kl\u0131 bir ortamda yeti\u015fir. Annesinin erken \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Gertrude\u2019a ac\u0131 g\u00fcnler ya\u015fat\u0131r. Bu kayb\u0131n Gertrude\u2019un kendi ayaklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde durup ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ya\u015famakla ilgili d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir. Bu y\u0131llar onu iradesi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ergen olarak bi\u00e7imlendirirken, bir yandan da \u00f6rt\u00fck bir duygusall\u0131k ve k\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131k i\u00e7indedir.<\/p>\n

Babas\u0131 ve Gertrude aras\u0131ndaki \u00f6zel ba\u011f ili\u015fkilerinin s\u00fcrmesini sa\u011flar. Hugh Bell\u2019in ilk evlili\u011finden olan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Florence Olliffe ile olan evlili\u011fini etkiler. Florence, gen\u00e7 Gertrude ve Maurice\u2019in kalbini kazanmak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok u\u011fra\u015fmas\u0131na ve \u00f6len annelerinin b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bo\u015flu\u011fu doldurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, kendi iki \u00e7ocu\u011fu Hugh Lowthian Bell (1878\u20131926), Florence Elsa (1880\u20131971) ile birlikte ailenin dinamikleri ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak de\u011fi\u015fir. Bu be\u015flinin en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olarak, Gertrude entelekt\u00fcel zenginli\u011fi ve sportif faaliyetlerdeki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 ile karde\u015flerine liderli\u011fini kabul ettirir. Gertrude\u2019un zorluklarla ba\u015f etme d\u00fcrt\u00fcs\u00fc inan\u0131lmazd\u0131r. \u0130nat\u00e7\u0131 ve haz\u0131rcevap olan Gertrude di\u011fer gen\u00e7 kad\u0131nlardan ayr\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bu yetenekler, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile birle\u015fince, onu Londra\u2019daki Quenn\u2019s College\u2019de ve 1886\u2019da girdi\u011fi Oxford \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ndeki Lady Margaret Hall\u2019de ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir \u00f6\u011frenci haline getirir. Akranlar\u0131 onun sportif yeteneklerini hayranl\u0131kla izler; Gertrude y\u00fczme, eskrim, k\u00fcrek, tenis ve hokey gibi bran\u015flarda kendisini kan\u0131tlarken; ayn\u0131 zamanda iyi bir okur ve kendine g\u00fcvenli, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir karakterdir. \u0130ki y\u0131l boyunca g\u00fcnde 7 saat \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak, modern tarih dal\u0131nda 1888\u2019de birincilik kazan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00dcniversite e\u011fitimini tamamlad\u0131ktan sonra, ailesi taraf\u0131ndan Avrupa turuna g\u00f6nderilir. 1888-1889 aras\u0131 \u00fcvey annesinin k\u0131z karde\u015fi Mary ve e\u015fi Sir Frank Lascelles ile B\u00fckre\u015f\u2019te kal\u0131r. Frank Lascelles Romanya\u2019da diplomat olarak g\u00f6revlidir. Gertrude, mektuplar\u0131nda Domnul olarak ge\u00e7en Times<\/em>\u2019in Do\u011fu Avrupa sorumlusu Valentine Chirol ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 vesilesiyle, siyaset d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen isimleriyle tan\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Hindistan Valisi Charles Hardinge ile tan\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Gertrude Bell\u2019in 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 Ortado\u011fu \u00fczerinde etkin rol oynayacak olmas\u0131n\u0131n yolunu a\u00e7ar. 1889\u2019un ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u0130stanbul\u2019u ziyaret eden Bell, \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye sonraki y\u0131l d\u00f6ner. \u00dc\u00e7 y\u0131l, Londra ile ailesinin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Redcar aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7er. Redcar\u2019da k\u0131z karde\u015flerinin e\u011fitimiyle ilgilenirken \u00fcvey annesine de yard\u0131m i\u015fleri i\u00e7in destek verir. Yaz d\u00f6nemlerinde kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Londra\u2019n\u0131n sosyal ortamlar\u0131, ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca b\u0131rakmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sigara al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 edinmesine neden olur.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fu\u2019ya ilk yolculuk<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lascelles\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 da ziyaret eder. 1892\u2019de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu ziyaret Bell\u2019in hayat\u0131nda romantik bir deneyim ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yaz\u0131nsal yetene\u011fine \u00f6zg\u00fc belirtilerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olur. Bu ziyaret, Bell\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ilik birinci sekreteri Henry Cadogan ile ni\u015fanlanma niyetini reddeden ailesi taraf\u0131ndan kesintiye u\u011frar. Bell\u2019in Tahran\u2019dan ayr\u0131lmas\u0131ndan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra \u00f6len Cadogan\u2019\u0131n finansal s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ve kumar borcu oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Cadogan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Bell\u2019i duygusal olarak etkiler, Do\u011fu\u2019ya ili\u015fkin ki\u015fisel ilgisini peki\u015ftirir; \u00f6yle ki Do\u011fu, Bat\u0131\u2019daki so\u011fuk, tatminsiz ki\u015fisel ili\u015fkilerden ka\u00e7\u0131p s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir liman olur. \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde mektuplar\u0131ndan uyarlanacak gezi notlar\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131\u00a0 (Safar Nameh: Persian Pictures<\/em>, 1894) konusunda ikna olur. Gezisinden \u00f6nceki k\u0131\u015f boyunca, Oryantalizm konusunda uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f akademisyen Sanford Arthur Strong ile birlikte Fars\u00e7a \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1897\u2019de haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Do\u011fu\u2019nun mistik \u015fairlerinden Haf\u0131z\u2019\u0131n \u015fiirlerinin \u00e7evirisinden olu\u015fan bir kitap (Poems from the Divan of Hafiz<\/em>) bas\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Gertrude 1890\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar boyunca ailesi ve arkada\u015flar\u0131yla Fransa, Almanya, \u0130talya ve \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019ye yolculuk eder. 1897-1898 boyunca, karde\u015fi Maurice ile birlikte buharl\u0131 gemiyle bir d\u00fcnya turu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir. Ateist olan Gertrude 1902-1903 aras\u0131nda benzer bir geziyi dini inanc\u0131 kuvvetli \u00fcvey karde\u015fi Hugo ile yapar. Bu gezide Hugo\u2019nun inanc\u0131n\u0131 zay\u0131flatmak hususunda ba\u015far\u0131 elde edemez, Hugo daha sonra vaiz olacakt\u0131r. 1899-1904 y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n yazlar\u0131nda Ulrich ve Heinrich Fuhrer karde\u015flerin rehberli\u011finde Alpler\u2019de bir dizi ke\u015fif gezisine \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu gezilerde Bell\u2019in fiziksel dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, cesareti, kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 karakterinin belirgin \u00f6zellikleri olarak iyice belirginle\u015fir. A\u011fustos 1899\u2019da Meije\u2019nin, sonraki yaz ise Mont Blanc zirvelerinin \u00fcstesinden gelir.<\/p>\n

Mezopotamya ve Anadolu arkeolojisine ilgi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gertrude Bell\u2019in Do\u011fu\u2019ya ilgisi b\u00f6lgeye yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yolculuklarla artar. 1900\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda Alman konsolosu Friedrich Rosen\u2019in daveti \u00fczerine gitti\u011fi Kud\u00fcs\u2019te Arap\u00e7a bilgisini geli\u015ftirir. Petra, Palmira ve Baalbek gibi antik kentleri ke\u015ffetmek \u00fczere at s\u0131rt\u0131nda gezer. Bunlar Bell\u2019in ilk \u00e7\u00f6l yolculu\u011fu serisi olur ve Suriye arkeolojisine duydu\u011fu merak\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irir. Anadolu\u2019daki Bizans kiliseleri \u00fczerine yo\u011funla\u015fan ilgisi nedeniyle 1905\u2019in Haziran ay\u0131nda Kud\u00fcs\u2019e d\u00f6ner ve Suriye \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc-Konya aras\u0131 bir yolculu\u011fa giri\u015fir. Arkeolog Sir William Ramsay ile tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra daha kapsaml\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapmak \u00fczere b\u00f6lgeyi tekrar gezmeye karar verir, bu s\u0131rada ilk bulgular\u0131 Revue Arch\u00e9ologigue<\/em>\u2019de yay\u0131mlan\u0131r. Yolculu\u011funun Suriye k\u0131sm\u0131na ait izlenimleri \u201cSuriye:<\/em> \u00c7\u00f6l ve Savan<\/em>\u201d (Syria:<\/em> The Desert and The Sown<\/em>, 1907) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yay\u0131mlan\u0131r ve 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00f6ncesi gezi literat\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn klasiklerinden biri haline gelir. Kitap politik olarak Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Arap kentleri\/kasabalar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki a\u011f\u0131r etkisini ve bu a\u011f\u0131r etkinin Bedevilerden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131r. Kitab\u0131, Bell\u2019in Ortado\u011fu gezilerinin Bat\u0131\u2019daki ev ve aileyle ilgili ya\u015fama \u00f6zg\u00fc k\u0131s\u0131tlamalardan bir ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu da ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Gertrude Bell, Kral Faysal (sa\u011fdan ikinci ile) ve \u0130ngiliz Heyeti ile piknikte.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Anadolu\u2019daki mimari ve arkeolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na 1909\u2019da kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerden devam eder. May\u0131s 1907\u2019de Ramsay\u2019a kat\u0131larak, Konya\u2019daki Binbir Kilisesi\u2019ni, Bizans ve Hitit kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 inceler. B\u00f6lgedeki Bizans kiliselerinin kronolojik olarak saptanmas\u0131na katk\u0131 sunar. Ramsay\u2019a g\u00f6re daha pratik oldu\u011fundan, Osmanl\u0131 kaz\u0131 tak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 Gertrude Bell y\u00f6netir. A\u011fustos 1907\u2019de Ramsay\u2019la birlikte Britanya\u2019ya d\u00f6nen Bell bulgular\u0131n\u0131 \u201cBinbir Kilise<\/em>\u201d (1909) ad\u0131yla kitapla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Bell, kitab\u0131n yap\u0131lar ve H\u0131ristiyan kilise mimarisiyle ilgili \u00f6nemli ve b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n yazar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Gertrude Bell\u2019in bir sonraki ara\u015ft\u0131rma gezisi, 1909\u2019da F\u0131rat Nehri k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndaki Roma ve Bizans hisarlar\u0131n\u0131 incelemek \u00fczere Mezopotamya\u2019ya olur. Bell\u2019in bu gezisi daha \u00f6ncesinde Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir b\u00f6lgeyi kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ba\u015far\u0131 olarak sayg\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Yolculu\u011funa Halep\u2019ten ba\u015flar, Mart 1909\u2019da Ukhaidir Saray\u0131\u2019na ula\u015f\u0131r ve Ba\u011fdat- Musul yolu \u00fczerinden Anadolu\u2019ya var\u0131r. Bu yolculuk Bell\u2019in en \u00fcnl\u00fc eserlerinden biri olacak olan \u201cAmurath to Amurath<\/em>\u201d (1911) ad\u0131yla kitapla\u015f\u0131r. Kitap, \u0130ngiliz ajan\u0131 ve 1907\u2019ye \u00a0kadar M\u0131s\u0131r Ba\u015fkonsolosu olan Evelyn Baring\u2019e (first earl of Cromer) ithaf edilmi\u015ftir. Kitab\u0131n\u0131 \u201cimparatorluklar\u0131n y\u00fckseldi\u011fi ve yok oldu\u011fu bo\u015f b\u00f6lgeyi devralanlar\u0131n a\u011fz\u0131ndan g\u00fcndelik hayat\u0131 kayda alma giri\u015fimi\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlar. Bell\u2019in bu eseri; 1908\u2019de J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler\u2019in politik y\u00fckseli\u015fiyle birlikte fikirlerinin imparatorluk co\u011frafyas\u0131na yay\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu himayesindeki Arap b\u00f6lgelerinde ya\u015fanan de\u011fi\u015fim (yabanc\u0131 kitaplar\u0131n ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yay\u0131nlanabilmesi, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hareketlerinin -\u00f6zellikle M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan az\u0131nl\u0131klar i\u00e7in- y\u00fckseli\u015fi gibi di\u011fer geli\u015fmeler) a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemlidir. Evelyn Baring\u2019e \u0130ngiltere\u2019de J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler hareketine sempatiyi art\u0131rma hususunda kendisine yard\u0131m etmesi i\u00e7in tavsiyede bulunur.<\/p>\n

1911\u2019de Mezopotamya\u2019ya yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir sonraki ke\u015fif gezisinde Bell Ukhaidir Saray\u0131\u2019na ili\u015fkin daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir inceleme yapma imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulur, bu incelemeyi ki\u015fisel eskiz ve \u00e7izimlerini bir Alman akeoloji grubuyla de\u011fi\u015ftoku\u015f ederek zenginle\u015ftirir. F\u0131rat Nehri\u2019nin bat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda, Ba\u011fdat\u2019\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k 120 mil g\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131nda kalan saray, erken d\u00f6nem \u0130slam mimarisinin ya\u015fayan en iyi \u00f6rneklerini i\u00e7ermektedir. Ukhaidir Saray\u0131 1908-1909\u2019lere kadar bilimsel olarak ke\u015ffedilmi\u015f de\u011fildir. Louis Massignon\u2019un ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 notlar\u0131 Bulletin de l’Acad\u00e9mie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres<\/em> (Mart 1909) ile Gazette des Beaux-Arts<\/em>\u00a0(Nisan 1909) ve kendi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 Mission en M\u00e9sopotamie<\/em>\u00a0(1910) i\u00e7inde yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Gertrude Bell\u2019in Hellenic Journal<\/em>\u2019da (1910) yay\u0131mlanan bulgular\u0131, \u201cUkhaidir Camisi ve Saray\u0131: Erken \u0130slam Mimarisi \u0130\u00e7in Bir \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma<\/em>\u201d (The Palace and Mosque of Ukhaidir: a Study in Early Mohammadan Architecture<\/em>, 1914) isimli arkeolojiye en \u00f6nemli katk\u0131s\u0131 say\u0131lan eseri i\u00e7in bir \u00f6n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma niteli\u011findedir. Bell\u2019in mektuplar\u0131nda Ukhaidir, Antik Mezopotamya ile modern Irak aras\u0131ndaki tarihsel s\u00fcreklili\u011fin ulusal bir sembol\u00fc olarak belirir. Bell 1909-1911 aras\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Mezopotamyas\u0131\u2019ndaki arkeolojik gezisinin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 da (erken d\u00f6nem H\u0131ristiyan mimari \u00f6rne\u011fi Tur Abdin) \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerde yay\u0131nlar.<\/p>\n

Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n oy hakk\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda!<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bell seyahatlerine kimi zaman b\u00fcy\u00fckbabas\u0131n\u0131n evinde ara verir. 1914 \u00f6ncesi y\u0131llarda Bell, g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpan sosyopolitik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara imza atar, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de kad\u0131nlara oy hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in kampanyalar d\u00fczenler. Temmuz 1908\u2019de bu anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olarak kurulan Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n Ulusal Anti-Oy Hakk\u0131 Birli\u011fi (Women\u2019s National Anti-Suffrage League) isimli birli\u011fin kurucu \u00fcyesi ve daha sonra kuzey b\u00f6lgesi ba\u015fkan\u0131 olur: Birlik, 1910\u2019da Lord Cromer ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki Kad\u0131nlara Oy Hakk\u0131na Kar\u015f\u0131 Ulusal Birlik\u2019in (National League for Opposing Woman Suffrage) \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131na girer.<\/p>\n

\"\"
1921\u2019de toplanan Kahire Konferans\u0131\u2019ndan bir foto\u011fraf. Gertrude Bell (ikinci s\u0131ra. soldan ikinci), Winston Churchill (oturanlar \u00f6n s\u0131ra, soldan d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc), T. E. Lawrance (ikinci s\u0131ra, sa\u011fdan d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bell\u2019in ailesi de bu konuda ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr: Babas\u0131 ve \u00fcvey annesi kad\u0131nlara oy hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nmas\u0131 fikrine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmaktayken \u00fcvey k\u0131z karde\u015fi Molly Trevelyan<\/u> ise bunun anayasal bir hak oldu\u011funu savunmaktad\u0131r. Gertrude \u201canti-oy hakk\u0131\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc benimseyen varl\u0131kl\u0131, imparatorluk taraftar\u0131 bir kad\u0131n grubunun i\u00e7inde yer al\u0131r. Mary Ward\u2019s Yerel Y\u00f6netimler \u0130lerleme Komitesi\u2019ni desteklemektedir. 1912\u2019de kurulan bu komite, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n yerel h\u00fck\u00fcmet i\u00e7inde uzman\u0131 olduklar\u0131 alanlarda (sa\u011fl\u0131k, e\u011fitim, sosyal yard\u0131m gibi) etkin bi\u00e7imde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilecekleri iddias\u0131n\u0131 savunur.<\/p>\n

Arabistan ve Arap B\u00fcrosu D\u00f6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n

1907\u2019de Konya\u2019da tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131nda, \u0130ngiliz Ordusu konsolos vekili olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan evli subay Charles Doughty-Wylie Bell\u2019in hayat\u0131ndaki erkek olur. Doughty-Wylie\u2019nin A\u011fustos 1913\u2019te Rounton\u2019a ziyareti sonras\u0131 birbirlerine a\u015fk mektuplar\u0131 g\u00f6ndermeye ba\u015flarlar. Bell\u2019in yolculuklar\u0131n\u0131n sonraki safhas\u0131, ili\u015fkilerindeki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 ki\u015fisel karma\u015fa, yaln\u0131zl\u0131k ve karars\u0131zl\u0131ktan bir ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n

Haziran 1913\u2019te Kraliyet Co\u011frafya Toplulu\u011fu\u2019na \u00fcye se\u00e7ildikten k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra, toplulu\u011fa kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00fcyeli\u011finin yolu a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. Arabistan merkezindeki Hail\u2019e yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc gezisi (1913-1914) Bell i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 anlamlar i\u00e7ermektedir: Tarihsel bir ana tan\u0131kl\u0131k ederken hem Britanya\u2019n\u0131n Ortado\u011fu planlar\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc ajand\u0131r, hem de fiziksel olarak \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fc fethetmek, b\u00f6lge insan\u0131n\u0131n manevi ve ahlaki kodlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmek gibi ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nem a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a zorlu engelleri bir kad\u0131n olarak a\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Aral\u0131k 1913\u2019te Bell, \u015eam\u2019dan deve kafilesiyle yola \u00e7\u0131kar. Di\u011fer yolculuklar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi, Arap rehberlerden olu\u015fan heyetin i\u00e7indeki tek Avrupal\u0131\u2019d\u0131r. Amman \u00fczerinden Nefud \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc ge\u00e7erek \u015eubat 1914\u2019te Hail\u2019e ula\u015f\u0131r. Bell, Amir \u0130bn Rashid\u2019in yoklu\u011funda \u015feyhleri taraf\u0131ndan 11 g\u00fcn tutsak edilir. Ba\u011fdat\u2019a d\u00f6nerken, May\u0131s 1914\u2019te, \u015eam\u2019a var\u0131r. Yolculuk notlar\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131nlamak niyeti sava\u015f nedeniyle sekteye u\u011frasa da, 1918\u2019de Kraliyet Co\u011frafya Toplulu\u011fu taraf\u0131ndan alt\u0131n madalya ile \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilir, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra D. G. Hogarth, Bell\u2019in notlar\u0131n\u0131 Geographical Journal<\/em>\u2019da (1927) yazar. Doughty-Wylie yarar\u0131na yay\u0131mlanan bir derginin Amman-\u015eam b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile birlikte Bell\u2019in yolculuk boyunca tuttu\u011fu g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda bas\u0131l\u0131r. Yolculu\u011fa ait g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri ve mektuplar\u0131 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 arifesindeki Arabistan\u2019da \u015fehir ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n ve gelenek-g\u00f6reneklerinin renkli tasvirlerini i\u00e7erir. \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fcn daha \u00f6nce ke\u015ffedilmemi\u015f alanlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ermesine ra\u011fmen, en kayda de\u011fer ke\u015fif gezisi de\u011fildir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc 1906\u2019da tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Lady Ann Blunt ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgeyi bir ku\u015fak \u00f6nce gezmi\u015ftir. Elbette ki 10 y\u0131ldan fazla bir zamandan sonra Hail\u2019e ula\u015fan ilk Avrupal\u0131 olarak Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimindeki Rashidler hakk\u0131nda toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgiler diplomatik \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bell, 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ilk aylar\u0131 boyunca K\u0131z\u0131l Ha\u00e7\u2019ta kay\u0131p ve yaral\u0131 askerlerin ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00f6revlendirilir. Boulogne g\u00f6revinin ard\u0131ndan \u015eubat 1915\u2019te ana kararg\u00e2h\u0131 yeniden organize etmek \u00fczere Londra\u2019ya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Nisan 1915\u2019te Doughty-Wylie\u2019nin Gelibolu\u2019da \u00f6lmesi y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 bir darbe olur, ondan sonra Bell kendini tamamen Ortado\u011fu politikas\u0131na vakfeder.<\/p>\n

1915 sonbahar\u0131nda Kahire\u2019deki ordu istihbarat biriminin \u0130ngiliz unsurlar\u0131na destek verecek sava\u015f \u00f6ncesi Arabistan\u2019\u0131 bilen bir uzman aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 Bell\u2019in kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na b\u00f6lgeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flayacak f\u0131rsat olarak \u00e7\u0131kar. Arkeolog D. G. Hogarth\u2019\u0131n davetiyle Kas\u0131m 1915\u2019te Kahire\u2019ye ula\u015f\u0131r. Takip eden y\u0131llarda resmen Arap B\u00fcrosu ismiyle an\u0131lacak bu organizasyon, Ocak 1916\u2019da Britanya\u2019n\u0131n b\u00f6lge politikas\u0131n\u0131 yeniden olu\u015fturmak \u00fczere ordu genel kararg\u00e2h\u0131 istihbarat b\u00fcrolar\u0131na ek olarak kurulur. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta Hogarth\u2019\u0131n y\u00f6netiminde, g\u00f6revliler aras\u0131nda Ronald Storrs, Kinahan Cornwallis, G. P. Dawnay ve T. E. Lawrence (Arabistanl\u0131 Lawrence) bulunur. Ama\u00e7lar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00f6lgeden ayr\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rmak ve sava\u015f bitti\u011finde Ortado\u011fu \u00fczerinde hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak \u00fczere Britanya ile Araplar aras\u0131nda ba\u011f kurmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bell, 1916\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Lord Hardinge taraf\u0131ndan Hindistan\u2019a \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Hindistan B\u00fcrosu\u2019nun imparatorluk politikas\u0131 Arap B\u00fcrosu\u2019nun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma d\u00fczeninden farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Arap B\u00fcrosu Britanya\u2019n\u0131n b\u00f6lgedeki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesi i\u00e7in y\u00fckselen Arap milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fini istismar etmeye haz\u0131r; daha pragmatik, esnek ve bir anlamda sinsi stratejiler geli\u015ftirir. Bell, Mezopotamya Ke\u015fif G\u00fcc\u00fc askeri istihbarat birimindeki g\u00f6revine ek olarak Arabistan ve Sina Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019ndaki Bedevi a\u015firetlerine ait bilgi toplamakla g\u00f6revlidir. Haziran 1916\u2019da Basra\u2019da ke\u015fif g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fcst d\u00fczey b\u00fcrokrat\u0131 olan Sir Percy Cox\u2019un yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 olarak atan\u0131r. Bell ekipteki resmi unvanl\u0131 tek kad\u0131nd\u0131r. Bu y\u0131llarda, sava\u015f d\u00f6nemi Ortado\u011fu\u2019suna \u00f6zg\u00fc en iyi bilgi kayna\u011f\u0131 say\u0131labilecek Hogarth\u2019\u0131n Arabian Report<\/em> ve \u00fcnl\u00fc Arab Bulletin<\/em> \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

Irak\u2019ta \u015eark Sekreterli\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gertrude Bell Mart 1917\u2019de Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n elinden al\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra Ba\u011fdat\u2019ta, Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n sivil idaresinde Cox\u2019un sa\u011f kolu olarak rol \u00fcstlenir. 1917\u2019de \u0130ngiliz \u015e\u00f6valyelik Ni\u015fan\u0131 ile \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilir. Cox\u2019un bir anla\u015fma \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak \u00fczere Tahran\u2019a ge\u00e7mesiyle, halefi Yarbay Arnold Wilson\u2019a hizmet vermeye ba\u015flar, fakat ili\u015fkileri Bell\u2019in kendi politik stratejilerini \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karma \u00e7abalar\u0131 nedeniyle kolay olmaz. Bell, Wilson\u2019un Hindistan B\u00fcrosu\u2019ndaki \u00fcstleriyle onun aleyhine gizli planlar y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Bell ile Wilson aras\u0131ndaki anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar ki\u015filik \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan ibaret de\u011fildir, Irak\u2019\u0131n gelece\u011fi \u00fczerine derin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Arap \u00f6zy\u00f6netim ihtimaline \u015f\u00fcpheci yakla\u015fan Bell, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da sava\u015f sonras\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irilen Osmanl\u0131 arazilerinde uygulanan modelin bir benzerini tercih etmektedir. Ancak 1919\u2019daki Paris Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131\u2019na kat\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra \u0130ngiliz dan\u0131\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131n rehberli\u011fi yerine Arap y\u00f6netim fikrine \u0131s\u0131n\u0131r. Hindistan B\u00fcrosu\u2019nun y\u00f6netim metotlar\u0131na inanan ve otonomi vaatlerini reddeden Wilson, Bell\u2019in daha liberal buldu\u011fu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda durur; Bell ise b\u00f6lgede \u0130ngiliz varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tesisi i\u00e7in Arap y\u00f6netiminin en iyi ve ucuz yol oldu\u011fu kan\u0131s\u0131ndad\u0131r ve ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in Wilson\u2019un arkas\u0131ndan entrikalar \u00e7evirmektedir. \u201cMezopotamya\u2019da Kendi Kaderini Tayin Hakk\u0131\u201d (Self-determination in Mesopotamia<\/em>, 1919) ve Suriye Ekim 1919\u2019da<\/em> (Syria in October 1919)<\/em> ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 iki hat\u0131rat\u0131nda da, Arap \u00f6zy\u00f6netiminin uygulanabilir se\u00e7enek oldu\u011funu savunur. Wilson taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan heyetin resmi raporu olarak haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cMezopotamya\u2019da Sivil Y\u00f6netimin G\u00f6zden Ge\u00e7irilmesi<\/em>\u201d (Review of the Civil Administration of Mesopotamia<\/em>) metniyle \u00f6vg\u00fc toplar. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 Irak\u2019\u0131n a\u015firet b\u00f6lgerinin sosyal ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015f bi\u00e7imde ele alan bilgi kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n

Ekim 1920\u2019de Sir Percy Cox\u2019un b\u00f6lgeye y\u00fcksek komisyon \u00fcyesi olarak d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle birlikte, Bell de \u015eark Sekreteri olarak \u00f6nemli rol \u00fcstlenir. Bell bu g\u00f6revini \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne dek s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Cox b\u00f6lgede yerel y\u00f6netici liderli\u011finde bir \u015fehir meclisi kurmak \u00e7abas\u0131ndad\u0131r, Bell bu y\u00f6neticiyle yak\u0131n bir ili\u015fki kurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

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Gertrude Bell, Sir Herbert Samuel ve \u00dcrd\u00fcn Kral\u0131 Emir Abdullah ile \u00dcrd\u00fcn\u2019de, 1921.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 Britanya\u2019n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 finansal zorluklar \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Winston Churchill (d\u00f6nemin s\u00f6m\u00fcrge bakan\u0131), \u0130ngilizlerin Irak\u2019tan \u00e7ekilmesine s\u0131cak bakar. Fakat Mart 1921\u2019de \u0130ngiliz Ortado\u011fu y\u00f6neticilerinin kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kahire Konferans\u0131 sonras\u0131nda, Irak\u2019ta \u0130ngiliz y\u00f6neticilerin rehberli\u011fi alt\u0131nda bir Arap rejiminin tesis edilmesi (Cox ve Bell\u2019in haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131) g\u00f6revini \u00fcstlenir. Bu dolayl\u0131 y\u00f6netim sistemi, zaman i\u00e7inde gen\u00e7 devletin hazinesi i\u00e7in a\u011f\u0131r bir y\u00fck olu\u015fturur ve Irakl\u0131 milliyet\u00e7iler bu durumun \u00fclkenin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na giden yolda bir engel olu\u015fturdu\u011fu fikrini savunur. Bu s\u0131rada Bell ise Faysal Bin H\u00fcseyin\u2019in Irak Kral\u0131 olmas\u0131 hususunda belirgin bir rol \u00fcstlenir. A\u011fustos 1921\u2019de Faysal krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan eder. Kral Faysal\u2019\u0131n yak\u0131n dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 olan Bell\u2019in \u201cHatun\u201d olarak an\u0131lmas\u0131 bu d\u00f6neme rastlar. \u0130ngiltere-Irak aras\u0131nda manda i\u00e7in s\u00fcren m\u00fczakerelerde ve anla\u015fmada (Ekim 1921) masada bulunur.<\/p>\n

Kurucu meclis se\u00e7imlerinde ve se\u00e7im yasas\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131nda g\u00f6rev al\u0131r. Kral\u0131n ve \u0130ngiliz y\u00fcksek komisyon \u00fcyelerinin temsili \u00f6nceli\u011fi olurken, n\u00fcfusun t\u00fcm kesimlerini kapsayacak bir yasa olu\u015fturulmas\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Irak \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 ve Kral\u2019\u0131n ki\u015fisel dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 olan Kinahan Cornwallis ile birlikte 1923 protokol\u00fcn\u00fcn imzalanmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecine de m\u00fcdahil olur. Bu protokolle Irak\u2019\u0131n \u00dcrd\u00fcn, Suudi Arabistan ve T\u00fcrkiye ile s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 belirlenir. Protokolde Musul meselesi i\u00e7in bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm vard\u0131r; Bell ayr\u0131ca b\u00f6lgenin ekonomik, adli, ve askeri konular\u0131nda, Arap\u00e7a\u2019n\u0131n anadil olarak kabul\u00fc gibi yan anla\u015fmalarda da g\u00f6rev al\u0131r. Irak\u2019\u0131n yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda e\u011fitim konusunda da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Irak\u2019\u0131n yeni anayasas\u0131 kabul edildikten sonra (1924), Gertrude Bell\u2019in Irak\u2019taki pozisyonu sars\u0131l\u0131r. Cox\u2019un halefi Sir Henry Dobbs ile aras\u0131 iyi de\u011fildir. Son d\u00f6nem mektuplar\u0131 Irak\u2019ta g\u00f6revi bitmekte olan Bell\u2019in duygular\u0131n\u0131n barometresi gibidir. Bell\u2019in a\u015fk\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a kay\u0131ts\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fcnen Cornwallis, Bell\u2019i kedere, yaln\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa ve hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na s\u00fcr\u00fckler. Bell teselliyi arkeolojide bulur, Ba\u011fdat\u2019ta kurulacak milli m\u00fcze i\u00e7in kaynak geli\u015ftirir. M\u00fcze 1923\u2019te a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 Bell\u2019in ailesinin finansal durumu da k\u00f6t\u00fcye gitmi\u015ftir, fakat \u0130ngiltere Bell i\u00e7in bir ba\u015fka tesellidir. 1925 yaz\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere\u2019den Irak\u2019a hasta olarak d\u00f6nen Gertrude Bell 11\/12 Temmuz\u2019da yata\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcr. 12 Temmuz g\u00fcn\u00fc \u0130ngiliz askeri mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00d6l\u00fcm nedeni a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 dozda uyku ilac\u0131d\u0131r. Yak\u0131n arkada\u015flar\u0131 hayat\u0131n\u0131 sonland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kanaatindeyse de, bu iddiay\u0131 do\u011frudan kan\u0131tlayacak bir bulgu elde edilmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Arabistan merkezindeki Hail\u2019e yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc gezisi Gertrude i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 anlamlar i\u00e7ermektedir: Tarihsel bir ana tan\u0131kl\u0131k ederken hem Britanya\u2019n\u0131n Ortado\u011fu planlar\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc ajand\u0131r, hem de fiziksel olarak \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fc fethetmek, b\u00f6lge insan\u0131n\u0131n manevi ve ahlaki kodlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmek gibi ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nem a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a zorlu engelleri bir kad\u0131n olarak a\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Sunu\u015f Oxford Ulusal Biyografi S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019nde yer alan \u201cBell, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":585,"featured_media":17115,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[177,20,2315],"tags":[244,538,2021],"class_list":["post-17112","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-140-sayi","category-arkeoloji","category-kadin-gezginler","tag-arkeoloji","tag-gezi","tag-kadin-gezginler"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t