{"id":17294,"date":"2015-09-01T12:50:42","date_gmt":"2015-09-01T09:50:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=17294"},"modified":"2018-02-22T13:47:44","modified_gmt":"2018-02-22T10:47:44","slug":"jean-baret-dunyanin-cevresini-dolasan-ilk-kadin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2015\/09\/01\/jean-baret-dunyanin-cevresini-dolasan-ilk-kadin","title":{"rendered":"Jean Baret: D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7evresini dola\u015fan ilk kad\u0131n"},"content":{"rendered":"

Jean Baret <\/em>(1740-1807)<\/em>, Frans\u0131z h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7evresinde bir ke\u015fif yolculu\u011fuyla g\u00f6revlendirdi\u011fi denizci Bougainville\u2019in seferine, Kraliyet do\u011fabilimcisi ve hekim kimli\u011fiyle gemide bulunan Commerson\u2019un u\u015fa\u011f\u0131 olarak, erkek k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00f6nemin donanma i\u00e7t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n gemilerde bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 yasakl\u0131yordu. Tahiti\u2019ye kadar cinsiyetini saklamay\u0131 ba\u015faran Baret, Commerson\u2019la b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle \u201csu\u00e7 orta\u011f\u0131\u201d olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, de\u015fifre olduktan sonra t\u00fcm sorumlulu\u011fu \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir; yolculuk boyunca, Commerson\u2019la birlikte say\u0131s\u0131z bitki toplam\u0131\u015f, herbaryumlar yapm\u0131\u015f, b\u00f6cek koleksiyonlar\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015f ve denizkabuklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlemi\u015ftir.<\/em><\/p>\n

Sunu\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n

Okuyaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z makale, Endeavour<\/em> dergisinin, 27. Cildinin 1. B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, Mart 2003\u2019de, 22-25. sayfalar aras\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Spot ve \u00e7evirmenin oldu\u011fu belirtilen notlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, makalenin asl\u0131na sad\u0131k kal\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yazar:<\/strong>\u00a0Londa Schiebinger\u00a0(Pennslvania Devlet \u00dcniversitesi Tarih B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Bilimsel ke\u015fif yolculuklar\u0131n\u0131n zihinlerimizi b\u00fcy\u00fclemesi, Sir Hans Sloane\u2019in 1687\u2019de Jamaika\u2019da biyolojik incelemeler yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 geziyle ya da Joseph Banks\u2019in Endeavour adl\u0131 gemiyle, 1768\u2019de Yeni Zelanda ve Tahiti\u2019ye yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yolculu\u011fa dair bir imajla olur.<\/p>\n

Ama 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda bilimin hizmetindeki, pek de g\u00fcvenli olmayan okyanus a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yolculuklara e\u011freti ad\u0131mlar atan kad\u0131nlar da vard\u0131r. Almanya do\u011fumlu Maria Sibylla Merian<\/strong>, 1699\u2019da, egzotik t\u0131rt\u0131llar aramak i\u00e7in, Amsterdam\u2019dan G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019daki Surinam\u2019a kadar yolculuk etmi\u015ftir. Erken Modern Avrupa\u2019da pahal\u0131 ve pek ra\u011fbet g\u00f6ren bir kuma\u015f olan ipe\u011fe rakip bir iplik \u00fcretecek bir t\u0131rt\u0131l bulmay\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131yordu. Maria Sibylla Merian, zamanla, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en \u00e7ok bilinen do\u011fa tarihi kitab\u0131 haline gelecek olan bir kitap da yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Maria Sibylla Merian, d\u00f6neminde bilim u\u011fra\u015f\u0131n\u0131n pe\u015finde yaln\u0131z ba\u015f\u0131na yolculu\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan tek kad\u0131nd\u0131(1)<\/sup>; yine de iradesini kullanarak deniz yolculu\u011fu planlar\u0131 yapan ba\u015fka kad\u0131nlar da olmu\u015ftur. Bu makale, 1776\u2019da d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7evresini dola\u015fan ilk kad\u0131n olan Frans\u0131z Jeanne Baret\u2019nin (ya da Barret; 1740-1816) ya da gemide ve imza olarak kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131yla Bonnefoy\u2019un, seyahatleri ve maceralar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131ralayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 olan Merian\u2019\u0131n tersine, Jeanne Baret, Louis Antoine de Bougainville\u2019nin yolculu\u011funun(*)<\/sup> kraliyet do\u011fabilimcisi ve hekimi olan Philibert Commerson\u2019un botanik asistan\u0131 ve ki\u015fisel u\u015fa\u011f\u0131 olarak seyahat ediyordu. Bu ama\u00e7 i\u00e7in erkek k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda gizlenmi\u015ftir. Ve b\u00f6ylece hik\u00e2ye ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

Gen\u00e7 u\u015fak<\/strong><\/p>\n

Baret\u2019in cinsiyeti ke\u015ffedildikten sonraki sorgusunda verdi\u011fi yan\u0131ta g\u00f6re, \u201cEfendisini (Commerson\u2019u) de, Rochefort\u2019daki r\u0131ht\u0131mda, tam da yolcular gemiye bindirilirken, kendisini erkek k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sunarak kand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n

Baret\u2019in hik\u00e2yesi s\u0131kl\u0131kla \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131l\u0131r: Birlikte yolculuk etti\u011fi 116 Frans\u0131z gemicinin i\u00e7inde, yolculuk ilerledik\u00e7e, \u015f\u00fcpheler giderek b\u00fcy\u00fcr, yolculu\u011fun uzun aylar\u0131 boyunca, gen\u00e7 u\u015fa\u011f\u0131n sakal\u0131 hi\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fcmemektedir ve asla ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda \u00e7i\u015f yaparken g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir. \u015e\u00fcphelere ra\u011fmen Baret\u2019nin ne mal oldu\u011fu, Frans\u0131z gemisi d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 dola\u015fana dek anla\u015f\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Cyth\u00e9r\u00e9ens (Tahitililer) onun etraf\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evreleyip, \u201cayenene, ayenene\u201d (k\u0131z, k\u0131z) diye \u015fark\u0131 okumaya ba\u015flay\u0131nca, Avrupal\u0131lar onun asl\u0131nda bir kad\u0131n oldu\u011funu ke\u015ffederler.(2)<\/sup><\/p>\n

Bu hik\u00e2ye, ne kadar hayaliyse, Commerson\u2019un Baret\u2019nin bir kad\u0131n oldu\u011funu bilmesi de o kadar kesindir. Commerson, yolculuktan 2 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, 1764\u2019de, o zamanlar 24 ya\u015f\u0131nda olan ve Kaptan Bougainville\u2019ye g\u00f6re \u201cne d\u00fcz ne de tatl\u0131 olan\u201d Baret\u2019yi k\u00e2hya olarak hizmetine alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Commerson o zamanlar 37 ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131.(3)<\/sup><\/p>\n

1. Louis\u2019in do\u011fabilimcisi olarak Commerson\u2019a d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7evresindeki yolculuk s\u0131ras\u0131nda yan\u0131na alaca\u011f\u0131 ki\u015fisel hizmetini g\u00f6recek biri ve bir ill\u00fcstrat\u00f6r i\u00e7in 2000 livres tahsil edilmi\u015fti. Daha sonralar\u0131 iddia edildi\u011fi gibi, bu i\u00e7 i\u00e7elik gerektiren ve teknik olarak zorlu i\u015f i\u00e7in, tam yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn iskelede dikilmekte olan herhangi birisini se\u00e7mi\u015f olmas\u0131, pek olas\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Bununla beraber Commerson su\u00e7suz oldu\u011funu ilan etti, \u00a0daha sonra \u015f\u00f6yle yazacakt\u0131: \u201cBu cesur gen\u00e7 kad\u0131n,\u00a0 gisyileriyle ve yap\u0131s\u0131yla bir adam k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na girerek, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7evresini dola\u015fmak i\u00e7in, biz bilmeksizin bize e\u015flik edecek kadar merak ve y\u00fcreklili\u011fe sahipti.\u201d(4)<\/sup><\/p>\n

Commerson ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc de yapamazd\u0131. 1689\u2019da d\u00fczenlenen, 1765\u2019de yeniden onaylanan Frans\u0131z Kraliyet Askeri Donanmas\u0131 \u0130\u00e7t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019ne g\u00f6re, memurlar ve denizcilere, geceyi ge\u00e7irmek \u00fczere gemiye bir kad\u0131n davet etmek ya da ola\u011fan bir ziyaretin \u00f6tesinde herhangi bir \u015fey i\u00e7in gemiye kad\u0131n getirmek yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu kurala uymayan memurlar\u0131n g\u00f6revi bir ayl\u0131k ask\u0131ya al\u0131n\u0131yor, denizciler ise 15 g\u00fcn boyunca mahk\u00fbm ediliyorlard\u0131.(5)<\/sup><\/p>\n

Commerson ile Baret aras\u0131nda ne t\u00fcr bir ili\u015fki oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek ger\u00e7ekten zor. Commerson Baret\u2019yi, kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fum yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada \u00f6ld\u00fckten 2 y\u0131l sonra, k\u00e2hya olarak kiralam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130lgin\u00e7tir ki Baret o zaman be\u015f ayl\u0131k hamileydi, ev i\u00e7i a\u011f\u0131r i\u015fleri yapamayacak durumda olmal\u0131.<\/p>\n

Baret, hamileli\u011fini 22 A\u011fustos 1764\u2019de, Lyon d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki Digoin\u2019de, yasalar\u0131n gerektirdi\u011fi gibi kaydettirmi\u015fti, ama \u00e7ocu\u011fun babas\u0131n\u0131n ismini vermeyi reddetmi\u015fti. Bundan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra hem Commerson hem Baret, Paris\u2019e ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. 6 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de Baret, Commerson i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131, senede\u00a0 100 livres alacakt\u0131. Baret\u2019nin \u00e7ocu\u011fu Jean Pierre Baret, 4 ay sonra, ertesi senenin Ocak ay\u0131nda do\u011fdu ve bir s\u00fctanneye b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131 (o d\u00f6nemde bu uygulama s\u0131k s\u0131k yenido\u011fan \u00e7ocu\u011fun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle sonu\u00e7lan\u0131rd\u0131) ve \u00e7ocuk birka\u00e7 ay ge\u00e7meden \u00f6ld\u00fc.(6)<\/sup><\/p>\n

Commerson ise, evlili\u011finden olan o\u011flunu, Paris\u2019e ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r ve Baret ile ev kiralarken, Toulon-sur-Aurox\u2019da rahiplik yapan kay\u0131nbiraderinin bak\u0131m\u0131na teslim etmi\u015fti. Jardin Du Roi\u2019nin yan\u0131ndaki yeni evinde, bir do\u011fabilimci olarak kariyer geli\u015ftirmeyi umut ediyordu. Commerson, Bougainville ile 1767\u2019da yolculu\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kmadan \u00f6nce, gene asistan\u0131 ile botanik\u00e7i aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 destekleyen, bir vasiyet haz\u0131rlad\u0131. Vasiyetinde, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, bedeninin diseksiyon i\u00e7in en yak\u0131n amaliyathaneye g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclerek bilimin hizmetine\u00a0 verilmesini s\u00f6yleyen h\u00fck\u00fcmler olmas\u0131, ilgin\u00e7tir. Katolik Fransa\u2019da, idam edilen su\u00e7lular\u0131n bedenleri bu i\u015f i\u00e7in ayr\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Merhum e\u015finin bedeninin yan\u0131na, mermer mezara yerle\u015ftirilecek olan kalbi hari\u00e7, iskeleti ve bedeninin t\u00fcm par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131labilece\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n

Elyazmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve m\u00fclkiyetini o\u011fluna b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yaz\u0131yordu. Jeanne Baret\u2019ye ise 600 livreyle birlikte ev tekstili ve mobilyalar\u0131n\u0131 ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.(7)<\/sup> Ayr\u0131ca Commerson, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra bir y\u0131l kadar Jean Baret\u2019nin onun evinde kalmas\u0131na ve evindeki do\u011fa tarihi koleksiyonunu Kraliyet Estampa Koleksiyonu\u2019na (Cabinet des Estampes du Roi) yollamadan \u00f6nce d\u00fczenlemesine, izin verilmesini belirtiyordu. Ya\u015flar\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131fsal arkaplanlar\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131klara ra\u011fmen, Commerson ve Baret\u2019nin birbirlerini iyi tan\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. \u00c9toil adl\u0131 gemide, Commerson ve yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131, her ikisi de deniz tutmas\u0131ndan mustarip olmu\u015flard\u0131 (belki de yalandan); bu nedenle Commerson\u2019un kabininde geceleri birlikte kalmalar\u0131 kabul edilebilir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Bougainville\u2019in yolculu\u011funun haritas\u0131, rota k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7izgiyle vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 21. kaynaktan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Baret had\u0131m edildi\u011fini iddia ediyor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Baret\u2019in yolculu\u011funun hik\u00e2yesi ve ke\u015fifleri, aralar\u0131nda geminin cerrah\u0131 Fran\u00e7ois Vivez\u2019in de bulundu\u011fu \u00e7e\u015fitli m\u00fcrettebat taraf\u0131ndan, \u00a0tuttuklar\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerde uzun uzun anlat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130lgin\u00e7tir, Commerson\u2019un gemi seyir defterindeki ki\u015fisel hesab\u0131nda sadece \u015fu okunur: \u201c18 Temmuz 1768\u2019de, hekim M. Comerson\u2019un \u015fimdiye kadar erkek olarak ge\u00e7en u\u015fa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131z oldu\u011fu ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir.\u201d(8)<\/sup><\/p>\n

Bougainville\u2019nin g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne giri\u015fi de ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde olduk\u00e7a k\u0131sa ve muammad\u0131r,\u00a0 belki de, iki gemilik kafilenin di\u011fer gemisi olan Boudeuse\u2019e bindi\u011finden.(9)<\/sup><\/p>\n

\"\"
Bougainville\u2019nin yolculu\u011funun Kraliyet do\u011fabilimcisi ve hekimi olan Philibert Commerson (1727\u20131773). 25. kaynaktan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ortak hesaplara g\u00f6re, bir ay ge\u00e7ene kadar hi\u00e7 kimse bir \u015feyden \u015f\u00fcphelenmemi\u015fti; personelin tatl\u0131 uykular\u0131 bir m\u0131r\u0131lt\u0131yla kesilene kadar; gemide bir k\u0131z (gen\u00e7 k\u0131z) vard\u0131!\u00a0 Denizcilerin g\u00f6z\u00fc, Commerson\u2019un u\u015fa\u011f\u0131na kayd\u0131 \u015f\u00fcpheyle. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve a\u011f\u0131r bir yap\u0131s\u0131, geni\u015f bir kal\u00e7as\u0131, y\u00fcksek bir g\u00f6\u011fs\u00fc, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve yuvarlak bir kafas\u0131, \u00e7illi bir y\u00fcz\u00fc, ince ve berrak bir sesi, h\u00fcnerli ve ince elleri vard\u0131; bunlar onun cinsiyetinin sorgulanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Boudeuse\u2019de Bougainville ile birlikte g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc asker olan Charles F\u00e9lix Pierre Fersche, bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmden sonra Baret\u2019in cinsiyetini gizlemek i\u00e7in g\u00f6\u011fs\u00fcn\u00fc ba\u011flama \u00f6nlemini ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaydetti.(10)<\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0130ki geminin kaptan\u0131 da durumu g\u00f6rmezden geliyordu, ama s\u00f6ylentiler g\u00fcnden g\u00fcne b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc. Commerson u\u015fa\u011f\u0131na, art\u0131k kabininde onunla gece boyunca kalamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi. Yerlilerin s\u0131radan hamaklar\u0131ndan almal\u0131 ve geminin k\u0131\u00e7 taraf\u0131nda di\u011fer 5 u\u015fakla birlikte kalmal\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Orada gemiciler, Baret\u2019yi \u201cmerakla iti\u015ftirip \u00e7eki\u015ftirdiler\u201d, s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131lar; ama o \u201cgaddarca duyars\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131na, \u0131srarlar\u0131na ve \u00fcstelemelerine\u201d direndi. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, \u201car\u0131zal\u0131 bir adam\u201d oldu\u011fu konusunda m\u00fcrettabat\u0131 s\u00fcrekli temin etti, her \u015feyden \u00f6te \u201ckad\u0131ns\u0131 bir cinsiyeti\u201d yoktu, asl\u0131nda had\u0131m edilmi\u015fti, \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck bir sultan\u0131n onu haremine gardiyan yapmak istemesi gibi bir kazayla\u201d. Ba\u015fka bir \u015fekilde anlat\u0131rsak, Baret mu\u011flak cinsiyetinin, kastrasyonun sonucu oldu\u011funu iddia ediyordu.<\/p>\n

Bu olaydan sonra \u201cadam\u0131m\u0131z\u201d raporlar haz\u0131rlamay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc, \u201ciddia etti\u011fi insan gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmek i\u00e7in\u201d m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131, \u201cbir siyah gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u201d. Yolcular onun (Baret\u2019nin), ustas\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn ke\u015fif yolculuklar\u0131na e\u015flik etti\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fcler. Macellan Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131n karl\u0131 ve buzlu tepeleri boyunca, bitki portfoy\u00fcn\u00fc ve silahlar\u0131 i\u00e7eren malzemeleri dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k ve cesaretle ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131.(12)<\/sup><\/p>\n

\u00c7etin emek\u00e7i Baret, \u00a0\u201cdelil yetersizli\u011fi sayesinde\u201d m\u00fcrettabat\u0131n ku\u015fkular\u0131n\u0131 yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Gel g\u00f6r ki, gemi Nouvelle Cyth\u00e9re\u2019ye ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Boutavarery diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan bir \u201cvah\u015fi\u201d, h\u0131zla, denizci kalabal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f yaln\u0131z u\u015fa\u011f\u0131n pe\u015finden ko\u015ftu ve \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131klarla \u201cayenene\u201d (k\u0131z) diye ba\u011f\u0131rd\u0131 (Resim 3). Onun beyan\u0131, Baret ertesi g\u00fcn ustas\u0131yla beraber bitki toplamak i\u00e7in k\u0131y\u0131ya gitti\u011finde bir kez daha onayland\u0131; \u201cvah\u015filer\u201d \u201cayenene ayenene\u201d diye \u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6yleyerek hemen onu \u00e7evrelediler. Tahitililer, \u201cadadaki geleneksel onurlar\u0131 sunmak i\u00e7in\u201d ta\u015f\u0131maya ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131nda, Baret, geminin n\u00f6bet\u00e7i memuru taraf\u0131ndan kurtar\u0131lmay\u0131 bekledi.(12, 13)<\/sup><\/p>\n

Hakikat ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gemiye d\u00f6nd\u00fcklerinde Bougainville \u015f\u00f6yle rapor etti, \u201cKral\u0131n kurallar\u0131 uyar\u0131nca, \u015f\u00fcphelerin do\u011frulu\u011fundan emin olmaya mecburdum.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"
Tahitililer, Bougainville ve ona e\u015flik eden memurlara meyve sunarken. Avustralya Ulusal K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi, Rex Nan Kivell Koleksiyonu\u2019ndan.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Baret, yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan beri ge\u00e7en 1,5 y\u0131lda ke\u015ffedilememi\u015fti. G\u00f6zya\u015flar\u0131na bo\u011fularak, sonunda ger\u00e7ekten bir kad\u0131n oldu\u011funu itiraf etti. Efendisini de, Rochefort\u2019dayken geminin y\u00fcklenme an\u0131nda, ona hizmet i\u00e7in ba\u015fvururken, kendisini erkek k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sunarak aldatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi. Ayn\u0131 zamanda bir y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce, bir Cenevreli centilmenin yan\u0131nda u\u015fak olarak hizmet etti\u011fini de belirtti. Devam\u0131nda \u015funlar\u0131 anlatt\u0131: Burgundy\u2019de do\u011fmu\u015f, k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra \u00f6ks\u00fcz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kendini s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir durumda buldu\u011funda, cinsiyetini gizlemeye karar vermi\u015fti. Geminin d\u00fcnyan\u0131n etraf\u0131nda dola\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildi\u011fini, b\u00f6yle bir yolculu\u011fun ilgisini uyand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 itiraf etti. Bougainville, onu gemiyle d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7evresini dola\u015fan ilk kad\u0131n olarak de\u011ferlendirecek ve \u015funu ekleyecektir: \u201cOnun gemide her zaman iffetine \u00f6zen g\u00f6stererek davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bu konudaki do\u011frulu\u011funu belirtmem gerekir.\u201d(14)<\/sup><\/p>\n

Ke\u015ffedili\u015finden sonra, Baret erkek k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 terk etti. Bougainville, \u201conun ba\u015f\u0131na kabul edilemez \u015feyler gelmemesi i\u00e7in gereken tedbirleri ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d(12) <\/sup>kaydetti. \u015euras\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k de\u011fildir: Yolculu\u011fun geri kalan\u0131n\u0131 m\u0131 kastetti, yoksa Fransa\u2019ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131 mahkemeyi mi? Ama Baret i\u015fini \u015fansa b\u0131rakm\u0131yordu, gemide oldu\u011fu her zaman, iki tane dolu tabancay\u0131 yan\u0131ndan ay\u0131rm\u0131yordu.(15)<\/sup><\/p>\n

Commerson cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmad\u0131. Bir g\u00f6zlemci, Commerson\u2019un mahcubiyeti hakk\u0131nda konu\u015fabilece\u011fini yazd\u0131, ama bunu yapmad\u0131. Bir ba\u015fka sefer, \u201cCommerson\u2019un ya\u015f\u0131 ve kraliyet y\u00f6netmeli\u011fine ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fen bir davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylesi uzun bir yolculukta, bir kazan\u0131n neden olabilece\u011fi skandal\u0131 bilmesinden dolay\u0131\u201d, Commerson\u2019un Baret\u2019nin cinsiyetini gemiye bindi\u011fi s\u0131rada bilmedi\u011fi h\u00fckm\u00fcne vard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yaz\u0131yordu. Ama ayn\u0131 g\u00f6zlemci \u015f\u00f6yle devam ediyordu: Commerson, Baret\u2019nin cinsiyetini Montevideo\u2019dayken (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Uruguay), yani yolculu\u011fun k\u0131smen erken d\u00f6nemlerinde biliyor olmal\u0131yd\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc orada Baret\u2019nin yerli halk\u0131n aras\u0131na kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na izin vermemi\u015fti.(10)<\/sup><\/p>\n

Baret\u2019nin cinsiyetinin ke\u015ffinden sonra, Commerson ve Baret ili\u015fkisine dair bir \u015fey rapor edilmedi; Baret\u2019nin kendini Commerson\u2019a adam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ve bitki toplamalar\u0131na e\u015flik etmesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda. Commerson, 1773\u2019de d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yolculu\u011funda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131, bug\u00fcn Mauritius diye an\u0131lan Frans\u0131z Adas\u0131\u2019ndaki Frans\u0131z kolonisinde \u00f6ld\u00fc. 1774\u2019de Baret, ayn\u0131 adadaki ticaret merkezinde, kraliyetin \u00f6nceki deniz astsubay\u0131 olan Jean Dubernat ile evlendi ve daha sonra Fransa\u2019ya d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Bougainville\u2019nin araya girmesiyle, mahkemeler, deniz y\u00f6netmeliklerini \u00e7i\u011fnemi\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131 affettiler. Bougainville vakay\u0131 zarars\u0131z olarak de\u011ferlendirmi\u015fti. \u201cO bir \u00f6rnek olarak\u201d diye yazd\u0131, \u201cmuhtemelen bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildi.\u201d(12)<\/sup> Cezaland\u0131rmak yerine, 1785 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Kraliyet Donanmas\u0131 Baret\u2019ye y\u0131ll\u0131k 200 livrelik emekli maa\u015f\u0131 ba\u011flad\u0131, onun \u201cola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir kad\u0131n\u201d olmas\u0131na referansla…(16)<\/sup><\/p>\n

Bilim i\u00e7in kar\u015f\u0131 cinsin k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na girme<\/strong><\/p>\n

Neden erkek k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na girdiler? Bu d\u00f6nemde Frans\u0131z yasalar\u0131, bir kad\u0131n\u0131n gemilere hizmet etmek i\u00e7in girmesini yasakl\u0131yordu. Kad\u0131nlar, aksi durumda girmeye cesaret edemeyecekleri yerlere girmek istediklerinde, s\u0131kl\u0131kla erkeksi k\u0131yafetler ku\u015fanmak durumunda kal\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Erkek gibi giyenenler aras\u0131nda, 18.\u00a0 Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk d\u00f6nemlerinde Bat\u0131 Hint Adalar\u0131nda korsanlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan Anne Bonny<\/strong>, Mary Read<\/strong> gibi erken \u00f6rnekler vard\u0131.(17)<\/sup><\/p>\n

Orduya kat\u0131lmak, kendi se\u00e7tikleri kad\u0131nlarla evlenmek ya da bilim ve t\u0131p gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli alanlara girebilmek i\u00e7in, kendilerini erkek k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kamufle eden ba\u015fka kad\u0131nlar da vard\u0131r.(18) <\/sup><\/p>\n

18. y\u00fczy\u0131l kapan\u0131rken, gelece\u011fin \u00f6d\u00fcll\u00fc matematik\u00e7isi Sophie German<\/strong>, Paris\u2019te yeni a\u00e7\u0131lan ve o d\u00f6nemdeki \u00e7o\u011fu Avrupa \u00fcniversitesinde oldu\u011fu gibi kad\u0131nlara kapal\u0131 olan Politeknik Okulu\u2019ndaki (Ecol\u00e9 Polytechnique) dersleri takip edebilmek i\u00e7in, bir erkek ad\u0131 olan Antoine August Le Blanc\u2019\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, bir kad\u0131n\u0131n velileri onu Edinburgh \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ne erkek k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yollad\u0131. 1812\u2019de t\u0131p diplomas\u0131 ald\u0131ktan sonra, \u201cJames\u201d Barry<\/strong>, \u0130ngiliz Ordusu\u2019na kat\u0131ld\u0131, askeri s\u00f6m\u00fcrge kurumunda, ikinci en y\u00fcksek r\u00fctbeli subay oldu. Ger\u00e7ek cinsiyeti, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra ke\u015ffedildi. Gene, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nde 1850\u2019de, t\u0131p fak\u00fcltesinde okuma gir\u015fiminde bulunan ilk kad\u0131n olan Elizabeth Blackwell<\/strong>\u2019e, sempatik bir profes\u00f6r taraf\u0131ndan derslere kat\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in erkek k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na girmesi tavsiye edilmi\u015fti. 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131nda, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 gemiyle dola\u015fan ikinci kad\u0131n da bir Frans\u0131z\u2019d\u0131: Rosa de Freycinet <\/strong>(\u00e7.n. 1794 – 7 May 1832), deniz subay\u0131 olan kocas\u0131na e\u015flik ediyordu. Uzun yolculuk boyunca, gemici k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndayd\u0131. Kad\u0131n oldu\u011fu fark edildi\u011finde, geminin (\u00e7.n. Fransa\u2019ya) geri d\u00f6nebilmesi i\u00e7in art\u0131k \u00e7ok ge\u00e7ti.(20)<\/sup><\/p>\n

\"\"
Baretia bonnafidia. Commerson Jeanne Baret\u2019i, bu bitkiye ad\u0131n\u0131 vererek \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir; \u201c\u015f\u00fcphe dolu cinsel karakteristi\u011fiyle\u201d bilindi\u011finden onun onuruna adam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Botanik\u00e7iler sonradan bu bitkiyi yeniden isimlendirmi\u015f ve Commerson\u2019un Baretia\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 Turraea\u2019ya \u00e7evirmi\u015flerdir. 4. kaynaktan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Peki Commerson Frans\u0131z yasalar\u0131n\u0131 ihmal etmeyi ve risk almay\u0131 se\u00e7erek, Baret\u2019yi ni\u00e7in yan\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131? Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131, ku\u015fkusuz sad\u0131k ve sevgi doluydu. Bougainville onu \u201cuzman bir botanik\u00e7i\u201d olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yordu.(21)<\/sup> Commerson en y\u00fcksek da\u011flardan ve s\u0131k ormanlardan hi\u00e7 \u015fikayet etmeden ve \u00e7evik bir bi\u00e7imde ge\u00e7ti\u011fi i\u00e7in Baret\u2019yi \u00f6vm\u00fc\u015f, ona kompliman olarak adad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir bitkiye Baretia <\/em>ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015ftir (Resim 4). Commerson onun i\u00e7in \u015f\u00f6yle yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cBir yay ile silahl\u0131 Diana\u201d gibi, \u201cAk\u0131lla ve Minerva gibi a\u011f\u0131rba\u015fl\u0131l\u0131kla silahlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r…. \u00c7ok defa onuru ve ya\u015fam\u0131 i\u00e7in risk i\u00e7eriyorken, hayvanlar\u0131n ve insanlar\u0131n tuzlar\u0131ndan s\u0131yr\u0131lmay\u0131 bilmi\u015ftir.\u201d Toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131z bitki, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 herbaryumlar, olu\u015fturdu\u011fu b\u00f6cek koleksiyonlar\u0131 ve d\u00fczenledi\u011fi denizkabuklar\u0131ndan \u00f6vg\u00fcyle s\u00f6z etmi\u015ftir.(4)<\/sup><\/p>\n

Baret\u2019nin hik\u00e2yesi, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, bilimsel bir yolculukta yer almalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fc kapal\u0131yken bile, bilime ba\u011flanabileceklerini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Baret ve Commerson, kar\u0131 kocan\u0131n bir \u00f6m\u00fcr boyunca, ortak u\u011fra\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in yan yana \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 lonca sisteminin miras\u0131n\u0131 devam ettiren(23)<\/sup>, \u201cyarat\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00e7ift\u201d olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.(22)<\/sup> Baret ayn\u0131 zamanda, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l Avrupal\u0131 do\u011fabilimcilerinin destek personeli olan, ads\u0131z \u00e7ok say\u0131da botanik asistan\u0131ndan biri olarak de\u011ferlendirilmelidir; bilimde profes\u00f6rl\u00fck ya da kraliyete ba\u011fl\u0131 olmak gibi resmi pozisyonlarda hizmet veren ki\u015filere yard\u0131m eden, do\u011fan\u0131n bereketini katologlama b\u00fct\u00fcnsel g\u00f6revine katk\u0131da bulunan, isimsiz olan ill\u00fcstrat\u00f6rler, rehberler, aray\u0131p bulucular… Baret\u2019nin Commerson\u2019a adanmas\u0131 b\u00f6yle olmu\u015ftur, Commerson onu \u015fefkatle, \u201ccanavar y\u00fcklenici\u201d olarak \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131.(24) <\/sup><\/p>\n

(*) \u00c7EV\u0130REN\u0130N NOTU:<\/strong> Louis-Antoine de Bougainville (1729-1811), Frans\u0131z h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin bir ke\u015fif yolculu\u011fuyla d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7evresini dola\u015fmakla g\u00f6revlendirdi\u011fi denizcidir. Commerson ve Baret\u2019nin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, ba\u015fka biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n da dahil oldu\u011fu Bougainville\u2019nin yolculu\u011fu, 1766-69 aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bougainville bu yolculu\u011fu, Voyage Autour du Monde<\/em> (\u201cD\u00fcnya \u00c7evresinde Yolculuk<\/em>\u201d) ad\u0131yla 1771\u2019de kitapla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Bougainville\u2019in ad\u0131 Solomon Adalar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne, Yeni Hebridler grubundaki bir bo\u011faza ve yayg\u0131n olarak \u201cbegonvil\u201d diye bildi\u011fimiz bitkiye (Bougainvillea<\/em>) verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

KAYNAKLAR ve D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Merian, M. S. (1705), Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium<\/em>, Amsterdam.<\/li>\n
  2. \u00c9tienne Taillemite, Frans\u0131z Ulusal Ar\u015fivi\u2019nde Koruma M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc\u2019d\u00fcr. Bougainville\u2019nin yolculu\u011fuyla ilintili g\u00fcnl\u00fckler ve baz\u0131 makaleler yay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Taillemite, E. (1977), Bougainville et ses Compagnons Autour de Monde, 1766\u20131769<\/em> (2 Cilt), Imprimerie nationale.<\/li>\n
  3. Taillemite, E., Bougainville<\/em> (Cilt 1), s. 350.<\/li>\n
  4. Cited from manuscript reproduced in Monnier, J. et al. (1993); Philibert<\/em> Commerson: LeDe\u00b4couvreur du Bougainvillier<\/em>, s.99, Association Saint- Guignefort.<\/li>\n
  5. Ordinance reprinted in Taillemite, E., Bougainville<\/em> (Cilt 1), s.90.<\/li>\n
  6. Monnier, J. et al.; Philibert Commerson: Le De\u00b4couvreur du Bougainville<\/em>, s.97.<\/li>\n
  7. Guillot, R. P. (1984); \u201cLa vraie \u2018Bougainvill\u00e9e\u2019: la premi\u00e8re femme qui fit le tour du monde\u201d, Historama 1<\/em>, ss.36-40.<\/li>\n
  8. Taillemite, E., Bougainville<\/em> (Cilt 2), s.485.<\/li>\n
  9. Vivez\u2019s account reprinted in Taillemite, E., Bougainville<\/em> (Cilt 2), ss.237-241; Bougainville\u2019s account, age, (Cilt 1), s.349.<\/li>\n
  10. Age (Cilt 2), s.101.<\/li>\n
  11. Age (Cilt 2), s.238.<\/li>\n
  12. Age (Cilt 1), s.349.<\/li>\n
  13. Age (Cilt 2), s.240.<\/li>\n
  14. Age (Cilt 1), ss.349-350.<\/li>\n
  15. Age (Cilt 2), s.241.<\/li>\n
  16. Age (Cilt 1), s.89.<\/li>\n
  17. Paravisini-Gebert, L. (2001), \u201cCross-dressing on the margins of empire\u201d, In Women at Sea<\/em> (Edit\u00f6rler: Paravisini-Gebert, L. and Romero-Cesareo, I.), ss.58-98, Palgrave.<\/li>\n
  18. Erauso, C. (1996), Memoir of a Basque Lieutenant Nun<\/em>, Beacon Press.<\/li>\n
  19. Schiebinger, L. (1999), Has Feminism Changed Science?<\/em>, ss.78-79, Harvard University Press.<\/li>\n
  20. Laissus, Y. (1981), \u201cLes voyageurs naturalistes du Jardin du Roi et du Muse\u00b4um d\u2019Histoire Naturelle\u201d, Revue d\u2019Histoire des Sciences 34<\/em>, ss.259-317.<\/li>\n
  21. Bougainville, L. A. (1772), A voyage round the world<\/em> (translated by Forster, J. R.), s.300, Nourse & T. Davies, London.<\/li>\n
  22. Pycior, H. M. et all., Edit\u00f6rler (1996), Creative Couples in the Sciences<\/em>, Rutgers University Press.<\/li>\n
  23. Schiebinger, L. (1989), The Mind Has No Sex? Women in the Origins of Modern Science<\/em>, Harvard University Press.<\/li>\n
  24. Taillemite, E., Bougainville<\/em> (Cilt 1), s.443.<\/li>\n
  25. Oliver, P. S. (1909), The Life of Philibert Commerson<\/em>, M., Naturaliste du Roi<\/em>, John Murray, London.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Kad\u0131n Gezginler – 1:<\/strong> Atlasa d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f di\u015fi ayak izleri
    \n<\/a>Kad\u0131n Gezginler – 3: <\/strong>    \u0130ngiltere Kraliyet Co\u011frafya Toplulu\u011fu\u2019nun ilk kad\u0131n \u00fcyesi: \u0130sabella Bird (Bishop)<\/a><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Jean Baret (1740-1807), Frans\u0131z h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7evresinde bir ke\u015fif yolculu\u011fuyla g\u00f6revlendirdi\u011fi denizci Bougainville\u2019in seferine, Kraliyet do\u011fabilimcisi ve hekim kimli\u011fiyle gemide bulunan Commerson\u2019un u\u015fa\u011f\u0131 olarak, erkek k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00f6nemin donanma i\u00e7t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n gemilerde bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 yasakl\u0131yordu. Tahiti\u2019ye kadar cinsiyetini saklamay\u0131 ba\u015faran Baret, Commerson\u2019la b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle \u201csu\u00e7 orta\u011f\u0131\u201d olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, de\u015fifre olduktan sonra t\u00fcm sorumlulu\u011fu \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir; yolculuk boyunca, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":470,"featured_media":17299,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[176,2315,222],"tags":[2022,1955,557,2298],"class_list":["post-17294","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-139-sayi","category-kadin-gezginler","category-tarih","tag-dunya-turu","tag-gezgin","tag-kadin","tag-kadin-gezgin"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t