{"id":17307,"date":"2015-09-01T13:05:38","date_gmt":"2015-09-01T10:05:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=17307"},"modified":"2018-02-20T14:49:57","modified_gmt":"2018-02-20T11:49:57","slug":"ingiltere-kraliyet-cografya-toplulugunun-ilk-kadin-uyesi-isabella-bird-bishop","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2015\/09\/01\/ingiltere-kraliyet-cografya-toplulugunun-ilk-kadin-uyesi-isabella-bird-bishop","title":{"rendered":"\u0130ngiltere Kraliyet Co\u011frafya Toplulu\u011fu\u2019nun ilk kad\u0131n \u00fcyesi:\u00a0\u0130sabella Bird (Bishop)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130sabella Bird Bishop, \u00fczerinde \u201ctemellerinde emperyalist bir zihniyet bulundu\u011fu\u201d analizi yap\u0131lan \u201c<\/em>Fars \u00dclkesi ve K\u00fcrdistan\u2019a Seyahat\u201d adl\u0131 iki ciltlik eserini yay\u0131mland\u0131ktan bir y\u0131l sonra, 1892\u2019de, kendinden \u00f6nceki b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcyeleri erkek olan \u0130ngiltere Kraliyet Co\u011frafya Toplulu\u011fu\u2019na (Royal Geographical Society) se\u00e7ildi. Bu toplulu\u011fun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u0130ngiliz emperyal g\u00fcndemini desteklemeye adad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinir. \u0130sabella Bird Bishop\u2019un toplulu\u011fa kab\u00fcl\u00fcne, bu bilginin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bakmak yararl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

Sonradan evlenerek Bishop soyad\u0131n\u0131 alacak \u0130sabella Bird (1831-1904), 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u0130ngiliz gezgini, yazar\u0131 ve misyoneridir. 15 Ekim 1831\u2019de Yorkshire\u2019da do\u011fdu. K\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc bir ortas\u0131n\u0131f ailenin \u00e7ocu\u011fuydu. Babas\u0131 Anglikan (devlet kilisesine ba\u011fl\u0131) din adam\u0131 Edward Bird ve annesi Dora Lawson\u2019dur. \u0130sabella\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7ocuklu\u011fu boyunca, babas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6rev yeri de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri, bazen bulundu\u011fu yerde kalmas\u0131n\u0131 olanaks\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131ran g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri ve sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi nedenlerle, bir-iki y\u0131lda bir ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131lar. \u0130sabella, erken \u00e7ocuklu\u011fundan itibaren \u00e7elimsizdi, omurgas\u0131yla ilgili \u015fikayetleri vard\u0131, sinirsel ba\u015fa\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131 ve uykusuzluk \u00e7ekiyordu. Doktorlar a\u00e7\u0131k havada bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6neriyordu.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Isabella Bird, \u00c7in yolculu\u011funda Man\u00e7urya k\u0131yafetleri i\u00e7inde.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0130sabella e\u011fitimini ailesinden ald\u0131; hem annesi, hem de babas\u0131ndan bilim ve sanatla ilgili konular \u00f6\u011frendi. Parlak zek\u00e2s\u0131, ev d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki d\u00fcnyaya olan b\u00fcy\u00fck ilgisi, \u0130sabella\u2019n\u0131n zihni ve do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n, Protestan bir atmosfer taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131ms\u0131k\u0131 ku\u015fat\u0131larak cendereye sokulmas\u0131na engel oldu. Emperyal \u0130ngiltere\u2019de, evlenme hayalleri kurmayan, ak\u0131ll\u0131 bir kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne f\u0131rsatlar \u00e7\u0131karabilecek bir d\u00f6nem ya\u015fan\u0131yordu. \u0130sabella, ilk metnini 16 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken yazd\u0131: Serbest ticaretle ilgili bir bro\u015f\u00fcr. \u00c7e\u015fitli dergilerde yerli ekonomiyle ilgili yazmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

1850\u2019de omurgas\u0131ndan bir t\u00fcm\u00f6r \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Halsizlik, uykusuzluk, ba\u015fa\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 gibi nedeni anla\u015f\u0131lamam\u0131\u015f rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 ameliyattan sonra da ge\u00e7medi. Ailesi onun k\u0131r\u0131lgan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na olumlu etki eder d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle, yaz aylar\u0131n\u0131 \u0130sko\u00e7ya\u2019da ge\u00e7irmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130sko\u00e7ya\u2019n\u0131n sakinli\u011fi, \u0130sabella\u2019n\u0131n canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcyor, onu hepten depresifle\u015ftiriyordu.<\/p>\n

Bir f\u0131rsat: Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131na yolculuk<\/strong><\/p>\n

1854\u2019de 22 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan f\u0131rsatla yolculuk hayat\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131. Kanada\u2019daki aile evine d\u00f6necek olan bir kuzene e\u015flik edecekti. Babas\u0131 ona 100 sterlin vererek, \u201cbitirine kadar eve d\u00f6nmemesini\u201d s\u00f6yledi. \u0130sabella, Kanada\u2019dan sonra Toronto \u00fcst\u00fcnden ABD\u2019nin i\u00e7lerine do\u011fru yolculuk yapt\u0131: Boston, Cincinati, \u015eikago ve St. Lawrence\u2019a ge\u00e7ti. Ge\u00e7ti\u011fi yerlerden ailesine yollad\u0131\u011f\u0131, gezip g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerini anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektuplar\u0131, ilk kitab\u0131n\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturdu. \u0130sabella fazla g\u00f6steri\u015fli bir isim oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmesine ra\u011fmen, yay\u0131nc\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u0131srar\u0131yla kitab\u0131n ad\u0131 \u201cAmerika\u2019da bir \u0130ngiliz Kad\u0131n\u0131<\/em>\u201d (The Englishwoman in America<\/em>) oldu. 1856\u2019da kitab\u0131 yay\u0131mlayan John Murray, \u0130sabella\u2019n\u0131n yak\u0131n arkada\u015f\u0131 ve b\u00fct\u00fcn kitaplar\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131nc\u0131s\u0131 olacakt\u0131. \u0130lk kitab\u0131 iyi satt\u0131 ve ona ciddi bir gelir sa\u011flad\u0131. \u00c7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131 yeni yolculuklar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00e7esini, yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitaplar ve yaz\u0131lardan \u00e7\u0131karmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

1857\u2019de ailesinin yan\u0131na geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra, \u201chayat\u0131m\u0131n gayesi ve ba\u015f nedeni\u201d dedi\u011fi babas\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. Edinburgh\u2019a ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131lar. K\u0131z karde\u015fi Henriatte ile b\u00fcy\u00fck dostluklar\u0131 vard\u0131, ona yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektuplar \u201cbenim evcil hayvan\u0131m\u201d benzeri s\u0131cak hitaplarla ba\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130sabella, \u00e7ok say\u0131da ki\u015finin dahil oldu\u011fu bulu\u015fmalar, ziyaretler, toplant\u0131larla bitkin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor, yataktan \u00e7\u0131kamaz hale geliyordu; ait oldu\u011fu toplulu\u011fun ge\u00e7ersiz bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funu hissediyordu. Tedbirli sosyalli\u011fine ra\u011fmen, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir arkada\u015f \u00e7evresi olu\u015fturmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131yla, \u00f6rne\u011fin Miss Cullen ve Mrs. Blackie ile \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn sonuna kadar dostlu\u011fu s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Fakat \u0130sabella bir konfor kozas\u0131 i\u00e7inde ya\u015famaktan fena halde bunal\u0131yordu: \u201cKendime s\u00fcrekli dikkat etmek zorunlulu\u011fu nedeniyle, hayat\u0131m\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131k bir i\u015fe harc\u0131yormu\u015fum gibi hissediyorum. Bencillikle m\u00fckemmel bir kabuk ba\u011flamak tehlikesi i\u00e7indeyim\u201d diyordu.(1)<\/sup> O y\u0131llarda, biri Eski Edinburgh ile ilgili olmak \u00fczere, \u00fc\u00e7 kitab\u0131 daha yay\u0131mland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Hawai: \u201cMerhem gibi bir hava, ger\u00e7ek sosyallik\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

1872\u2019de tekrar yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, ilk\u00f6nce hi\u00e7 ho\u015flanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Avustralya\u2019ya, oradan Sandvi\u00e7 Adalar\u0131 olarak bilinen Hawai\u2019ye gitti. Buradan Henrietta\u2019ya, \u201chavan\u0131n her zaman a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 dindiren bir merhem\u201d gibi oldu\u011funu yazd\u0131. \u201cSa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131m her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn iyile\u015fiyor, \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fck oldu\u011fum d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine itibar etmiyorum art\u0131k\u201d diyordu, \u201cGe\u00e7en g\u00fcn camda kendi yans\u0131mam\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fcm, ben olu\u015fuma \u015fa\u015f\u0131rd\u0131m, \u00e7ok gen\u00e7 g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcyordu. Oysa Edinburgh\u2019dayken kendi bitkin ve gergin y\u00fcz\u00fcmden korktu\u011fum olurdu.\u201d \u0130ngiltere\u2019deki Viktoryen ortas\u0131n\u0131f ya\u015fant\u0131s\u0131ndan bunalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u201cBurada insanlar\u0131n birbirine resmi ziyaretleri yok, ama ger\u00e7ek bir sosyallikleri var,\u201d diye yazarak ifade ediyordu,\u201cY\u00fczleri g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc kurtarmak kayg\u0131s\u0131yla buru\u015fturulmam\u0131\u015f bu insanlar aras\u0131nda olmak \u00e7ok keyifli.\u201d(1)<\/sup><\/p>\n

Hawai\u2019de, Mauna Kea ve Mauna Loa Yanarda\u011flar\u0131na t\u0131rmand\u0131. Sonra Colorado\u2019ya hareket etti. Hawai, Atlantik yolculu\u011fu ve Avustralya yolculuklar\u0131n\u0131 anlatan kitaplar da yay\u0131mlayacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u201c\u00c2\u015f\u0131k olunacak ama evlenilmeyecek erkek\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

1873\u2019te Rocky Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019na \u00e7\u0131karken, ata tek tarafl\u0131 olarak de\u011fil, erkekler gibi iki baca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7arak binmesini sa\u011flayan bir k\u0131yafet giydi. Hawai\u2019de volkanlara t\u0131rman\u0131rken ata tek tarafl\u0131 biniyor olu\u015fu ona \u00e7ok ac\u0131 vermi\u015fti. Times<\/em> dergisinde yay\u0131mlanan bir yaz\u0131da erkek k\u0131yafeti giydi\u011fi iddia edilince, dergiyi dava etmekle tehdit etti.(2)<\/sup><\/p>\n

\u201cRocky Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Jim\u2019i\u201d diye an\u0131lan Jim Nugent\u2019\u0131n Rocky Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019nda rehberli\u011fini yapmas\u0131, \u0130sabella\u2019n\u0131n yolculu\u011funu olduk\u00e7a canland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Jim \u201ctek g\u00f6zl\u00fc haydut\u201d gibi k\u00f6t\u00fc bir \u00fcne sahiptir. \u0130sabella Henrietta\u2019ya yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektupta onu \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131r: Jim, insan\u0131n i\u00e7ine i\u015fleyen, b\u00fcy\u00fcleyen biridir; \u015fiire, mizaha ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir do\u011fa sevgisine sahiptir; harika bir s\u00f6zel belle\u011fi, her ki\u015fi ve konu hakk\u0131nda fikri vard\u0131r; kad\u0131nlar\u0131 hem e\u011flendirir, hem onlara bir \u015f\u00f6valye gibi sayg\u0131yla davran\u0131r; \u00e7ocuklar ona \u00e2\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r, Jim\u2019in omuzlar\u0131na t\u0131rman\u0131r ve bukleleriyle oynarlar.(1) <\/sup><\/p>\n

Nugent \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden Bird\u2019e a\u015fk\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti, ama \u0130sabella, Henrietta\u2019ya yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir mektupta ondan, \u201cHer kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00e2\u015f\u0131k olabilece\u011fi, ama akl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda bir kad\u0131n\u0131n asla evlenmeyece\u011fi bir erkek\u201d olarak s\u00f6z ediyordu.(2) <\/sup>Bird Rocky Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019ndan ayr\u0131larak Edinburgh\u2019a, a\u011fr\u0131lar, uykusuzluk ve gerginli\u011fe geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Nugent bir y\u0131l sonra vurularak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclecekti.<\/p>\n

\u0130sabella Bird\u2019in k\u0131z karde\u015fine bu d\u00f6nemde yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektuplar, ilk \u00f6nce Leisure Hour<\/em> (Bo\u015f Saatler) dergisinde yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f, daha sonra \u201cRocky Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019nda Bir Leydinin Ya\u015fam\u0131<\/em>\u201d (A Lady\u2019s Life in the Rocky Mountains,<\/em>1879) ad\u0131yla bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bird\u2019in en \u00fcnl\u00fc eseri olacak kitapta, mektuplarda yer alan Nugent ile ilgili kimi b\u00f6l\u00fcmler sans\u00fcrlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u0130sabella, karalar giyerek evleniyor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tahmin edilece\u011fi gibi, \u0130sabella Edinburgh\u2019da \u00e7ok uzun s\u00fcre kalamad\u0131, bu kez Asya\u2019ya, Japonya, \u00c7in, Vietnam, Singapur ve Malezya\u2019ya yolculu\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, \u201cJaponya\u2019da Ayak Bas\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f Par\u00e7alar\u201d (Unbeaten Tracks \u0130n Japan<\/em>, 1880) kitab\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu s\u0131ralarda, bir s\u00fcredir tifonun ate\u015fiyle ba\u015f etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Henrietta\u2019y\u0131 kaybetti.<\/p>\n

\u0130sabella \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcne \u015fu eki yapt\u0131: \u201cBu harfler bask\u0131ya ge\u00e7erken, kitapta anlat\u0131lanlar\u0131 ilk\u00f6nce kendisine yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131m, yetenekli ve dikkatli ele\u015ftirilerine \u00e7ok \u015fey bor\u00e7lu oldu\u011fum, gezilerimin ilham kayna\u011f\u0131, \u00e7ok sevdi\u011fim, sevgi dolu tek k\u0131z karde\u015fim vefat etti.\u201d(1)<\/sup> Bu s\u00f6zler, bir duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yans\u0131tsa da, \u0130sabella\u2019n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekte ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0131st\u0131rab\u0131n aynas\u0131 de\u011fildi, bir arkada\u015f\u0131na \u015f\u00f6yle yazacakt\u0131: \u201cYa\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m \u0131st\u0131rap korkun\u00e7. O benim d\u00fcnyamd\u0131. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerimden nadiren \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.\u201d(1)<\/sup><\/p>\n

Uzun s\u00fcredir \u0130sabella\u2019n\u0131n ve Henrietta\u2019n\u0131n hekimli\u011fini yapan Dr. John Bishop, \u00f6teden beri \u0130sabella ile evlenmek istiyordu. \u0130sabella, sonunda onun teklifini kabul etti, ama d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde matem giysileri giymekte \u0131srarl\u0131yd\u0131. Bir arkada\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn izlenimini \u015f\u00f6yle yazacakt\u0131: \u201cMatem giysileri, d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc protesto etti\u011fini g\u00f6steriyordu. Onun ger\u00e7ek varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, karde\u015fiyle birlikte g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.\u201d (1)<\/sup><\/p>\n

Sonraki be\u015f y\u0131l boyunca \u0130sabella, sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeniden k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fse de, \u00f6zenli bir e\u015f gibi davranmaya \u00e7abalad\u0131. E\u015fi Dr. Bishop, onun m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca iyi olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015f\u0131yordu. Fakat anla\u015f\u0131lan kendisine pek iyi bakamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131, John Bishop 1886\u2019da \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Gezilerini \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin emperyalist \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131yla birle\u015ftiriyor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Art\u0131k Bishop soyad\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f olan \u0130sabella, e\u015fini kaybettikten sonraki yolculuklar\u0131na, bir misyoner olarak devam etti. 60\u2019l\u0131 ya\u015flar\u0131nda olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Hindistan\u2019a do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Burada Fanny Jane Butler ile birlikte, e\u015fine adad\u0131\u011f\u0131 John Bishop Memorial Hastanesi\u2019ni kurdu. Tibet s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndaki Ladakh\u2019a ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n

1890\u2019da bir y\u0131l boyunca, \u0130ran ve K\u00fcrdistan\u2019da (bu tan\u0131mla, co\u011frafi bir b\u00f6lge kast edilmektedir) dola\u015ft\u0131. 10 Ocak – 26 \u015eubat 1890 aras\u0131nda, Ba\u011fdat ve Tahran aras\u0131nda yolculuk yapan \u0130ngiliz askerlerine kat\u0131ld\u0131. B\u00f6lgede ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapan Binba\u015f\u0131 Sawyer ile birlikte kald\u0131. 1 – 30 Nisan aras\u0131nda \u0130sfahan\u2019dayd\u0131. 1 May\u0131s – 9 A\u011fustos 1890 aras\u0131nda gene Binba\u015f\u0131 Sawyer ile birlikte, \u0130sfahan\u2019dan Bahtiyari a\u015feritinin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgeye ge\u00e7ti. 9 – 26 A\u011fustos 1890 aras\u0131nda Hemedan\u2019dayd\u0131, Hemedan- Urmiye aras\u0131nda 15 Eyl\u00fcl-5 Ekim aras\u0131nda gezdi; Ekim- Aral\u0131k 1890 aras\u0131nda ise Van-Trabzon-\u0130stanbul hatt\u0131nda dola\u015ft\u0131.(5) <\/sup>Bu yolculuklar s\u0131ras\u0131nda, \u0130sabella\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131nda bir revolver vard\u0131. Kurumsal sponsorlu\u011fun olas\u0131 ilk \u00f6rneklerinden olarak Londral\u0131 Henry Welcome \u015eirketi taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bird Bishop bir y\u0131l s\u00fcren gezisinin notlar\u0131n\u0131, 1891\u2019de yay\u0131mlanan, \u201cFars \u00dclkesi ve K\u00fcrdistan\u2019a Seyahat<\/em>\u201d (Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan<\/em>) adl\u0131 iki ciltten olu\u015fan bir kitapta toplad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bird Bishop\u2019un eserini tarihsel ba\u011flam\u0131 i\u00e7inde analiz eden Wan Roselezam, Wan Yahya, Farah Ghaderi ve Kamaruzaman Jusoff, ortak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda, bu eserin temellerindeki emperyalist zihniyeti ortaya seriyorlar.(3) <\/sup>\u00d6zellikle Bird-Bishop\u2019un Fars kad\u0131n\u0131 sunumunda, \u00e7oke\u015fli ya\u015fam\u0131n egzotik bir temsili yoluyla, bask\u0131n Oryantalist s\u00f6ylencelere uygun bir resim \u00e7izdi\u011fini belirtiyorlar. Bird-Bishop\u2019un zalimane muamaleler alt\u0131ndaki \u0130ranl\u0131 kad\u0131nlar\u0131n, vesayet yoluyla, \u015f\u00f6valyelikle kutar\u0131lmaya ihtiya\u00e7 duyduklar\u0131n\u0131 vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; bu yolla \u0130ran\u2019da \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin istenmeyen, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hakl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyorlar.(3)<\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0130ngiliz devlet adam\u0131 ve yazar George Nathaniel Curzon, Persia and the Persian Question<\/em> adl\u0131 iki ciltlik eserinde, \u0130ran\u2019a 900-1891 aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan seyahetlerin envanterini \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r.(3) <\/sup>Bu envantere \u00fcst\u00fcnk\u00f6r\u00fc bir g\u00f6z at\u0131\u015fta bile, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130ran\u2019a yap\u0131lan seyahatlerde belirgin bir art\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00e7o\u011fu \u0130ngiliz seyyah omak \u00fczere 192 Avrupal\u0131 \u0130ran topraklar\u0131na gelmi\u015ftir.(3) <\/sup>Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck art\u0131\u015f, \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Ortado\u011fu\u2019ya y\u00f6nelik emperyalist ilgisiyle a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir: Bakanlar, el\u00e7iler, misyonerler, seyyahlar bu topraklar\u0131 dola\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve seyahat deneyimlerini kitap olarak bast\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bird Bishop da, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u0130ran\u2019a yolculuk yapan az say\u0131daki kad\u0131ndan biridir.(4)<\/sup><\/p>\n

Ben de ilgili kitaptan Kas\u0131m 1890\u2019da ziyaret etti\u011fi Bitlis\u2019le ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc okudum. Bird bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde Bitlis\u2019e gidi\u015fini \u201cBen bu ihti\u015faml\u0131 ve bir resim gibi g\u00fczel \u015fehir Bitlis\u2019e, y\u0131l\u0131n bu ge\u00e7 mevsiminde \u015fehri g\u00f6rmekten ziyade, \u00f6zellikle iki Amerikal\u0131 misyoner bayan\u0131 ziyaret i\u00e7in geldim\u201d(6)<\/sup> diye a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131ktan sonra, \u015fehrin n\u00fcfusunu olu\u015fturan etnik topluluklardan K\u00fcrtler, H\u0131ristiyan Ermeniler ve T\u00fcrklerin ka\u00e7 ki\u015fi olduklar\u0131n\u0131, birbirleriyle ili\u015fkilerini, aralar\u0131ndaki toplumsal gerilimleri anlat\u0131yor; halk i\u00e7indeki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma potansiyellerini vurguluyor ve \u015fehirde askeriyenin ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fin durumunu ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak belirtiyor.(6) <\/sup>B\u00f6l\u00fcm b\u00fct\u00fcn halinde de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, gezi izlenimlerinin payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 kadar, belki de ondan daha fazla, b\u00f6lgenin sosyal ve siyasi yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n analiz edildi\u011fi izlenimini edinmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/p>\n

\u0130sabella Bird-Bishop, \u201cFars \u00dclkesi ve K\u00fcrdistan\u2019a Seyahat<\/em>\u201d kitab\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131mland\u0131ktan bir y\u0131l kadar sonra, 1892\u2019de, kendinden \u00f6nceki b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcyeleri erkek olan \u0130ngiltere Kraliyet Co\u011frafya Toplulu\u011fu\u2019na se\u00e7iliyor. Bu toplulu\u011fun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u0130ngiliz emperyal g\u00fcndemini desteklemeye adad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinir. Bird Bishop\u2019un toplulu\u011fa kab\u00fcl\u00fcne de, bu bilginin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bakmak gerekiyor. \u0130sabella, 12 Ocak 1897\u2019de de Kraliyet Foto\u011fraf Toplulu\u011fu\u2019na \u00fcye se\u00e7ilecektir.<\/p>\n

\u0130sabella, son b\u00fcy\u00fck yolculu\u011funa 1897\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. S\u0131ras\u0131yla, Yangtze ve Han Nehri\u2019ne, \u00c7in ve Kore\u2019ye gitti. 1897\u2019de 60\u2019lar\u0131n\u0131n ortas\u0131ndayken uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r dostu olan Miss Cullen\u2019e \u015f\u00f6yle yazacakt\u0131: \u201cHava harika, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 so\u011fuk bana gayet uygun… \u00d6zg\u00fcr\u00fcm ve bunu ne kadar sevdi\u011fimi iyi bilirsin! B\u00f6yle bir ilgi i\u00e7in bir potansiyele sahip oldu\u011fuma minnettar\u0131m. O olmadan yaln\u0131z ya\u015fam\u0131m nas\u0131l olurdu?\u201d (1) <\/sup>Bird, oradan Morocco\u2019ya ge\u00e7ti. Berberiler aras\u0131nda yolculuk yaparken, kendisine Sultan taraf\u0131ndan hediye edilen siyah bir ayg\u0131ra binmek i\u00e7in merdiven kullan\u0131yordu. 1904\u2019de Edinburgh\u2019a d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden birka\u00e7 ay sonra \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, 73 ya\u015f\u0131na basmak \u00fczereydi ve \u00c7in\u2019e yeni bir yolculu\u011fun planlar\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131yordu. \u0130sabella Bird-Bishop arkas\u0131nda gezilerini anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 18 kitap b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\n
\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n
    \n
  1. \n
      \n
    1. Cara Parks, \u201cThe Peripatetic Life of Isabella Bird\u201d, The Appendix<\/em>, Cilt 2., Say\u0131:4, Ekim 2014 (http:\/\/theappendix.net\/issues\/2014\/10)<\/li>\n
    2. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isabella_Bird<\/li>\n
    3. Wan Roselezam Wan Yahya, Farah Ghaderi ve Kamaruzaman Jusoff, \u201cThe Exotic Portrayal of Women in Isabella Bird Bishop\u2019s Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan\u201d, Iranian Studies<\/em>, Cilt: 45, S:6, Kas\u0131m 2012,ss.779-793.<\/li>\n
    4. Jennifer Scarce, \u201cIsabella Bird Bishop (1831- 1904) and Her Travels in Persia and Kurdistan in 1890\u201d,Iranian Studies, <\/em>Cilt: 44, S:2, 2011, s.246-247.<\/li>\n
    5. http:\/\/turkyurdu.com.tr\/795\/batili-seyyahlarin-gozuyle-dogu.html<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Kad\u0131n Gezginler – 1:<\/strong> Atlasa d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f di\u015fi ayak izleri<\/a>
      \nKad\u0131n Gezginler – 2: <\/strong>      Jean Baret: D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7evresini dola\u015fan ilk kad\u0131n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      \u0130sabella Bird Bishop, \u00fczerinde \u201ctemellerinde emperyalist bir zihniyet bulundu\u011fu\u201d analizi yap\u0131lan \u201cFars \u00dclkesi ve K\u00fcrdistan\u2019a Seyahat\u201d adl\u0131 iki ciltlik eserini yay\u0131mland\u0131ktan bir y\u0131l sonra, 1892\u2019de, kendinden \u00f6nceki b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcyeleri erkek olan \u0130ngiltere Kraliyet Co\u011frafya Toplulu\u011fu\u2019na (Royal Geographical Society) se\u00e7ildi. Bu toplulu\u011fun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u0130ngiliz emperyal g\u00fcndemini desteklemeye adad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinir. \u0130sabella Bird Bishop\u2019un toplulu\u011fa kab\u00fcl\u00fcne, bu bilginin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":470,"featured_media":17310,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[176,2315,222],"tags":[2022,557,2021,238],"class_list":["post-17307","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-139-sayi","category-kadin-gezginler","category-tarih","tag-dunya-turu","tag-kadin","tag-kadin-gezginler","tag-tarih"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17307","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/470"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17307"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17307\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17310"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17307"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17307"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17307"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}