{"id":17312,"date":"2018-03-26T12:00:24","date_gmt":"2018-03-26T09:00:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=17312"},"modified":"2018-03-30T10:17:48","modified_gmt":"2018-03-30T07:17:48","slug":"afrikada-uc-kadin-alexine-tinne-annesi-henriette-ve-teyzesi-adriana","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/03\/26\/afrikada-uc-kadin-alexine-tinne-annesi-henriette-ve-teyzesi-adriana","title":{"rendered":"1800&#8217;ler Afrika\u2019s\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 kad\u0131n: Alexandrine Tinn\u00e9, annesi Henriette ve teyzesi Adriana"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Bat\u0131l\u0131 kitaplar Nil Nehri ve \u00e7evresinin ke\u015ffi hakk\u0131nda sayfalarca hik\u00e2ye, anekdot ve isim verir. Sayfalar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu erkeklere ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve dikkat etmezseniz, Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Afrika\u2019y\u0131 ke\u015ffinin sadece erkekler taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilirsiniz. Oysa Alexandrine Tinn\u00e9 Nil Nehri, kayna\u011f\u0131 ve \u00e7evresinin ke\u015ffi s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, en \u00e7ok an\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken ki\u015filerdendir. Sahara \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019ne meydan okuyan ilk kad\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_22281\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-22281\" style=\"width: 226px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22281 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/1-Alexandrine-Tinne-226x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"226\" height=\"300\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-22281\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alexandrine Tinne, Afrika&#8217;da yerel giysilerle. 1857\u2019de 22 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Alexine ve annesi, yanlar\u0131na bir Arap ekip, birka\u00e7 asker, bir e\u015fek, bir at ve be\u015f k\u00f6pek alarak, yeni edindikleri vapurlar\u0131yla Nil b\u00f6lgesine do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131karlar.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Alexandrine Tinn\u00e9 17 Ekim 1835\u2019te Barones Henriette van Capellen ve zengin t\u00fcccar Philip F. Tinn\u00e9\u2019nin \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 olarak Hollanda\u2019da d\u00fcnyaya geldi. Alexine, babas\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fi gere\u011fi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015fta Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n bir\u00e7ok yerini g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Alexine tek ba\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa gezileri sayesinde, \u0130ngilizce ve Frans\u0131zca konu\u015fmay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frendi. Gezilerinde \u00e7ok faydas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rece\u011fi bu donan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131na foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 da ekledi. Babas\u0131 vefat etti\u011finde Alexine ve annesi, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir miras\u0131na sahip oldular ve kendilerini seyahatlere vurdular.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130lk olarak M\u0131s\u0131r turuna \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. Bu gezi hen\u00fcz 19 ya\u015f\u0131nda olan Alexine\u2019in hayat\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir yer tutacakt\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7inde t\u00fcm b\u00f6lgeyi gezme arzusuyla Hollanda\u2019ya d\u00f6ner. Alexine ve annesi \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden gizemli topraklara geri d\u00f6nerler. 1857\u2019de 22 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Alexine ve annesi, yanlar\u0131na bir Arap ekip, birka\u00e7 asker, bir e\u015fek, bir at ve be\u015f k\u00f6pek alarak, yeni edindikleri vapurlar\u0131yla Nil b\u00f6lgesine do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131karlar. Wadi Halfa \u015fehrine kadar gelmelerine ra\u011fmen, buradaki b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015felale taraf\u0131ndan yollar\u0131 kesilir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kafilede yaprak d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1861\u2019de bu iki kad\u0131n, yanlar\u0131na Alexine\u2019in teyzesi Adriana\u2019y\u0131 da alarak Sudan b\u00f6lgesini ara\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in tekrar yollara d\u00fc\u015ferler. Nil\u2019in hiddetli ve tehlikeli sular\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 daha \u00f6nce hi\u00e7bir Avrupal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ge\u00e7emedi\u011fi Gondokoro\u2019yu ge\u00e7er, Dinka kabilesinin oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgeye kadar gelirler. Viktorya D\u00f6nemi kad\u0131n\u0131ndan beklenenin \u00e7ok d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u015feyler yapmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n<p>1862 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 b\u00f6lgeyi daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 dola\u015farak ge\u00e7irirler. \u015eimdiki Sudan\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Hartum\u2019da onlara Baron Theodor von Heuglin ve Dr. H. Steudner da kat\u0131l\u0131r. Geni\u015fleyen ekiple birlikte, Bahr el Ghazal b\u00f6lgesine do\u011fru ilerlerler. Ekipteki herkes i\u00e7in zorlu bir yolculuk olur. Maruz kald\u0131klar\u0131 sivrisinek \u0131s\u0131r\u0131klar\u0131ndan y\u00fczleri tan\u0131nmaz haldedir. \u015eiddetli ya\u011fmur ve f\u0131rt\u0131nalardan \u00e7ad\u0131rlar\u0131 s\u00fcrekli devrilir ve s\u00fcrekli \u0131slan\u0131rlar. B\u00f6lgeden ge\u00e7i\u015flerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u0131slakt\u0131rlar ve neredeyse hepsi so\u011fuk alg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na yakalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Alexine\u2019in hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fiddetli ge\u00e7irmesinden dolay\u0131, Shilluk kabilesi ile birlikte bir ay kal\u0131rlar. Alexine\u2019in iyile\u015fme d\u00f6neminde ayn\u0131 hastal\u0131\u011fa yakalanan iki hizmet\u00e7ileri hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybeder. Hemen ard\u0131ndan Nisan ay\u0131nda, ayn\u0131 nedenle Dr. Steudner\u2019\u0131 kaybeden ekip, Haziran ay\u0131nda da Alexine\u2019in annesinin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcye u\u011frar. Geri d\u00f6nme karar\u0131 verip, ayn\u0131 zorlu yollardan ge\u00e7erek 1864\u2019de Hartum\u2019a ula\u015f\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n<p>Alexine\u2019in annesinin bu zorlu yolculu\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kacaklar\u0131 uyarmak i\u00e7in ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 notlardaki, b\u00f6lgenin iklimi, bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc ve ya\u015fam \u015fartlar\u0131yla ilgili ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgiler, daha sonraki Avrupal\u0131 k\u00e2\u015fiflere yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. B\u00f6lgenin bitkilerinin ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7izimleri kitap olarak yay\u0131mlan\u0131r. Toplanan \u00f6rnekler sonucunda 24 yeni t\u00fcr literat\u00fcre kazand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Hartum\u2019a geldiklerinde Alexine\u2019in kafas\u0131nda tek bir \u015fey dolanmaktad\u0131r: Annesi, onun ke\u015fif ekibini daha ileri gitmeye zorlamas\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Haberi alan akrabalar\u0131 da ayn\u0131 \u015feyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir. B\u00f6yle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeyen tek akrabas\u0131 olan Adriana Teyzesini de Hartum\u2019da kaybeden Alexine, eve d\u00f6nmemeye yemin eder ve \u00a0Kahire\u2019ye ge\u00e7er.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0130mk\u00e2ns\u0131za ve \u00f6l\u00fcme meydan okuma<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Kahire\u2019de kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6rt y\u0131l boyunca, Cezayir, Tunus ve Akdeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 gezer. 1869\u2019da 34 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Alexine, bug\u00fcn Libya\u2019da bulunan Tripoli\u2019den yola \u00e7\u0131karak \u00c7ad G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019ne, oradan da Dafur \u00fczerinden \u00fcst Nil\u2019e ula\u015fmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sahara \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc seferine ba\u015flar. Alexine\u2019in asl\u0131nda, Viktorya d\u00f6nemi k\u00e2\u015fiflerinin g\u00f6zde aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 olan Kongo Nehri\u2019nin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bulmak i\u00e7in yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylentileri vard\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok kayna\u011fa g\u00f6re bu yolculuk, kutup seferleri ile e\u015fde\u011ferdedir, neredeyse imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131r ve zaman\u0131n kad\u0131nlar\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tabudur.<\/p>\n<p>Alexine, Murzuk\u2019ta mola verdi\u011fi s\u0131rada Alman k\u00e2\u015fif Gustav Nachtigal ile tan\u0131\u015f\u0131r. \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc onunla beraber ge\u00e7meyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. Ancak Gustav Nachtigal ilk olarak Tibesti Da\u011f\u0131\u2019na gitmek istiyordur. Yolculu\u011fun heyecan\u0131n\u0131 bast\u0131ramayan Alexine, Nachtingal\u2019den ayr\u0131l\u0131p g\u00fcneye do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131kmaya karar verir. Daha \u00f6nce sadece iki Avrupal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n dola\u015fabildi\u011fi Tuareg b\u00f6lgesinden g\u00fcvenli ge\u00e7i\u015f vaat eden yerli bir rehberle tan\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve bu rehberle Ghat \u015eehrine do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131kar. Ghat \u015eehrine varamadan 1 A\u011fustos 1869 g\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_22282\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-22282\" style=\"width: 225px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-22282\" src=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/AlexTin-yedek-1-225x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-22282\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alexandrine, gene yerel giysilerle. Alexandrine&#8217;nin asl\u0131nda, Viktorya d\u00f6nemi k\u00e2\u015fiflerinin g\u00f6zde aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 olan Kongo Nehri\u2019nin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bulmak i\u00e7in yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylentileri vard\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok kayna\u011fa g\u00f6re bu yolculuk, kutup seferleri ile e\u015fde\u011ferdedir, neredeyse imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131r ve zaman\u0131n kad\u0131nlar\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tabudur.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle ilgili birka\u00e7 rivayet vard\u0131r. Bunlardan birine g\u00f6re, \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fcn zorlu \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurup yan\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131, develer taraf\u0131ndan ta\u015f\u0131nan su tanklar\u0131n\u0131 alt\u0131n sikkelerle doldurdu\u011fu s\u00f6ylentisi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bir di\u011fer s\u00f6ylenti de, Alexine\u2019in \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinin, d\u00f6nemin Tuareg liderinin yerini almak isteyen bir Tuareg yerlisinin, \u015fu anki liderin oraya gelen gezginleri de, halk\u0131 da korumaktan aciz oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir suikast oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. Alexine\u2019in elleri bileklerinden kesildikten sonra \u00e7\u00f6lde \u00f6l\u00fcme b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, bu ikinci s\u00f6ylentiyi destekler niteliktedir.<\/p>\n<p>Trajediler Alexine\u2019in pe\u015fini \u00f6ld\u00fckten sonra da b\u0131rakmaz. \u0130ngiltere\u2019de saklanmakta olan, gezileri s\u0131ras\u0131nda toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 etnografik \u00f6rnekler, yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektuplar, ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 notlar ve \u00e7ekti\u011fi foto\u011fraflar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011fu 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda yok olur. Hollanda Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Lahey\u2019de an\u0131s\u0131na yap\u0131lan kilise, Alman bombard\u0131man\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Alexandrine Tinn\u00e9 ismi bu kadar bilgi kayb\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Nil k\u00e2\u015fifleri aras\u0131nda an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Kay\u0131plardan geriye kalan her \u015fey, annesinin g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle birlikte Kraliyet Ar\u015fivi\u2019nde saklan\u0131yor. Sudan\u2019daki Juba\u2019da Nil k\u00e2\u015fifleri an\u0131s\u0131na yap\u0131lan an\u0131tta ad\u0131 ge\u00e7iyor ve Fas\u2019\u0131n Tanca \u015fehrindeki bir kilisenin vitraylar\u0131nda resmi bulunuyor.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1) Leo Hamalian, \u201cAlexine and the Nile\u201d, <em>S<\/em><em>audi Aramco World<\/em>, Ocak-\u015eubat 1983, ss.22-29.<\/p>\n<p>2) John A Tinn\u00e9, <em>Geographical Notes of an Expedition in Central Africa by three Dutch Ladies<\/em>, 1864.<\/p>\n<p>3) Penelope Gladstone<em>, Travels of Alexine<\/em>, John Murray Publishers, Haziran 1970, 247 s.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bat\u0131l\u0131 kitaplar Nil Nehri ve \u00e7evresinin ke\u015ffi hakk\u0131nda sayfalarca hik\u00e2ye, anekdot ve isim verir. Sayfalar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu erkeklere ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve dikkat etmezseniz, Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Afrika\u2019y\u0131 ke\u015ffinin sadece erkekler taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilirsiniz. Oysa Alexandrine Tinn\u00e9 Nil Nehri, kayna\u011f\u0131 ve \u00e7evresinin ke\u015ffi s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, en \u00e7ok an\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken ki\u015filerdendir. Sahara \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019ne meydan okuyan ilk kad\u0131nd\u0131r. Alexandrine Tinn\u00e9 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":741,"featured_media":17313,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[176,2315,222],"tags":[2022,557,2021],"class_list":["post-17312","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-139-sayi","category-kadin-gezginler","category-tarih","tag-dunya-turu","tag-kadin","tag-kadin-gezginler"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17312","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/741"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17312"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17312\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17313"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17312"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17312"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17312"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}