{"id":17315,"date":"2018-03-05T13:28:12","date_gmt":"2018-03-05T10:28:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=17315"},"modified":"2018-03-08T17:31:56","modified_gmt":"2018-03-08T14:31:56","slug":"72-gunde-devri-alemle-jules-vernein-kahramaninin-rekorunu-kirdi-nellie-bly","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/03\/05\/72-gunde-devri-alemle-jules-vernein-kahramaninin-rekorunu-kirdi-nellie-bly","title":{"rendered":"\u201c72 g\u00fcnde devri \u00e2lem\u201dle Jules Verne\u2019in kahraman\u0131n\u0131n rekorunu k\u0131rd\u0131: Nellie Bly"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bly, 1889\u2019da, Jules Verne\u2019nin \u00fcnl\u00fc eseri \u201cSeksen G\u00fcnde Devri \u00c2lem\u201din ba\u015fkahraman\u0131 Phileas Fogg\u2019un rekorunu k\u0131rmak i\u00e7in d\u00fcnya \u00e7evresini dola\u015fmak \u00fczere yola koyulur. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7evresini gemi, tren ve e\u015fek gibi vas\u0131talarla 72 g\u00fcn, 6 saat ve 11 dakikada dola\u015fmay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131r. Yolculu\u011fun Fransa molas\u0131nda Jules Verne ile tan\u0131\u015fma f\u0131rsat\u0131 yakalar. Jules Verne me\u015fhur roman kahraman\u0131m\u0131z Phileas Fogg\u2019un rekorunu k\u0131rmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Nellie Bly\u2019\u0131 y\u00fcreklendirmi\u015ftir. <\/em><\/p>\n

Nellie Bly m\u00fcstearl\u0131 Elizabeth Jane Cochran, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 gazetecili\u011fin \u00f6nc\u00fclerindendir. 1864\u2019te Pennsylvania\u2019da do\u011fan Bly, toprak a\u011fas\u0131 (sahibi) bir i\u015fadam\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 zamanda yarg\u0131\u00e7 olan babas\u0131n\u0131n 15 \u00e7ocu\u011funun 13.\u2019yd\u00fc. Bly\u2019\u0131n annesi Mary Jane, babas\u0131n\u0131n ikinci e\u015fiydi. Baba Michale Cochran ikinci ailesini vasiyetinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rakarak \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, Elizabeth Jane alt\u0131 ya\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r ve aile yoksuldur. Mary Jane\u2019in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ikinci evlilik de k\u00f6t\u00fc sonu\u00e7lan\u0131rken, 15 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Elizabeth Jane \u00f6\u011fretmen olup ailesine destek olmak amac\u0131yla Indiana Normal School\u2019a gider, fakat bir y\u0131l\u0131n sonunda maddi imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k nedeniyle okuldan ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Annesiyle bir misafirhane i\u015fletmek \u00fczere Pitssburgh\u2019a ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u00d6zellikle yoksul i\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar\u0131n haberleriyle kariyerini ilerleten, cesur ve kendine g\u00fcvenli gazeteci Nellie Bly\u2019\u0131n as\u0131l ad\u0131 Elizabeth Jane Cochran\u2019d\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Yoksul i\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar\u0131n haberleriyle gazetecili\u011fe ad\u0131m atar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1885 y\u0131l\u0131nda Elizabeth Jane Cochran, Pittsburgh<\/em> Dispatch<\/em> gazetesinden bir k\u00f6\u015feyazar\u0131n\u0131n toplumsal olarak kad\u0131n\u0131n yerini ev hayat\u0131yla tan\u0131mlayan ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kad\u0131n\u0131 yeren iddialar i\u00e7eren yaz\u0131s\u0131na \u00f6fkeli bir cevap yazarak gazeteye g\u00f6nderir. Bu cevap \u201cYaln\u0131z Yetim K\u0131z\u201d imzas\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu yan\u0131t mektubundan etkilenen gazetenin yay\u0131n y\u00f6netmeni Cochran\u2019a Amerikal\u0131 kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 yazmas\u0131 i\u00e7in davette bulunur. Yoksul i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fular\u0131 ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretlendirilmeleri ile ilgili yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 haber Cochran\u2019\u0131n yolunu a\u00e7ar ve ikinci bir g\u00f6rev daha al\u0131r. Bu ikinci haber ki\u015fisel olarak da yabanc\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir konuda (annesinin ikinci e\u015finden g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc k\u00f6t\u00fc muamele d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrse); bo\u015fanma kanunu reformu hakk\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u201c\u00c7\u0131lg\u0131n Evlilikler (Mad Marriages)\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bu haberiyle haftal\u0131k be\u015f dolara Pittsburgh Dispatch<\/em>\u2019da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flar. Elizabeth Cochran\u2019\u0131n \u201cNellie Bly\u201d m\u00fcstear\u0131n\u0131 kullanmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131 bu d\u00f6neme rastlamaktad\u0131r. Bly, Pittsburgh\u2019ta \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan fabrika i\u015f\u00e7isi k\u0131zlarla ilgili bir dizi haber yapar. Bly okuru etkilemektedir, fakat i\u015f \u00e7evreleri gazete y\u00f6netimini verdikleri reklamlar\u0131 \u00e7ekmekle tehdit eder. Bunun \u00fczerine bah\u00e7e d\u00fczenlemesi haberi i\u00e7in g\u00f6revlendirilen Nellie Bly, New York\u2019ta \u015fans\u0131n\u0131 denemek \u00fczere gazetedeki g\u00f6revinden istifa eder.<\/p>\n

\u201cBir T\u0131marhanede On G\u00fcn\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

Alt\u0131 ayl\u0131k i\u015f arama s\u00fcrecinin sonunda Joseph Pulitzer\u2019in sahibi oldu\u011fu New York World<\/em> gazetesinden teklif al\u0131r. Burada ilk haberi 1887 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlan\u0131r. Bly, New York\u2019taki b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ruh sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 merkezinin ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 haberle\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla sinir hastas\u0131 rol\u00fc yaparak i\u00e7eri s\u0131zar. Bu role ayna kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda uzun saatler ge\u00e7irerek \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bu sayede on g\u00fcn boyunca fiziksel i\u015fkence, so\u011fuk du\u015f, bayat yemek servisi gibi k\u00f6t\u00fc ko\u015fullara tan\u0131kl\u0131k etme imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulur. Bly\u2019\u0131n \u201cBir T\u0131marhanede On G\u00fcn\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bu haber dizisi toplumsal ve siyasal olarak ses getirirken sa\u011fl\u0131k merkezinin yeniden d\u00fczenlenmesinin yolu da a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olur. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l bu haber dizisi kitapla\u015f\u0131r. Daha sonralar\u0131 verdi\u011fi bir r\u00f6portajda lider olman\u0131n nitelikleri soruldu\u011funda \u015fu cevab\u0131 verir: \u201cKesin bir c\u00fcret ve \u0131srar gerekir. S\u0131\u011f\u0131nma evindeyken yoksul, \u015fanss\u0131z, akl\u0131n\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131rm\u0131\u015f k\u0131z rol\u00fcn\u00fc oynamay\u0131 \u00fcstlendim ve bu benim sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmem gereken g\u00f6revimdi. Do\u011fru uygulanan ve y\u00f6nlendirilen enerjinin ba\u015faramayaca\u011f\u0131 \u015fey yoktur.\u201d<\/p>\n

Bly ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 gazetecilik alan\u0131nda, bu yeni ve anlaml\u0131 y\u00f6ntemle (stunt reporting) an\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Kariyeri boyunca pek \u00e7ok konuda \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, adaletsizli\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131karan Bly, bunu yaparken yoksuldan ve mazlumdan yana tav\u0131r al\u0131r. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131la girerken Nellie Bly, hastal\u0131klarla ku\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f gecekondu evleri, tekelle\u015fme, k\u00f6t\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 vb. toplumsal sorunlara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele veren Jacob Riis, Ida Tarbell, Upton Sinclair gibi ayd\u0131nlarla birlikte an\u0131lmaya ba\u015flar. Theodore Roosvelt \u201cmuckrakers\u201d -amiyane tabirle halt kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131ranlar- ifadesini bu isimler i\u00e7in kullan\u0131r ilk kez.<\/p>\n

\u201c72 G\u00fcnde Devri \u00c2lem\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bly, 1889 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Jules Verne\u2019nin \u00fcnl\u00fc eseri \u201cSeksen G\u00fcnde Devri \u00c2lem\u201din ba\u015fkahraman\u0131 Phileas Fogg\u2019un rekorunu k\u0131rmak \u00fczere d\u00fcnya \u00e7evresini dola\u015fmak \u00fczere yola koyulur. Bly, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7evresini gemi, tren ve e\u015fek gibi vas\u0131talarla 72 g\u00fcn, 6 saat ve 11 dakikada dola\u015fmay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131r. Yolculu\u011fun Fransa molas\u0131nda Jules Verne ile tan\u0131\u015fma f\u0131rsat\u0131 yakalar Nellie Bly\u2026 Hatta Jules Verne me\u015fhur roman kahraman\u0131m\u0131z Phileas Fogg\u2019un rekorunu k\u0131rmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Bly\u2019\u0131 y\u00fcreklendirir. Nellie Bly, bu macera ile d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda tan\u0131n\u0131r hale gelir. Bu maceras\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u015fu s\u00f6zleri de dikkat \u00e7ekicidir: \u201cBir sonraki (Bir T\u0131marhanede On G\u00fcn\u2019den sonras\u0131 i\u00e7in) g\u00f6revim seyahat etmekti. Gazete Jules Verne tarz\u0131nda 80 g\u00fcnde d\u00fcnyay\u0131 dola\u015fmam i\u00e7in beni g\u00f6nderdi. Ben bunu rekor bir zamanlamayla yapt\u0131m, 72 g\u00fcn. Hi\u00e7 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmad\u0131m, ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ne anlama geldi\u011fini hayal edemiyorum.\u201d Nellie Bly biri roman ve bir di\u011feri \u201c72 G\u00fcnde Devri \u00c2lem<\/em>\u201d olmak \u00fczere d\u00f6rt kitap yay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bly kendisinden 40 b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayici Robert Seaman ile evlendi\u011finde mesle\u011finden bir s\u00fcre uzakla\u015f\u0131r. On y\u0131l sonra Seaman \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, Bly e\u015finin i\u015fini devam ettirerek \u015firketi b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcrken i\u015f\u00e7i haklar\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6zetir. \u00dcretim alan\u0131nda kurulan spor tesisi ve k\u00fct\u00fcphane, sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetleri, dolgun \u00fccretler Bly\u2019a \u00f6zg\u00fc uygulamalar olarak zikredilebilir.<\/p>\n

1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 boyunca s\u00f6yle\u015filerine New York Evening<\/em> gazetesi ad\u0131na devam eder. Meslek a\u015fk\u0131ndan, maceraperestli\u011finden vazge\u00e7meden kendini d\u00fcnyaya kan\u0131tlayan Bly, 1922 y\u0131l\u0131nda 58 ya\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6lene dek New York Evening<\/em> i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Richard Jr. Ernsberger, \u201cNellie Bly: Fearless Reporter\u201d, In American History<\/em>, Haziran 2015, Cilt: 50; Say\u0131: 2, s.77.<\/li>\n
  2. \u201cBly cut new paths for women\u201d, In Executive Leadership<\/em>, Ekim 2014, Cilt:29, Say\u0131:10, ss.3-7.<\/li>\n
  3. http:\/\/www.nellieblyonline.com\/bio<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \"\"Niagara \u015eelalesi\u2019nin korkusuz kad\u0131n\u0131: Annie Edson Taylor<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Annie Edson Taylor, 24 Ekim 1838\u2019de New York\u2019ta do\u011fdu. Babas\u0131n\u0131n bir un de\u011firmeni vard\u0131. Bu da Annie 12 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken babas\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fckten sonra bile, ailenin ge\u00e7im s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ekmemesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Annie \u00f6\u011fretmen olmak i\u00e7in e\u011fitim ald\u0131. 17 ya\u015f\u0131na geldi\u011finde, e\u011fitimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 David Taylor ile evlendi. E\u015fi Amerikan \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcnce, Annie i\u015fsiz, paras\u0131z ve dul kalakald\u0131. \u015eehir \u015fehir gezip dans ve m\u00fczik e\u011fitmenli\u011fi yapt\u0131. \u00c7ocuklu\u011funu varl\u0131k i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayan, yeti\u015fkinli\u011finde yoksullu\u011fu g\u00f6ren Annie, \u00fcn yaparak para kazanmaya karar verdi. Bunun i\u00e7in daha \u00f6nce kimsenin ba\u015faramad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u015feyi yapacakt\u0131: Niagara \u015eelalesi\u2019nden bir varil i\u00e7inde atlay\u0131p hayatta kalmak…<\/p>\n

    Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce kendisine bir varil bulmal\u0131yd\u0131. Frank M. Russell hem menajerli\u011fini yapmay\u0131 hem de varili temin etmeyi teklif etti. \u0130\u015fe koyuldular. 22 Ekim 1901\u2019de i\u00e7i yast\u0131klarla d\u00f6\u015fenen me\u015fe a\u011fac\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, demir bir iskelete sahip varili, i\u00e7inde bir sokak kedisiyle birlikte yakla\u015f\u0131k 50 m y\u00fcksekli\u011findeki Niagara \u015eelaleleri\u2019nden a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya b\u0131rakt\u0131lar. Kedi sadece kafas\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir yarayla d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc atlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Zaman\u0131nda kedinin \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc iddia edenler olmu\u015fsa da, Annie\u2019nin varille \u00e7ekilmi\u015f me\u015fhur resmindeki kedi, bu kedidir.<\/p>\n

    Varilin sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 b\u00f6ylece test eden Annie, iki g\u00fcn sonra 63. do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fcnde, kafas\u0131n\u0131 u\u011furlu kalp \u015feklindeki yast\u0131\u011f\u0131na yaslam\u0131\u015f bir \u015fekilde, varilinin i\u00e7inde Niagara Nehri\u2019nin ak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131na kendini b\u0131rakt\u0131. Tam 20 dakika s\u00fcren yolculuk sonucunda, \u015felalenin bitiminde varilinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Sadece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir sars\u0131nt\u0131 ge\u00e7iren Annie, gazetecilere verdi\u011fi deme\u00e7te, \u201cSon nefesimi t\u00fcketiyor olsam bile, insanlara bunu denememesini \u00f6\u011f\u00fctlerdim. Bir daha Niagara\u2019dan bu atlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 yapmak yerine, beni par\u00e7alara ay\u0131raca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmeme ra\u011fmen bir topun a\u011fz\u0131nda durmay\u0131 ye\u011flerim\u201d diyordu.<\/p>\n

    Annie atlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011f tamamlayan ilk insan olmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ancak bekledi\u011fi \u00fcn ve paraya ula\u015famad\u0131. Kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 paran\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu, varili al\u0131p ka\u00e7an menajeri Frank Russell\u2019\u0131 bulmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in dedektiflere verdi. Son y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 Niagara\u2019da para kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 turistlerle foto\u011fraf \u00e7ektirerek ge\u00e7iren Annie, 29 Nisan 1921\u2019de 82 ya\u015f\u0131nda hayata veda etti.<\/p>\n

    Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u201cQueen of the Mist: The Forgotten Heroine of Niagara\u201d, Joan Murray, Beacon Press, 2000, 128 s.<\/p>\n

    \u201cAnnie Edson Taylor\u201d, www.biography.com<\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Bly, 1889\u2019da, Jules Verne\u2019nin \u00fcnl\u00fc eseri \u201cSeksen G\u00fcnde Devri \u00c2lem\u201din ba\u015fkahraman\u0131 Phileas Fogg\u2019un rekorunu k\u0131rmak i\u00e7in d\u00fcnya \u00e7evresini dola\u015fmak \u00fczere yola koyulur. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7evresini gemi, tren ve e\u015fek gibi vas\u0131talarla 72 g\u00fcn, 6 saat ve 11 dakikada dola\u015fmay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131r. Yolculu\u011fun Fransa molas\u0131nda Jules Verne ile tan\u0131\u015fma f\u0131rsat\u0131 yakalar. Jules Verne me\u015fhur roman kahraman\u0131m\u0131z Phileas Fogg\u2019un […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":585,"featured_media":17316,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[176,2315,222],"tags":[2022,557,2021,238],"class_list":["post-17315","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-139-sayi","category-kadin-gezginler","category-tarih","tag-dunya-turu","tag-kadin","tag-kadin-gezginler","tag-tarih"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t