{"id":17323,"date":"2018-03-16T15:30:53","date_gmt":"2018-03-16T12:30:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=17323"},"modified":"2018-03-19T11:13:51","modified_gmt":"2018-03-19T08:13:51","slug":"himalayarin-zirvelerine-kadinlara-oy-hakki-mucadelesini-tasidi-fanny-bullock-workman","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/03\/16\/himalayarin-zirvelerine-kadinlara-oy-hakki-mucadelesini-tasidi-fanny-bullock-workman","title":{"rendered":"Himalayalar\u2019\u0131n zirvelerine \u201cKad\u0131nlara Oy Hakk\u0131\u201d m\u00fccadelesini ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131:\u00a0Fanny Bullock Workman"},"content":{"rendered":"

E\u015finin e\u015flik edemedi\u011fi bir t\u0131rman\u0131\u015fta Fanny Bullock, Himalayalar\u2019daki Nun Kun zirve k\u00fcmesini \u00f6l\u00e7eklendirmi\u015f ve en \u00fcst noktaya ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (1906). Rehberleriyle birlikte, o g\u00fcne kadar bir kad\u0131n\u0131n ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 en y\u00fcksek noktaya, 23.300 fite (7000 metreden fazla) t\u0131rmanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir kad\u0131n da\u011fc\u0131 olarak rekoru 1934\u2019e kadar k\u0131r\u0131lamayacakt\u0131r. 15.000 ila 20.000 fit aras\u0131 y\u00fcksekliklerde termal giyim ve kamp malzemesi olmaks\u0131z\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilmi\u015f olmas\u0131, Fanny Bullock Workman\u2019\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir da\u011fc\u0131 yapar.<\/em><\/p>\n

Seyahat yazar\u0131 ve da\u011fc\u0131 Fanny Bullock Workman, 1859\u2019da Worcester-Massachusetts\u2019te do\u011fdu. Bir d\u00f6nem Massachusetts valili\u011fi yapan babas\u0131 Alexander Hamilton Bullock Cumhuriyet\u00e7i bir politikac\u0131yd\u0131. Annesi Elvira Hazard ise, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen barut \u00fcreticisi ve emlak zengini Augustus George Hazard\u2019\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131yd\u0131. \u00d6zel bir e\u011fitim g\u00f6ren Fanny Bullock, zenginlik i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc. E\u011fitimini New York, Paris, Dresden \u015fehirlerindeki farkl\u0131 okullarda tamamlad\u0131. 20 ya\u015f\u0131nda ailesinin yan\u0131na d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, Yale mezunu hekim William Hunter Workman ile 1881\u2019de evlendi.<\/p>\n

E\u015fiyle ortak payda: Bisikletle ve t\u0131rmanarak ke\u015ffetmek<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7ift 1886 y\u0131l\u0131nda Almanya ve \u0130skandinavya b\u00f6lgelerini kapsayan uzun bir tura \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. William Workman\u2019\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131 ya\u015famas\u0131yla 1889\u2019da Almanya\u2019ya yerle\u015ftiler. Sonraki on y\u0131l\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu, yat\u0131l\u0131 okullarda okuyan k\u0131zlar\u0131yla birlikte, ba\u015ftan sona Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 ve Akdeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 gezerek ge\u00e7irdiler. Da\u011f t\u0131man\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 seven ikili Alpler\u2019i birlikte ke\u015ffetti. \u0130spanya ve Kuzey Afrika\u2019n\u0131n \u0131l\u0131man b\u00f6lgelerini bisikletle gezdiler. Bu turlar Fanyy Bullock Workman\u2019\u0131n ilk iki gezi kitab\u0131 \u201cCezayir An\u0131lar\u0131<\/em>\u201d (Algerian Memori<\/em>es, 1895) ve \u201cModern \u0130berya\u2019da Tekerlek Eskizleri<\/em>\u201d (Sketches Awheel in Modern Iberia<\/em>, 1897) i\u00e7in materyal sa\u011flad\u0131. Her ikisinin ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan sekiz kitap bulunmakla birlikte, as\u0131l yazar\u0131n Fanny Bullock oldu\u011funu ve kitaplara William Hunter\u2019in min\u00f6r katk\u0131s\u0131 bulundu\u011funu savunan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1897\u2019de Workman \u00e7ifti ilgilerini Asya\u2019ya \u00e7evirdi ve iki y\u0131l boyunca Sri Lanka, Java, Sumatra, Frans\u0131z Hindi\u00e7ini ve Hindistan gibi yerleri bisiklet \u00fcst\u00fcnde g\u00f6rd\u00fcler. Workman \u00e7ifti seyahatlerini olumsuz \u015fartlar nedeniyle ve genellikle serin k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen 1899 y\u0131l\u0131 boyunca binlerce kilometre yol kat ederek Hint Alt K\u0131tas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 gezdiler. Tarihi Asya mimarisi, sanat\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131klamalar i\u00e7eren \u201cKasaba ve Orman Yoluyla<\/em>\u201d (Through Town and Jungle, 1904) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131, bu seyahatin notlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Da\u011fc\u0131l\u0131kta, gezginlikte ve yazarl\u0131kta \u201ce\u015fit \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma arkada\u015flar\u0131\u201d Fanny Bullock Workman ve William Hunter Workman, 1911.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Himalayalar t\u0131rman\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve \u201ce\u015fit \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma arkada\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d <\/strong><\/p>\n

1899\u2019da \u00fccretli rehberler ve hamallar\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla Himalayalar\u2019\u0131 ke\u015ffetmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. O d\u00f6nem co\u011frafyac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n da yeni tan\u0131makta oldu\u011fu Karakurum S\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7ok etkilendiler. Sonraki 13 y\u0131l boyunca b\u00f6lgeyi ikinci bir yuva olarak benimsediler ve buzullar\u0131n\u0131 ve zirvelerini haritalamak \u00fczere yedi ayr\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck ke\u015fif t\u0131rman\u0131\u015f\u0131 yapt\u0131lar. Karakurum \u00f6zelinde \u00f6nemli bilgiler edinen Workman \u00e7ifti, \u201cHimalaya\u2019n\u0131n Buz D\u00fcnyas\u0131\u2019nda<\/em>\u201d (In The Ice World of Himalaya<\/em>, 1900) ve \u201cKarl\u0131 Hispar\u2019\u0131n \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131<\/em>\u201d; (The Call of the Snowy Hispar<\/em>, 1910) isimli eserlerinin de i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgeye ili\u015fkin be\u015f kitap yay\u0131nlad\u0131lar. Kitap g\u00f6rselleri Workman \u00e7ifti taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ekilen foto\u011fraflardan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Birbirini tamamlayan harita ve tablo ekleri, daha sonra pek \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131dan g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f ve yeniden de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir. Tutkulu g\u00f6zlemciler olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Workman \u00e7ifti meteorolojik \u015fartlar, buzul bilimi, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 y\u00fcksekli\u011fin insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na etkileri \u00fczerine e\u011fitimli de\u011fildi. Haritalar\u0131ndaki hatalar\u0131n kendilerine e\u015flik etmeleri i\u00e7in i\u015fe ald\u0131klar\u0131 topograflar\u0131n beceri yetersizliklerinden ve zorlu haritalama i\u015fini zaman darl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7inde tamamlama \u00e7abalar\u0131ndan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n

Birliklerini e\u015fit \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma arkada\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlayan Workman ikilisi, ke\u015fif gezilerinde g\u00f6revleri b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015fmekte ve sorumluluklar\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcml\u00fc olarak payla\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir seyahat \u00f6ncesi Fanny Bullock bilimsel ve fizyolojik testleri d\u00fczenlerken, William Hunter seyahatin ihtiya\u00e7 listesini ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 ayarlamaktad\u0131r; bu g\u00f6revler bir sonraki seyahatte takas edilmektedir. Bu i\u015fbirli\u011finin yan\u0131nda, s\u00f6ylentilere g\u00f6re Workman \u00e7ifti Asyal\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilere kar\u015f\u0131 tahamm\u00fcls\u00fcz ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 davranmak konusunda da bir ortakl\u0131k i\u00e7indedir.<\/p>\n

En y\u00fckse\u011fe \u00e7\u0131kan kad\u0131n rekoru<\/strong><\/p>\n

Genellikle birlikte t\u0131rmanan \u00e7ift, \u015fartlar ve sa\u011fl\u0131k durumlar\u0131 el vermedi\u011finde tek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. B\u00f6yle bir seferde (1906\u2019da) William Hunter\u2019\u0131n e\u015flik edemedi\u011fi Fanny Bullock, Nun Kun zirve k\u00fcmesini \u00f6l\u00e7eklendirmi\u015f ve en \u00fcst noktaya ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rehberleriyle birlikte, o g\u00fcne kadar bir kad\u0131n\u0131n ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 en y\u00fcksek noktaya, 23.300 fite (7000 metreden fazla) t\u0131rmanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rekoru 1908 senesinde And Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019nda 24.000 fite t\u0131rmanan Annie Smith Peck taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Workman, Peck\u2019in t\u0131rman\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek y\u00fcksekli\u011fini hesaplamak \u00fczere bir g\u00f6zlemci grubu kurmu\u015f, 1911\u2019de Peck\u2019in t\u0131rman\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sadece 21.812 fit oldu\u011funu raporlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Workman\u2019\u0131n ke\u015fif gezilerini tamamlamas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Himalayalar\u2019da yap\u0131lan sonraki g\u00f6zlemlerde zirve noktas\u0131 22.815 fit olarak g\u00fcncellense de, 1934\u2019e kadar bir kad\u0131n da\u011fc\u0131 olarak rekoru k\u0131r\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Genellikle 15.000 ila 20.000 fit aras\u0131 y\u00fcksekliklerde termal giyim ve kamp malzemesi olmaks\u0131z\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmi\u015f olmas\u0131, Fanny Bullock Workman\u2019\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir da\u011fc\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirilmesine yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n

\"\"
1913\u2019de Himalayalar\u2019da \u201cKad\u0131nlara Oy Hakk\u0131\u201d yaz\u0131l\u0131 gazete sayfas\u0131n\u0131 elinde tutarken foto\u011fraf veren Fanny Bullock, hayat\u0131 boyunca kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda yazmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 nedeniyle e\u015fi William Hunter ile birlikte Avrupa\u2019da \u00f6nemli baz\u0131 co\u011frafya ve da\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k kul\u00fcpleri taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilmi\u015ftir. Avrupa ve Amerika\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerinde dersler vermi\u015ftir. 1925\u2019te Cannes\u2019te \u00f6len Fanny Bullock, vasiyetinde ki\u015fisel servetini d\u00f6rt b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcniversiteye ba\u011f\u0131\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130smiyle an\u0131lan burs programlar\u0131 halen ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. \u0130ste\u011fi 1937\u2019de William Hunter\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle yerine getirilebilmi\u015ftir. Fanny Bullock\u2019un kad\u0131nlara oy hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nmas\u0131 konusundaki tavr\u0131, feminist \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara verdi\u011fi destek olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilir. 1913\u2019de Himalayalar\u2019da \u201cKad\u0131nlara Oy Hakk\u0131\u201d yaz\u0131l\u0131 gazete sayfas\u0131n\u0131 elinde tutarken foto\u011fraf veren Fanny Bullock, hayat\u0131 boyunca kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda yazmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Fanny Bullock\u2019un kendisini azimli, gururlu, yorulmak bilmez k\u00e2\u015fif olarak tan\u0131mlamas\u0131 ile ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemin toplumsal ko\u015fullar\u0131 aras\u0131nda anlaml\u0131 bir ili\u015fki bulundu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Beth Kraig, Fanny Bullock Workman<\/em>, National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2010.<\/p>\n

2) Sarah Richardson, \u201cPeak Pioneer\u201d, In American History<\/em>, Weider History Group Language: English, Ekim 2015, Cilt: 50, S:4, ss.20-22.<\/p>\n

\"\"Arnavutluk da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n gezgini: Mary Edith Durham<\/strong><\/p>\n

Antropolog ve gezgin Mary Edith Durham, 1863\u2019de Londra\u2019da do\u011far. 1878 – 1882 aras\u0131nda Bedford Koleji\u2019ne gider, ard\u0131ndan Kraliyet Akademisi Okullar\u0131\u2019na ge\u00e7er. 1900\u2019den itibaren 20 y\u0131l boyunca Balkanlar\u2019\u0131 gezer. \u00c7e\u015fitli yard\u0131m kurulu\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Durham, Arnavutluk Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n en iyi da\u011fc\u0131s\u0131 olarak kabul edilir. Balkan etnografi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 bir kitap serisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. En \u00fcnl\u00fc eseri \u201cY\u00fcksek Arnavutluk\u201d (High Albania<\/em>) halen Kuzey Arnavutluk da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lge toplumuna ve geleneklerine \u00f6zg\u00fc en iyi rehber olarak bilinmektedir. Durham\u2019\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Kraliyet Antropoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019ndedir. G\u00fcnl\u00fckleri ile birlikte geleneksel Balkan kost\u00fcm\u00fc ve m\u00fccevher koleksiyonu ise Halifax\u2019taki Bankfield M\u00fczesi\u2019nde yer al\u0131yor.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

E\u015finin e\u015flik edemedi\u011fi bir t\u0131rman\u0131\u015fta Fanny Bullock, Himalayalar\u2019daki Nun Kun zirve k\u00fcmesini \u00f6l\u00e7eklendirmi\u015f ve en \u00fcst noktaya ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (1906). Rehberleriyle birlikte, o g\u00fcne kadar bir kad\u0131n\u0131n ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 en y\u00fcksek noktaya, 23.300 fite (7000 metreden fazla) t\u0131rmanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir kad\u0131n da\u011fc\u0131 olarak rekoru 1934\u2019e kadar k\u0131r\u0131lamayacakt\u0131r. 15.000 ila 20.000 fit aras\u0131 y\u00fcksekliklerde termal giyim ve kamp malzemesi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":585,"featured_media":21915,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[176,2315,222],"tags":[2022,2657,557,2021,2658,238],"class_list":["post-17323","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-139-sayi","category-kadin-gezginler","category-tarih","tag-dunya-turu","tag-himalayalarda-ilk-kadin-rekortmen","tag-kadin","tag-kadin-gezginler","tag-kadinlara-oy-hakki","tag-tarih"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t