{"id":17639,"date":"2017-08-01T16:05:49","date_gmt":"2017-08-01T13:05:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=17639"},"modified":"2018-02-08T16:20:44","modified_gmt":"2018-02-08T13:20:44","slug":"yurt-ve-dunyadaki-evrim-muzaffer-senyurek","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2017\/08\/01\/yurt-ve-dunyadaki-evrim-muzaffer-senyurek","title":{"rendered":"Yurt ve D\u00fcnya\u2019daki evrim:\u00a0Muzaffer \u015eeny\u00fcrek"},"content":{"rendered":"

Muzaffer \u015eeny\u00fcrek hocan\u0131n Yurt ve D\u00fcnya\u2019daki makalesi, biyolojik evrimin genel kuramsal \u00e7er\u00e7evesini ba\u015far\u0131yla \u00e7izen yar\u0131 pop\u00fcler bir yaz\u0131. Hocan\u0131n toplam 7 sayfaya s\u0131\u011fd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 makalesinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ustal\u0131kla evrimi \u00f6zetleyerek anlatabilmesinin s\u0131rr\u0131, akademik e\u011fitimi ve ge\u00e7mi\u015finde yatmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, edindi\u011fi birikim ve konuya hakimiyette de sakl\u0131 elbet.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7en ayki yaz\u0131m\u0131zda, T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihinin en \u00f6nemli dergilerinden biri olan ve 1944 y\u0131l\u0131 Mart say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n (42. say\u0131) ard\u0131ndan faaliyeti durdurulan -muhakkak ki ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z, cesur ve hakikatten yana nesnel duru\u015fu sebebiyle- Yurt ve D\u00fcnya<\/em> dergisinin evrim ve Darwin say\u0131s\u0131ndan s\u00f6z etmi\u015ftik. Evrim ve Charles Darwin bahsinin yurt ve d\u00fcnya a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemini \u00f6zetleyen bir editoryal giri\u015f ile birlikte, b\u00fcy\u00fck antropolog Muzaffer \u015eeny\u00fcrek ve sahas\u0131nda en az onun kadar k\u0131ymetli Niyazi Berkes hocalar\u0131n yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren bu say\u0131n\u0131n, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bile bilimsel de\u011fer ve tespitlerinden fazla \u015fey yitirmediklerini vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. \u015eimdi bu iki yaz\u0131y\u0131 bir par\u00e7a daha detayl\u0131 inceleyelim ve genel ge\u00e7er hususlar\u0131yla birlikte, sunduklar\u0131 bilginin \u00f6nemini vurgulamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fal\u0131m.<\/p>\n

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Muzaffer \u015eeny\u00fcrek\u2019in Yurt ve D\u00fcnya dergisinin Mart 1944 tarihli 42. say\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanan makalesinin ilk sayfas\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

1 \u015eubat 1944 tarihli 39. say\u0131n\u0131n ilk evrim makalesi Muzaffer \u015eeny\u00fcrek\u2019in \u201cCharles Darwin: Hayat\u0131 ve Eserleri\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yor. Muzaffer hoca yaz\u0131s\u0131na evrimin ne oldu\u011funu tarif ederek ba\u015fl\u0131yor ve hemen Darwin\u2019in \u00f6nemini vurguluyor. Yaz\u0131n\u0131n giri\u015fini aktaral\u0131m: \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn hayvan ve nebat nevilerinin daha eskiden ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan canl\u0131 varl\u0131klar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesiyle \u015fimdiki hallerine geldikleri, bug\u00fcn art\u0131k ilim taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilen bir ger\u00e7ektir. Canl\u0131 varl\u0131klar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ferek yeni yeni \u015fekillere ve nevilere ge\u00e7mesine tekam\u00fcl (evrim) diyoruz. Bu ger\u00e7e\u011fi ilk defa ispat ederek biyoloji alemine kabul ettiren bilgin, bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda hayat\u0131n\u0131 ve eserlerini g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irece\u011fimiz b\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130ngiliz tabiiyecisi Charles Darwin\u2019dir.\u201d<\/p>\n

Bu olduk\u00e7a genel, ancak son derece a\u00e7\u0131k ve net bi\u00e7imde biyolojik evrimin nas\u0131l anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yleyen ve evrimsel biyolojinin kurucu babas\u0131n\u0131n kim oldu\u011funa dikkati \u00e7eken bir giri\u015f c\u00fcmlesi. \u0130ki nokta \u00e7ok vurucu nitelikte: Birincisi, b\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n daha \u00f6nceden ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f ba\u015fka canl\u0131lardan (de\u011fi\u015ferek) k\u00f6k almas\u0131 ve tarihe hayli ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 bu canl\u0131l\u0131k \u00e7e\u015fitlenmesinin yeni \u015fekiller ve t\u00fcrler (neviler) \u015feklinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131. Birinci nokta, herhangi bir evrimle\u015ftirici mekanistik bir s\u00fcrece (do\u011fal se\u00e7ilim yada genetik s\u00fcr\u00fcklenme) ba\u015fvuru gerekmeksizin evrimin bir olgu oldu\u011funun kolayl\u0131kla g\u00f6r\u00fclebilece\u011fini vurguluyor ki son derece do\u011fru ve ge\u00e7erli\u011fi su g\u00f6t\u00fcrmez bir saptama bu.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci nokta ise, evrimle\u015fmenin biyolojik \u00f6zellik (\u015fekil) ve t\u00fcrle\u015fmeler b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc olan bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olarak tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131. Modern evrimsel biyolojinin jargonuyla s\u00f6yleyecek olursak, anagenetik (bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn bireylerinde g\u00f6z\u00fcken herhangi bir organ, organ par\u00e7as\u0131 vb. a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tan\u0131mlanan varyasyonun tarihsel olarak vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fim noktas\u0131 itibar\u0131yla evrimle\u015fme) ve filogenetik (t\u00fcr i\u00e7indeki varyasyonun t\u00fcrler aras\u0131 varyasyon \u015feklinde organize olmas\u0131yla meydana gelen t\u00fcrle\u015fmeler, yeni t\u00fcrlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131) evrimle\u015fme. K\u0131sacas\u0131, Muzaffer hoca hemen ilk ba\u015ftan evrimsel biyolojinin temel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma d\u00fczlemlerini vererek evrimi tarif ediyor.<\/p>\n

Makalenin sonraki b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ise, Darwin\u2019in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlem ve ke\u015fiflerin evrimsel biyolojiyi do\u011furan sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n, d\u00f6nemin yayg\u0131n fikri temelini olu\u015fturan, canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve anl\u0131k yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015flar\u0131n sonucu kabul\u00fcn\u00fcn geride b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131ndaki etkin rol\u00fcn\u00fcn tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na k\u0131saca ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Buffon, Lamarck, Cuvier ve Charles Lyell\u2019in \u00fcretimleri ve yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n kuram\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle ortak k\u00f6kenden t\u00fcreyerek de\u011fi\u015fmesi \u015feklindeki olgusal vurgusunun bi\u00e7imlenmesindeki rollerine de\u011finilen k\u0131sa tarih\u00e7eyi Darwin\u2019in ya\u015fam \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc izliyor. Bu ya\u015fam \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc, zaman zaman Darwin\u2019in ki\u015fili\u011fine ili\u015fkin tespitler i\u00e7erse de, k\u0131sa ve \u00f6z bir makalede olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, do\u011fal olarak, evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131n belirginle\u015fmesi ve olgunla\u015fmas\u0131na dair hatlar \u00fczerinden kurulmu\u015f bir anlat\u0131.<\/p>\n

Evrimin olgusal taraf\u0131n\u0131n tamamlay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olarak do\u011fal se\u00e7ilim de elbette makalede yer al\u0131yor. Do\u011fal se\u00e7ilim tan\u0131mlan\u0131rken de, Darwin\u2019in se\u00e7ilimin izah\u0131 i\u00e7in Thomas Malthus\u2019u referans almas\u0131na da de\u011finiliyor. Muzaffer hocan\u0131n makalesinin memleketimiz dahilinde, d\u00f6nem itibar\u0131yla dikkat \u00e7ekici bir de\u011finisi ise, Alfred Russel Wallace\u2019\u0131n da, do\u011fru tarihsel ba\u011flamda, T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nin yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131ndaki dolayl\u0131 ama etkin rol\u00fcyle verilmesi. Darwin\u2019den ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u015fekilde, do\u011fal se\u00e7ilimle de\u011fi\u015fme \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde Wallace\u2019\u0131n yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n Darwin\u2019i K\u00f6ken<\/em>\u2019i yay\u0131mlamaya sevk etmesinin tarihini de b\u00f6ylece \u00f6zet bir \u015fekilde \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f oluyoruz. Wallace\u2019in fikirlerini ortaya koydu\u011fu \u00e7er\u00e7evenin -Wallace\u2019\u0131n da takdir etti\u011fi- Darwin\u2019inki denli ayr\u0131nt\u0131lanm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k ve netlikte olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131 Muzaffer hocan\u0131n makalesinde de a\u00e7\u0131k se\u00e7ik ifade ediliyor.<\/p>\n

Makalenin sonraki k\u0131sm\u0131 ise do\u011fal se\u00e7ilimin teknik tarifine ve kuram\u0131n 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131 boyunca \u015fekillenmi\u015f geli\u015fimine ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Muzaffer hoca, hemen s\u00f6yleyelim, do\u011fal se\u00e7ilimi olduk\u00e7a net bir bi\u00e7imde tarif ediyor: biyolojik \u00f6zelliklerdeki g\u00f6rece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck etkili kal\u0131t\u0131msal de\u011fi\u015fimlerin -varyasyonlar\u0131n- uygun \u00e7evre ko\u015fullar\u0131nda aralar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilen ve hayatta kalma ve sonraki ku\u015faklara yavru d\u00f6l verebilmelerini etkileyen farklar \u00fczerinden evrimsel de\u011fi\u015fim dinami\u011finin tan\u0131mlan\u0131yor. Makale, evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131n genel kabul g\u00f6rmesine giden yolun ne denli \u00e7etin oldu\u011funa da de\u011finerek, evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131n, pek \u00e7ok s\u0131nama bi\u00e7imlerinin \u00fcretti\u011fi bilgi \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda canl\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011finin t\u00fcm y\u00fczlerini a\u00e7\u0131klayan temel izah\u0131 verdi\u011fini vurgulayarak ana \u00e7er\u00e7evesinin \u00e7izgilerini ba\u015far\u0131yla tamaml\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\u015eeny\u00fcrek\u2019in makalesi, evrimin ana hatlar\u0131n\u0131, temel tarih\u00e7esiyle bug\u00fcn bile klasik olabilecek netlikle verdikten sonra insan\u0131n k\u00f6keni konusuna da de\u011finiyor bir par\u00e7a. Darwin\u2019in K\u00f6ken<\/em>\u2019den sonraki b\u00fcy\u00fck eseri sayabilece\u011fimiz, 1871 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130nsan\u0131n T\u00fcreyi\u015fi<\/em> eserinden s\u00f6z eden \u015eeny\u00fcrek, insan\u0131n bir primat oldu\u011fu ve maymunlar ile ortak ataya sahip bulundu\u011funu vurguluyor ve bu k\u00f6keni ortaya koyan d\u00f6nemin paleontoloji ve di\u011fer biyolojik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n bu sonuca varmay\u0131 do\u011furdu\u011funu s\u00f6ylerken, kendi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n da bu y\u00f6nde destek sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fctevaz\u0131 bir \u015fekilde zikrediyor.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zetle, Muzaffer \u015eeny\u00fcrek hocan\u0131n Yurt ve D\u00fcnya<\/em>\u2019daki makalesi, biyolojik evrimin genel kuramsal \u00e7er\u00e7evesini ba\u015far\u0131yla \u00e7izen yar\u0131 pop\u00fcler bir yaz\u0131 olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda duruyor. Hocan\u0131n toplam 7 sayfaya s\u0131\u011fd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 makalesinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ustal\u0131kla evrimi \u00f6zetleyerek anlatabilmesinin s\u0131rr\u0131 ise, kendisinin merak edenlerce iyi bilinen akademik e\u011fitimi ve ge\u00e7mi\u015finde yatmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, makalenin sonuna koydu\u011fu Darwin\u2019in ba\u015fl\u0131ca eserleri k\u0131sa bibliyografyas\u0131n\u0131n yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 okumu\u015fluk ve konuya hakimiyette de sakl\u0131 elbet.<\/p>\n

\u00d6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki ay, Yurt ve D\u00fcnya<\/em>\u2019n\u0131n soluk sayfalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u0131\u015f\u0131ldayan muazzam evrim yaz\u0131lar\u0131ndan ikincisine, Nizyazi Berkes\u2019in \u201cDarvinizm Kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u0130leri ve Geri D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fler\u201d yaz\u0131s\u0131na ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak de\u011finecek ve b\u00f6ylece, evrimsel biyolojinin teknik bahsinden, bu kuram\u0131 anlatma ve \u00f6\u011frenmenin, temel bir do\u011fa bilimi arac\u0131 olarak kullanabilmenin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki engellerin sosyolojisi \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda d\u00f6nemin -ve h\u00e2l\u00e2 da g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn- bilimin ne oldu\u011fuyla ilgili bulan\u0131k zihin yap\u0131s\u0131na da de\u011finmi\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Muzaffer \u015eeny\u00fcrek hocan\u0131n Yurt ve D\u00fcnya\u2019daki makalesi, biyolojik evrimin genel kuramsal \u00e7er\u00e7evesini ba\u015far\u0131yla \u00e7izen yar\u0131 pop\u00fcler bir yaz\u0131. Hocan\u0131n toplam 7 sayfaya s\u0131\u011fd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 makalesinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ustal\u0131kla evrimi \u00f6zetleyerek anlatabilmesinin s\u0131rr\u0131, akademik e\u011fitimi ve ge\u00e7mi\u015finde yatmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, edindi\u011fi birikim ve konuya hakimiyette de sakl\u0131 elbet. Ge\u00e7en ayki yaz\u0131m\u0131zda, T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihinin en \u00f6nemli dergilerinden […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":67,"featured_media":17640,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1125,1475,32],"tags":[461,1474,2074],"class_list":["post-17639","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-162-sayi","category-bilim-ve-tarih","category-evrim","tag-darwin","tag-turlerin-kokeni","tag-yurt-ve-dunya"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t