{"id":17907,"date":"2017-10-01T16:26:09","date_gmt":"2017-10-01T13:26:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=17907"},"modified":"2018-02-08T16:20:24","modified_gmt":"2018-02-08T13:20:24","slug":"niyazi-berkesden-evrim-dersi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2017\/10\/01\/niyazi-berkesden-evrim-dersi","title":{"rendered":"Niyazi Berkes\u2019den evrim dersi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Berkes hocan\u0131n meseleye bak\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, evrim kavram\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fturulan geri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fleri sadece basit biyolojik evrim kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile daraltmayan bir bilimsel geni\u015flik vard\u0131r: Hoca, evrim kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla birlikte, evrimi kuramsal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131lavuzlu\u011funa muhta\u00e7 olgular\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131ran avam evrimcili\u011fi de ele\u015ftirir. <\/em><\/p>\n

Son iki yaz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin gelmi\u015f ge\u00e7mi\u015f muhtemelen en dolu ve nitelikli dergilerinden Yurt ve D\u00fcnya<\/em>\u2019n\u0131n kapat\u0131lmadan \u00f6nceki son say\u0131lar\u0131ndan, 1 \u015eubat 1944 tarihli say\u0131s\u0131ndaki Charles Darwin ve evrim yaz\u0131lar\u0131na ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. \u00dczerinde k\u0131saca durdu\u011fumuz editoryal yaz\u0131 ile birlikte, b\u00fcy\u00fck antropolog Muzaffer \u015eeny\u00fcrek ve yine ayn\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde b\u00fcy\u00fck siyaset bilimci Niyazi Berkes\u2019in yaz\u0131lar\u0131 ile \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan bu say\u0131n\u0131n, evrimsel biyolojinin teknik n\u00fcvelerinin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bile fazla \u00f6rne\u011fi bulunmayan yar\u0131 pop\u00fcler sunumunu i\u00e7ermesiyle ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na bir \u00fcne sahip oldu\u011funu da vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. Muzaffer \u015eeny\u00fcrek hocan\u0131n makalesini ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla de\u011ferlendirmi\u015ftik. \u015eimdi ayn\u0131 say\u0131daki, Niyazi Berkes hocan\u0131n \u201cDarvinizm Kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u0130leri ve Geri D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fler\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan yaz\u0131s\u0131na odaklanal\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Berkes\u2019e g\u00f6re Darwin\u2019in \u00f6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Berkes\u2019in yaz\u0131s\u0131, birbiriyle neredeyse insanl\u0131k tarihinin ba\u015flar\u0131ndan beri \u00e7at\u0131\u015fan iki temel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce bulundu\u011fu kabul\u00fcyle ba\u015flar: Berkes\u2019in geri g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler <\/em>(*) ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi, \u201cd\u00fcnyada ve cemiyette, insanda hi\u00e7bir \u015feyin de\u011fi\u015fmedi\u011fini, her \u015feyin oldu\u011fu gibi ve bir defada mutlak olarak yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131<\/em> iddia eden kutbun kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u201cher \u015feyin durmayan bir de\u011fi\u015fme halinde oldu\u011funu, bunun b\u00fct\u00fcn olaylar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc oldu\u011funu<\/em>\u201d kabul eden bir antitez bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu ikinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn k\u00f6klerini -do\u011fru bi\u00e7imde- Antik Yunan\u2019a kadar g\u00f6t\u00fcren Berkes, orta\u00e7a\u011flar\u0131n yayg\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel kat\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 -yine hakl\u0131 olarak- birinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe dayand\u0131r\u0131rken, Frans\u0131z Devrimi sonras\u0131 ibrenin de\u011fi\u015fimi d\u00fcstur edinmi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe do\u011fru h\u0131zla kayd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulayarak, nihayet 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda, Charles Darwin\u2019in do\u011fa bilimlerinde yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131r\u0131lma ve dinamizm ile \u201ctekam\u00fclc\u00fc<\/em> (evrimci)\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn nihai \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemektedir.<\/p>\n

Niyazi Berkes\u2019in \u00e7izdi\u011fi bu \u00e7er\u00e7eve, siyasal iktidarlar\u0131n el de\u011fi\u015ftirme s\u00fcrecini, yeni insan tipiyle devindirici motorunu tekrar in\u015fa ederek olu\u015fmu\u015f yeni toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131flara dayal\u0131 bir d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeninin olu\u015fumunu \u00f6zetlemekle birlikte, Darwin\u2019i bu s\u00fcrece nihai akt\u00f6r olarak d\u00e2hil edi\u015fi, biyolojinin evrimsel biyolojiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn tarihini kuramsal yap\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131ran biyolojik evrim kavray\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan \u00e7ok, genel bir evrimcilik ile meseleye yakla\u015fman\u0131n getirdi\u011fi a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yorumdur denilebilir. Ancak, unutulmamas\u0131 gereken nokta, Darwin\u2019in nihai bilimsel katk\u0131s\u0131 ve eserlerini olu\u015fturmaktaki amac\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak salt biyolojiye ili\u015fkin olmakla birlikte, eserlerinin i\u00e7eriklerinin pop\u00fcler ya da amaca uygun motiflerle siyasal-toplumsal alana eklenmesinin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131t dinamiklerin do\u011fal olarak siyasal ve toplumsal sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furdu\u011fu da do\u011frudur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Berkes hocan\u0131n, bir siyaset bilimci olarak, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma nesnesi \u00fczerinden vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespitlerde yan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rahatl\u0131kla s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n

Berkes hocan\u0131n meseleye bak\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, basit kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131klar \u00fczerinden ilerlemeyip, evrim kavram\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fturulan geri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fleri sadece basit biyolojik evrim kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile daraltmayan bir bilimsel geni\u015flik vard\u0131r: Hoca, \u201cDarwin\u2019in eseri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda meydana gelen reaksiyonlar\u201d ile birlikte \u201cDarwin\u2019i tefsir yolunda sap\u0131lan yanl\u0131\u015f yollar\u0131<\/em>\u201d da izah etmektedir. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, evrim kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla birlikte, evrimi kuramsal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131lavuzlu\u011funa muhta\u00e7 olgular\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131ran avam evrimcili\u011fi de ele\u015ftirmektedir Berkes.<\/p>\n

Evrim kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131na Almanya\u2019dan bir \u00f6rnek<\/strong><\/p>\n

Son derece kat\u0131 ve hiyerar\u015fik bir akademik yap\u0131ya sahip, bu geleneksel yap\u0131n\u0131n basit idari kararlar\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131na kadar dini taassup ile i\u015f g\u00f6ren s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n hakimiyetinde oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nem \u0130ngiltere\u2019sindeki evrim tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 Thomas Huxley ile Piskopos Wilberforce aras\u0131ndaki me\u015fhur polemik ile \u00f6rnekleyerek evrim kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tarih\u00e7esini \u00e7izmeye ba\u015flar Niyazi Berkes hoca.<\/p>\n

Ard\u0131ndan, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n bir di\u011fer b\u00fcy\u00fck siyasi akt\u00f6r\u00fc Almanya\u2019daki tart\u0131\u015fmalara ge\u00e7er ve 1848 sonras\u0131n\u0131n reaksiyoner ba\u011fnazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6be\u011fine d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f olan evrim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin nas\u0131l da sert bir kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131kla burada da kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z eder. 1877\u2019de M\u00fcnih\u2019te toplanan ve Alman e\u011fitim kanununun haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131n\u0131 esas alan konferansta, Ernst Haeckel\u2019in evrimin e\u011fitime a\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi fikrine, d\u00f6nemin \u00f6nemli bilginlerinden Virchow\u2019un sert bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verildi\u011finden bahisle, Almanya\u2019daki evrim kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihinden \u00f6nemli bir yaprak \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcze serilmektedir. Virchow\u2019un, Berkes\u2019in de belirtti\u011fi, \u00f6zellikle Darwinizmi (yani evrimsel biyolojiyi) toplumsal d\u00fczeni y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131, bozguncu bir \u201csosyalist\u201d faaliyet \u00e7abas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6stermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, klasik evrim kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n basit ve i\u00e7i bo\u015f kelime tekrarlar\u0131n\u0131n ne denli ge\u00e7mi\u015fe uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hayli manidar olsa gerek.<\/p>\n

Evrim kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 siyasal ve toplumsal temeller \u00fczerinden konuya devam eden Berkes, sonu\u00e7 itibar\u0131yla, bu kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n mevcut d\u00fcnya d\u00fczenindeki ezeli oldu\u011fu iddia edilen \u00e7arklar\u0131n i\u015fleyi\u015finin devam\u0131 i\u00e7in ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f bir aldatmaca oldu\u011fu sonucuna vararak makalesinin bu k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kapat\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Berkes\u2019de Sosyal Darwinizm ele\u015ftirisi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kan\u0131mca, Berkes\u2019in makalesinin ikinci k\u0131sm\u0131nda ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131, avam evrimcilik te\u015fhiri diyebilece\u011fimiz konular, tarihsel ve toplumsal bak\u0131mdan \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nemlidirler. Zira evrim kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda uydurulan s\u00f6zde biyolojik kar\u015f\u0131t arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz modern biyolojisi ve evrim bilimi \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6pe at\u0131vermek, deyim yerindeyse, genel bir bilimsel okuryazarl\u0131kla ve orta seviyede bili\u015fsel bir d\u00fczey d\u00e2hilinde, \u00e7ocuk oyunca\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, \u201cen g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcn\u00fcn ayakta kalmas\u0131\u201d ya da \u201cdo\u011fadaki kanl\u0131 b\u0131\u00e7akl\u0131 sava\u015fta g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz\u00fc alt etmesi\u201d t\u00fcr\u00fcnden s\u00f6zde yal\u0131n ama \u00f6zde (evrimsel biyoloji ve geneti\u011fin kuram\u0131 ve bilgisi d\u00e2hilinde) hayli bo\u015f olan \u00f6nermelerin \u00e7ekicili\u011fine kap\u0131l\u0131p l\u00fczumlu l\u00fczumsuz her \u015feye biyolojik evrim izah\u0131 yak\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak, evrimin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131ndaki g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckler bahsinde, evrim kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan daha yayg\u0131n bir tehlike olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda durmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Nitekim Berkes hoca da, son derece yetkin, bilgisi derinle\u015fmi\u015f bir toplumbilimci olmas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, makalesini bu t\u00fcr tehlikelere dikkat \u00e7ekerek bitirmektedir. Do\u011fal se\u00e7ilim ile toplumsal adalet kavramlar\u0131n\u0131n birbirine yabanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dem vuran Niyazi Berkes, yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n hemen sonlar\u0131nda \u015funlar\u0131 vurgulamaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\u201cSosyal Darwinistler sosyal tek\u00e2m\u00fcl\u00fc de uzvi tek\u00e2m\u00fcl gibi izah etmek istemi\u015flerdir. Fert\u00e7ilik-cemiyet\u00e7ilik; rekabet-elbirli\u011fi; aristokrasi-demokrasi; militarizm-pasifizm; m\u00fcnaka\u015falar\u0131nda, \u00fcst\u00fcn \u0131rk iddialar\u0131nda; \u201cyarat\u0131c\u0131 tekam\u00fcl\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinde \u015fahsi, dini, iktisadi prej\u00fcleri (\u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131) do\u011fru imi\u015f gibi g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cBu \u00e7e\u015fit fikirler neden yanl\u0131\u015f ve geridir? \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bunlar ilmi endi\u015felerle ve ilmi usullerle yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarla var\u0131lan neticeler de\u011fildir. Hakim s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n, politikac\u0131lar\u0131n ve onlar\u0131n propagandac\u0131lar\u0131 olan muharrirlerin uydurmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Sosyal hayat ve tekam\u00fcl uzvi hayat\u0131n kanunlar\u0131yla izah edilemez\u2026 Kald\u0131 ki uzvi alemin kendisi de sadece rekabet, hayat m\u00fccadelesi, tabii se\u00e7ili\u015f prensipleriyle izah edilemez. Tabiatta m\u00fccadele oldu\u011fu gibi birlik ve beraberlik hadiseleri de rol oynamaktad\u0131r<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n

Do\u011fru s\u00f6ze ne denir?<\/p>\n

(*) \u0130talikler Niyazi Berkes\u2019in Yurt ve D\u00fcnya<\/em>\u2019daki makalesindeki ifadelerdir.<\/u><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Berkes hocan\u0131n meseleye bak\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, evrim kavram\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fturulan geri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fleri sadece basit biyolojik evrim kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile daraltmayan bir bilimsel geni\u015flik vard\u0131r: Hoca, evrim kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla birlikte, evrimi kuramsal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131lavuzlu\u011funa muhta\u00e7 olgular\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131ran avam evrimcili\u011fi de ele\u015ftirir. Son iki yaz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin gelmi\u015f ge\u00e7mi\u015f muhtemelen en dolu ve nitelikli dergilerinden Yurt ve D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n kapat\u0131lmadan \u00f6nceki son […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":67,"featured_media":17908,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1130,1475,32,28],"tags":[461,2140,462,2074],"class_list":["post-17907","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-164-sayi","category-bilim-ve-tarih","category-evrim","category-sosyal-bilimler","tag-darwin","tag-niyazi-berkes","tag-sosyal-darwinizm","tag-yurt-ve-dunya"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t