{"id":18156,"date":"2017-12-01T17:10:59","date_gmt":"2017-12-01T14:10:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=18156"},"modified":"2018-02-07T18:51:43","modified_gmt":"2018-02-07T15:51:43","slug":"dunyanin-en-eski-sarap-yapimininin-kanitlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2017\/12\/01\/dunyanin-en-eski-sarap-yapimininin-kanitlari","title":{"rendered":"D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en eski \u015farap yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n kan\u0131tlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da yap\u0131lan bir dizi arkeolojik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk \u015farap yap\u0131m\u0131na dair izlere rastland\u0131. \u0130zler arkeologlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na M\u00d6 6000 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kil \u00e7anak \u00e7\u00f6mleklerde \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fi, \u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fc i\u015fleyerek \u015farap yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden \u00e7ok daha eski bir uyguluma oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyordu.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde d\u00fcnya genelinde binlerce farkl\u0131 \u00fcz\u00fcm \u00e7e\u015fidi bulunsa da, biyolojik olarak\u00a0 hemen hepsi yabani olmayan tek \u00fcz\u00fcm t\u00fcr\u00fcnden, yani Eurasian (Avrasya) \u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fcnden geliyor.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcne kadar i\u00e7inde \u015farap bulundu\u011fu tespit edilen en eski k\u00fcpler (1968\u2019de kuzey \u0130ran\u2019da bulunan ve kimyasal izlere dayanarak i\u00e7lerinde \u015farap bulundu\u011fu tespit edilen alt\u0131 kap) 7000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine aitti. Yeni bulgular bu tarihten 500 y\u0131l kadar \u00f6ncesine i\u015faret ediyor. Pennsylvania \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ortak yazarlar\u0131ndan ve bahsi ge\u00e7en \u0130ran ke\u015ffinde de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan Patrick McGovern \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: \u201cKadehimizdeki \u015farap dudaklar\u0131m\u0131za de\u011fdi\u011fi an, en az 8000 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir tarihin \u00f6zetiydi.\u201d<\/p>\n

S\u00f6z konusu bulgulara G\u00fcrcistan\u2019daki arkeolog ve botanik\u00e7ilerin, Avrupal\u0131 ve Amerikal\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131larla i\u015fbirli\u011fiyle ula\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar, ba\u015fkent Tiflis\u2019e 50 km uzakl\u0131kta olan G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n iki k\u00f6y\u00fcnde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Kaz\u0131 alanlar\u0131nda, kerpi\u00e7 tu\u011flalar, ta\u015f ve kemikten yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ara\u00e7 gere\u00e7ler, domuz ve s\u0131\u011f\u0131r yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi, bu\u011fday ve arpa \u00fcretimi gibi neolitik k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn karakteristik izlerine de rastland\u0131. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131 en \u00e7ok cezbedenlerden biri ise, ate\u015fte pi\u015firilmi\u015f kilden kaplard\u0131. Arkeologlar bunlar\u0131n Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu\u2019da \u00e7\u00f6mlek\u00e7ili\u011fin ilk \u00f6rneklerinden oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Yak\u0131nlardaki bir yerle\u015fim yerinde bulunan bir metre y\u00fcksekli\u011finde ve bir metre geni\u015fli\u011finde, 300 mL\u2019den fazla hacme sahip olan k\u00fcp de bunlar\u0131n yaln\u0131zca bir tanesi. \u00dcstelik ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, k\u00fcp\u00fcn \u00fcst\u00fcndeki top\u00e7uk izlerinin, asl\u0131nda \u00fcz\u00fcm salk\u0131mlar\u0131 bi\u00e7imindeki s\u00fcslemelerin par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

\u015earap yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten neolitik ya\u015fam\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar iki farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgeye yay\u0131larak \u00e7anak \u00e7\u00f6mlek par\u00e7alar\u0131 ve toprak \u00f6rneklerini inceledi. Bulunan tah\u0131l ve k\u00f6m\u00fcr par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n karbon analizlerine g\u00f6re, bu kaplar M\u00d6 6000-5800 y\u0131llar\u0131na ait.<\/p>\n

Toplamda 26 kil par\u00e7a ve 26 toprak \u00f6rne\u011fi incelendi. Kil par\u00e7alar\u0131n i\u00e7 y\u00fczeylerinden kimyasal analiz i\u00e7in ince bir toz elde edildi. \u0130ncelenen bulgular\u0131n tamam\u0131 (1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda bulunmu\u015f olan iki par\u00e7a hari\u00e7), yak\u0131n zamanda yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Di\u011fer iki par\u00e7an\u0131n ise \u015farap izleri ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 uzun s\u00fcredir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Daha sonra ta\u015f\u0131ma kaplar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7 y\u00fczeylerinde ve\/veya toprakta \u015farap \u00fcretiminin kan\u0131t\u0131 olabilecek molek\u00fcller olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kimyasal y\u00f6ntemlerle analiz edildi.<\/p>\n

Ulusal Bilim Akademisi Konferanslar\u0131<\/em>\u2019nda (Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences<\/em>) yay\u0131mlanan sonu\u00e7lara g\u00f6re, 1960\u2019larda bulunmu\u015f olan iki tanesi de dahil olmak \u00fczere, incelenen par\u00e7alardan sekizinde, \u00fcz\u00fcmlerde bol miktarda bulunan ve \u015farap yap\u0131m\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan tartarik asit izlerine rastland\u0131. Hatta par\u00e7alardan birinin i\u00e7 y\u00fczeyinde \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011f\u0131ndan geldi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen h\u00fccrelere rastland\u0131. Ayn\u0131 zamanda b\u00f6lgedeki toprak \u00f6rneklerinde tartarik asidin belirgin \u015fekilde azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00f6rneklerin tipik olarak \u00fcz\u00fcm ve \u015farap yap\u0131m\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendirilen \u00fc\u00e7 asit daha i\u00e7erdikleri tespit edildi. \u015earap yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n bir ba\u015fka kan\u0131t\u0131 da bulundu: Topra\u011f\u0131n yaln\u0131zca alt katmanlar\u0131nda bulunan eski \u00fcz\u00fcm polenleri, \u00fcz\u00fcm ni\u015fantas\u0131 partik\u00fclleri ve meyvesine\u011fi kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Neolitik d\u00f6nemden kalma, b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle qvevri ad\u0131 verilen t\u00fcrden bir k\u00fcp. Khramis Didi Gora b\u00f6lgesinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan bu par\u00e7a, G\u00fcrcistan Milli M\u00fczesi\u2019nde sergileniyor.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, bu kaplar\u0131n \u00fcz\u00fcmleri i\u015flenmemi\u015f halde saklamak i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fini kabul etseler de, k\u00fcplerin \u015feklinin s\u0131v\u0131 depolamaya uygun oldu\u011funu, kuru ve ya\u015f \u00fcz\u00fcmlerin de yine bu k\u00fcplerde iz b\u0131rakmaks\u0131z\u0131n fermente olmu\u015f olabilece\u011fini belirtiyorlar. \u00dcz\u00fcm suyunun birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn i\u00e7erisinde fermente olmas\u0131na elveri\u015fli olan k\u00fcplerin i\u00e7inde, \u015ferbet yap\u0131m\u0131na dair herhangi bir ize de rastlanmad\u0131. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla t\u00fcm bu bulgular, ilk \u015farap t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n\u0131n G\u00fcney Kafkasyal\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor; hem de \u0130ran\u2019daki en eski \u015farap yap\u0131m\u0131ndan 500 km \u00f6tede ve 500-1000 y\u0131l daha \u00f6nce.<\/p>\n

\u015earap yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n daha da eski, M\u00d6 7000 y\u0131l\u0131na dayanan kan\u0131tlar\u0131na, \u00c7in\u2019in Henan b\u00f6lgesinde de rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak fermente edien s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcz\u00fcm, al\u0131\u00e7, pirin\u00e7 biras\u0131 ve bal lik\u00f6r\u00fc kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 oldu\u011fu tespit edilmi\u015fti. G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019daki antik k\u00fcplerin altlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u0131pk\u0131 \u0130ran\u2019da bulunanlar gibi olduk\u00e7a dar olmas\u0131 ise, kolayca ayakta duramayacaklar\u0131ndan, \u015farap yap\u0131m\u0131 esnas\u0131nda topra\u011fa g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Bu teknik h\u00e2l\u00e2 G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n baz\u0131 yerlerinde \u201cgeleneksel\u201d y\u00f6ntem olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcrcistan\u2019daki kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, maddi olarak b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcce G\u00fcrcistan Milli \u015earap Acentesi taraf\u0131ndan desteklendi. \u201cG\u00fcrc\u00fcler bu konuda ger\u00e7ekten \u00e7ok co\u015fkulu,\u201d diyor Stephen Batiuk. Kendisi Toronto \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde arkeolog ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n e\u015fyazarlar\u0131ndan. \u201cY\u0131llard\u0131r \u00e7ok eskiye dayanan bir \u015farap gelenekleri oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorlard\u0131, biz de bunu kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015f olduk.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da yap\u0131lan bir dizi arkeolojik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk \u015farap yap\u0131m\u0131na dair izlere rastland\u0131. \u0130zler arkeologlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na M\u00d6 6000 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kil \u00e7anak \u00e7\u00f6mleklerde \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fi, \u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fc i\u015fleyerek \u015farap yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden \u00e7ok daha eski bir uyguluma oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyordu. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde d\u00fcnya genelinde binlerce farkl\u0131 \u00fcz\u00fcm \u00e7e\u015fidi bulunsa da, biyolojik olarak\u00a0 hemen hepsi yabani olmayan tek \u00fcz\u00fcm […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":865,"featured_media":18157,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2146,20,19],"tags":[244,230,597,2192],"class_list":["post-18156","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-166-sayi","category-arkeoloji","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-arkeoloji","tag-insanlik-tarihi","tag-kazi","tag-sarap"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t