{"id":18322,"date":"2017-12-01T12:03:38","date_gmt":"2017-12-01T09:03:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=18322"},"modified":"2018-10-20T15:30:04","modified_gmt":"2018-10-20T12:30:04","slug":"jeofiziksel-degil-cevresel-bir-bariyer-anadolu-diyagonali","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2017\/12\/01\/jeofiziksel-degil-cevresel-bir-bariyer-anadolu-diyagonali","title":{"rendered":"Jeofiziksel de\u011fil, \u00e7evresel bir bariyer:\u00a0Anadolu Diyagonali"},"content":{"rendered":"

Anadolu, biyoco\u011frafi olarak ilgin\u00e7, ancak yeterince incelenmemi\u015f bir b\u00f6lgedir. Anadolu\u2019nun biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fini \u015fekillendiren en belirgin biyoco\u011frafi \u00f6zelliklerden biri, Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019dir. Anadolu Diyagonali, \u00f6nemli bir biyoco\u011frafi s\u00fcreksizli\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelir. Bu s\u00fcreksizlik, \u00f6zellikle s\u0131cakl\u0131k mevsimselli\u011fi ile ili\u015fkili \u00e7evresel s\u00fcreksizlikle \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. <\/em><\/p>\n

Sunu\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n

Okuyaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z yaz\u0131, Hakan G\u00fcr\u2019\u00fcn Kebike\u00e7<\/em> dergisinin 43. say\u0131s\u0131nda \u201cAnadolu Diyagonali: Bir Biyoco\u011frafi S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n Anatomisi\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yay\u0131mlanan yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kendisi taraf\u0131ndan bir miktar de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f halidir.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Bir b\u00f6lgenin biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik s\u0131cak noktas\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlanabilmesi i\u00e7in, iki kat\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc sa\u011flamas\u0131 gerekir: 1) En az 1500 endemik damarl\u0131 bitki t\u00fcr\u00fcne ev sahipli\u011fi yapmal\u0131, di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle, yeri doldurulamaz, e\u015fsiz olmal\u0131d\u0131r! 2) \u00d6zg\u00fcn do\u011fal vejetasyonunun en fazla y\u00fczde 30\u2019una sahip (yani, en az y\u00fczde 70\u2019ini kaybetmi\u015f), di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle, tehdit alt\u0131nda olmal\u0131d\u0131r! D\u00fcnyada bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctleri sa\u011flayan 36 biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik s\u0131cak noktas\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bu s\u0131cak noktalar, yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn sadece y\u00fczde 2,3\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc kaplar, ancak endemik bitki t\u00fcrlerinin yar\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131na, ikiya\u015faml\u0131, s\u00fcr\u00fcngen, ku\u015f ve memeli t\u00fcrlerinin ise yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 43\u2019\u00fcne ev sahipli\u011fi yapar (Conservation International 2017).<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Asya b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc (Anadolu), d\u00fcnyadaki 36 biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik s\u0131cak noktas\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve etkile\u015fti\u011fi bir b\u00f6lgedir: Akdeniz Havzas\u0131, \u0130ran-Anadolu ve Kafkasya biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik s\u0131cak noktalar\u0131 (\u015eekil 1). Bu, Anadolu\u2019nun y\u00fcksek bir biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fe ve endemizme sahip oldu\u011fu, ancak \u00f6zg\u00fcn do\u011fal vejetasyonunun \u00e7o\u011funu kaybetti\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle, Anadolu, sahip oldu\u011fu biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yeri doldurulamaz, ancak zaten \u00f6zg\u00fcn do\u011fal vejetasyonunun \u00e7o\u011funu kaybetmi\u015f, yo\u011fun tehdit alt\u0131nda olan bir b\u00f6lgedir (Conservation International 2017). Anadolu\u2019nun bu y\u00fcksek biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi ve endemizmi, belli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Avrupa, Ortado\u011fu, \u0130\u00e7 Asya ve Afrika\u2019n\u0131n ba\u011flant\u0131 noktas\u0131ndaki konumu (\u015eekercio\u011flu ve di\u011f. 2011) ve ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki jeolojik ve iklimsel dinamiklerle ili\u015fkilidir. Bununla birlikte, insan aktiviteleri, insan uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en erken be\u015fiklerinden biri olan Anadolu\u2019nun \u00f6zg\u00fcn karasal ve denizel ekosistemlerini binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r dramatik bir \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir (\u015eekercio\u011flu ve di\u011f. 2011).<\/p>\n

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\u015eekil 2. Anadolu Diyagonali \u00fczerine olan veya Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019ne bir \u015fekilde de\u011finen makalelerin y\u0131llara g\u00f6re say\u0131s\u0131 (Google Akademik sonu\u00e7lar\u0131).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Anadolu\u2019nun biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fini anlamak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en belirgin biyoco\u011frafi \u00f6zelliklerden biri, son y\u0131llarda bir hayli ilgi \u00e7eken Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019dir (\u015eekil 2 ve 3). T\u00fcrkiye ve Do\u011fu Ege Adalar\u0131 Floras\u0131 <\/em>\u201cT\u00fcrkiye Floras\u0131\u201d serisinin (Cilt 1-9, Davis 1965-1985; Cilt 10, Davis ve di\u011f. 1988; Vol. 11, G\u00fcner ve di\u011f. 2000) ilk cildindeki bitki t\u00fcrlerinin co\u011frafi da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcne dayanarak, Cullen taraf\u0131ndan fark\u0131na var\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve ilk kez G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019n\u0131n Bitki Ya\u015fam\u0131 Sempozyumu<\/em>\u2019nda Davis (1971) taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6nerilmi\u015ftir. Daha sonra, Ekim ve G\u00fcner (1986), \u201cT\u00fcrkiye Floras\u0131\u201d serisinin bu kez ilk sekiz cildindeki bitki t\u00fcrlerinin co\u011frafi da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcne dayanarak, Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019nin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Bkz. Kutu). Anadolu Diyagonali, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin kuzeydo\u011fusundan (Bayburt-G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane yak\u0131n\u0131ndan) g\u00fcneybat\u0131ya do\u011fru uzan\u0131r ve Akdeniz\u2019e do\u011fru iki kola ayr\u0131l\u0131r: Orta Toros Da\u011flar\u0131 ve Nur Da\u011flar\u0131. \u0130ran-Anadolu biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik s\u0131cak noktas\u0131n\u0131n (bu s\u0131cak nokta i\u00e7in, bkz. Eken ve di\u011f. 2004, Conservation International 2017) Anadolu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc iki b\u00f6lgeye ay\u0131r\u0131r: Genellikle 1500 metrenin alt\u0131nda olan \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu ve genellikle 1500 metrenin \u00fcst\u00fcnde olan Do\u011fu Anadolu (Davis 1971, Ekim ve G\u00fcner 1986). Bu b\u00f6lgeler, farkl\u0131 ekolojik b\u00f6lgelere ev sahipli\u011fi yapar: Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019nin bat\u0131s\u0131nda \u201c\u0130\u00e7 Anadolu Step\u201d ve \u201c\u0130\u00e7 Anadolu Yaprak D\u00f6ken Orman\u201d, do\u011fusunda ise \u201cDo\u011fu Anadolu Yaprak D\u00f6ken Orman\u201d, \u201cDo\u011fu Anadolu Da\u011f Step\u201d ve \u201cZagros Da\u011flar\u0131 Orman Step\u201d ekolojik b\u00f6lgeleri vard\u0131r (Welch ve Kirwan 2008; \u015eekil 3).<\/p>\n

Anadolu Diyagonali, bir\u00e7ok pop\u00fclasyonun (\u00f6rne\u011fin, soy hatt\u0131) ve taksonun (\u00f6rne\u011fin, altt\u00fcr ve t\u00fcr) co\u011frafi da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131yla \u00e7ak\u0131\u015f\u0131r (Kaynaklar i\u00e7in, bkz. G\u00fcr 2016). \u00d6rne\u011fin, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki 1200 endemik bitki t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn bir\u00e7o\u011fu, sadece Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019nin hemen bat\u0131s\u0131nda veya do\u011fusunda da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m g\u00f6sterir (Conservation International 2017). \u00d6yle g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir ki, Anadolu Diyagonali, bir bariyer olarak i\u015flev g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Dahas\u0131, b\u00f6lgesel tarihsel-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n Anadolu Diyagonali ile ili\u015fkili oldu\u011fu da ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (Ayd\u0131n 2004). D\u00fcring (2016)\u2019e g\u00f6re, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya, Anadolu\u2019nun kabaca \u0130skenderun ile Trabzon aras\u0131ndaki hatt\u0131n (ki, yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k geldi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir) bat\u0131s\u0131nda kalan k\u0131sm\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130skenderun ile Trabzon aras\u0131ndaki hatt\u0131n belirledi\u011fi bu co\u011frafi s\u0131n\u0131r, g\u00fcneyde B\u00fcy\u00fck Mezopotomya ve Levant, do\u011fuda Toros, Karadeniz, Kafkas, Zagros ve Elbruz S\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n bir araya geldi\u011fi da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lge ve bat\u0131da K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya olmak \u00fczere, bu \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6lge aras\u0131nda tarih\u00f6ncesi ve sonras\u0131 boyunca \u00f6nemli bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ayr\u0131m olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

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\u015eekil 3. \u0130ran-Anadolu biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik s\u0131cak noktas\u0131n\u0131, bu s\u0131cak nokta i\u00e7indeki ekolojik b\u00f6lgeleri ve Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019ni g\u00f6steren harita. \u201c\u0130\u00e7 Anadolu Stepi\u201d = S; \u201c\u0130\u00e7 Anadolu Yaprak D\u00f6ken Orman\u0131\u201d = \u0130AO; \u201cDo\u011fu Anadolu Yaprak D\u00f6ken Orman\u0131\u201d = DAO, \u201cDo\u011fu Anadolu Da\u011f Stepi\u201d = DS; \u201cZagros Da\u011flar\u0131 Orman Stepi\u201d = OS. \u00dc\u00e7genler ve siyah noktalar, s\u0131ras\u0131yla Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019nin bat\u0131s\u0131nda ve do\u011fusunda da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m g\u00f6steren iki sanal pop\u00fclasyonu temsil eder. A\u00e7\u0131k gri = < 1500 metre; koyu gri = 1500-2000 metre; siyah = > 2000 metre.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Anadolu Diyagonali, uzun zamand\u0131r \u0130\u00e7 ve Do\u011fu Anadolu aras\u0131nda biyoco\u011frafi bir s\u0131n\u0131r (asl\u0131nda daha \u00e7ok floral bir kesinti) olarak bilinmesine ra\u011fmen, tam olarak nas\u0131l i\u015flev g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anla\u015f\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Davis (1971), bu floral kesintinin fiziksel ve iklimsel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar ile a\u00e7\u0131klanamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Anadolu\u2019nun paleojeolojik (Senozoyik) tarihinin bir sonucu oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ancak Ekim ve G\u00fcner (1986), Anadolu\u2019nun Senozoyik tarihini g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmemekle birlikte, ekolojik ve iklimsel fakt\u00f6rlerin daha \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftir. Son olarak, G\u00fcr (2016), bu tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015fturmak amac\u0131yla, ekolojik ni\u015f modellemesi yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve ili\u015fkili metrikleri (Warren ve di\u011f. 2008, 2010, Glor ve Warren 2011) kullanarak, Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019nin \u00f6nemli bir \u00e7evresel bariyer, yani ani bir \u00e7evresel de\u011fi\u015fimin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi bir b\u00f6lge olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 incelemi\u015ftir. Bunun i\u00e7in, \u0130ran-Anadolu biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik s\u0131cak noktas\u0131n\u0131n Anadolu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcndeki steplerde ve\/veya antropojen steplerde, biri Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019nin bat\u0131s\u0131nda, di\u011feri ise do\u011fusunda olacak \u015fekilde, da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m g\u00f6steren iki sanal pop\u00fclasyon olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur (\u015eekil 3). Bu pop\u00fclasyonlar, Anadolu Diyagonali taraf\u0131ndan ayr\u0131lan veya Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019nin sadece bir taraf\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m g\u00f6steren baz\u0131 pop\u00fclasyon (\u00f6rne\u011fin, soy hatt\u0131) veya takson (\u00f6rne\u011fin, altt\u00fcr veya t\u00fcr) \u00e7iftlerini temsil eder (\u00f6rnekler i\u00e7in, bkz. Ekim ve G\u00fcner 1986, \u00c7\u0131plak ve di\u011f. 1993).<\/p>\n

G\u00fcr (2016), bat\u0131 ve do\u011fu pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 \u00e7evresel uzamlar\u0131 kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bu pop\u00fclasyonlar aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7evresel \u0131raksaman\u0131n rasgele yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f biyoco\u011frafi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 pop\u00fclasyon \u00e7iftleri aras\u0131nda g\u00f6zlenenlerden daha b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011funu ve bu \u00e7evresel \u0131raksamay\u0131 daha \u00e7ok s\u0131cakl\u0131k mevsimselli\u011finin y\u00f6nlendirdi\u011fini bulmu\u015ftur. Bunlar, Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019nin \u00f6nemli bir \u00e7evresel bariyer, yani, (\u00f6zellikle s\u0131cakl\u0131k mevsimselli\u011finde) ani bir \u00e7evresel de\u011fi\u015fimin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi bir b\u00f6lge oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrer. Bu, Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019nin hem \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu ve Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu iklim b\u00f6lgeleri (Unal ve di\u011f. 2003) hem de ekolojik b\u00f6lgeler (Welch ve Kirwan 2008; \u015eekil 3) aras\u0131nda bir s\u0131n\u0131r olu\u015fturdu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrse, \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir. Do\u011fu Anadolu, k\u0131tasal \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fman\u0131n en \u00f6nemli \u00f6rneklerinden birinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi bir b\u00f6lgedir ve yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 2000 metre ortalama y\u00fcksekli\u011fi ile Alp-Himalaya da\u011f ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek platolar\u0131ndan birini olu\u015fturur (Keskin 2007). Bu nedenle, Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019nin do\u011fusu bat\u0131s\u0131ndan genellikle topo\u011frafik ve iklimsel olarak daha heterojendir, daha so\u011fuk, mevsimsel ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r ve daha \u00f6nce de de\u011finildi\u011fi gibi, farkl\u0131 ekolojik b\u00f6lgelere ev sahipli\u011fi yapar. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, Anadolu Diyagonali, bir\u00e7ok pop\u00fclasyonun ve taksonun co\u011frafi da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 ile \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr (kaynaklar i\u00e7in, bkz. G\u00fcr 2016). \u00d6yle g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir ki, bir\u00e7ok pop\u00fclasyon ve takson, Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019nin di\u011fer taraf\u0131nda \u00e7evresel olmayan nedenlerden (\u00f6rne\u011fin, dispersal, rekabet) ziyade \u00e7evresel nedenlerden (\u00f6rne\u011fin, \u00f6zellikle de s\u0131cakl\u0131k mevsimselli\u011fi ile ili\u015fkili uyumlar) dolay\u0131 da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m g\u00f6stermez. Bu durum, en az\u0131ndan son buzul d\u00f6nem (115-12 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce; Cowie 2007) i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. Bu sonu\u00e7lar, Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019nin jeofiziksel bariyer i\u015flevini d\u0131\u015flamasa da, \u00e7evresel bariyer i\u015flevinin \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu vurgular. (G\u00fcr 2016) Ancak Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019nin ayn\u0131 zamanda Akdeniz Havzas\u0131 ve Kafkasya biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik s\u0131cak noktalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc\/g\u00f6\u00e7 koridoru olarak i\u015flev g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r (Veith ve di\u011f. 2003, Ansell ve di\u011f. 2011).<\/p>\n

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\u015eekil 4. Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019nin kuzeyinden (\u00fcstte), ortas\u0131ndan (ortada) ve g\u00fcneyinden (altta) ge\u00e7en ve Anadolu boyunca bat\u0131-do\u011fu ekseninde uzanan \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fczerg\u00e2hta (39.708, 39.042 ve 38.292 kuzey enlemleri) y\u00fcksekli\u011fin (d\u00fcz \u00e7izgi) ve iklimin (kesikli \u00e7izgi) de\u011fi\u015fimi. Oklar, Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019nin bat\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden yakla\u015f\u0131k konumunu g\u00f6sterir. \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fkeni, WorldClim veri taban\u0131ndaki (www.worldclim.org) biyoiklim verisi (19 biyoiklimsel de\u011fi\u015fken) temel bile\u015fenler analizi ile tek bir bile\u015fene indirgenerek elde edilmi\u015ftir. Bu de\u011fi\u015fken, en \u00e7ok s\u0131cakl\u0131k mevsimselli\u011fi ile pozitif ili\u015fki sergiler.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0130ran-Anadolu biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik s\u0131cak noktas\u0131 i\u00e7inde kalacak ve Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019nin kuzeyinden, ortas\u0131ndan ve g\u00fcneyinden ge\u00e7ecek \u015fekilde, Anadolu boyunca bat\u0131dan do\u011fuya do\u011fru \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fczerg\u00e2hta hem y\u00fcksekli\u011fin hem de iklimin nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi incelendi\u011finde, Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019nin jeofiziksel bariyer \u00f6zelli\u011finden daha \u00e7ok \u00e7evresel bariyer \u00f6zelli\u011fi dikkati \u00e7eker (\u015eekil 4). Buna verilebilecek g\u00fczel \u00f6rneklerden biri, Anadolu yer sincab\u0131n\u0131n (Spermophilus xanthoprymnus<\/em>) co\u011frafi da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n Anadolu Diyagonali ile olan ili\u015fkisidir (\u015eekil 5). Anadolu yer sincab\u0131, \u0130\u00e7 ve Do\u011fu Anadolu, kom\u015fu Ermenistan ve Kuzeybat\u0131 \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 800 metreden 2900 metreye kadar olan steplerinde ve alpin \u00e7ay\u0131rlar\u0131nda ya\u015far (Kart G\u00fcr ve G\u00fcr 2010). \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu soy hatlar\u0131 (soy hatt\u0131 2, 3, 4 ve 5), do\u011fuda Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019ne kadar uzan\u0131r, ancak onu ge\u00e7emez. Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019ni izleyerek kuzeyde Do\u011fu Anadolu soy hatt\u0131 (soy hatt\u0131 1) ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r (G\u00fcnd\u00fcz ve di\u011f. 2007, G\u00fcr 2013; \u015eekil 5). Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019nin 1500 metrenin \u00fczerinde ve genellikle 2000 metrenin alt\u0131nda bir y\u00fcksekli\u011fe sahip oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde (\u015eekil 3 ve 5), Anadolu yer sincab\u0131n\u0131n bu co\u011frafi da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00e7evresel fakt\u00f6rlerin (Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019nin jeofiziksel bariyer \u00f6zelli\u011finden daha \u00e7ok \u00e7evresel bariyer \u00f6zelli\u011finin) \u015fekillendirdi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir (bkz. G\u00fcr 2013).<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u015eekil 5. Anadolu yer sincab\u0131n\u0131n (Spermophilus xanthoprymnus) \u0130\u00e7 (\u00fc\u00e7gen) ve Do\u011fu (nokta) Anadolu soy hatlar\u0131n\u0131n co\u011frafi da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131. E\u011fri \u00e7izgi, Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019nin do\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcnden yakla\u015f\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Di\u011fer a\u00e7\u0131klamalar i\u00e7in, bkz. \u015eekil 3.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak, Anadolu, biyoco\u011frafi olarak ilgin\u00e7, ancak yeterince incelenmemi\u015f bir b\u00f6lgedir. Anadolu\u2019nun biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fini \u015fekillendiren en belirgin biyoco\u011frafi \u00f6zelliklerden biri, Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019dir. Anadolu Diyagonali, \u00f6nemli bir biyoco\u011frafi s\u00fcreksizli\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelir. Bu s\u00fcreksizlik, \u00f6zellikle s\u0131cakl\u0131k mevsimselli\u011fi ile ili\u015fkili \u00e7evresel s\u00fcreksizlik ile \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Bu \u00e7evresel s\u00fcreksizli\u011fin organizmalar\u0131n uyumlar\u0131n\u0131\/uyarlanmalar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l \u015fekillendirdi\u011fi ile ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, neredeyse yok denecek kadar azd\u0131r. Bu konudaki istisnalardan biri, Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019nin her iki yakas\u0131nda Anadolu yer sincab\u0131n\u0131n hibernasyonu (Kart 2000, Kart G\u00fcr 2008, Kart G\u00fcr ve di\u011f. 2009, 2015, Kart G\u00fcr ve G\u00fcr 2015) ve v\u00fccut b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (G\u00fcr 2007, 2010, G\u00fcr ve di\u011f. 2016) \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalard\u0131r (Bkz. Bilim ve Gelecek<\/em>, bu say\u0131, izleyen makale).<\/p>\n

\u2018T\u00fcrkiye Floras\u0131\u2019 ve Anadolu Diyagonali<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cullen, \u201cT\u00fcrkiye Floras\u0131\u201d serisinin ilk cildindeki 550 bitki t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc incelemi\u015f ve bunlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 66\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n co\u011frafi da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n Anadolu Diyagonali ile ili\u015fkili oldu\u011funu bulmu\u015ftur: 228 t\u00fcr temel olarak bat\u0131da, 135 t\u00fcr ise temel olarak do\u011fuda da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m g\u00f6sterir (Davis 1971). Ekim ve G\u00fcner (1986), ayn\u0131 cildi tekrar incelemi\u015f ve 114 t\u00fcr\u00fcn bat\u0131da, 123 t\u00fcr\u00fcn do\u011fuda, 62 t\u00fcr\u00fcn ise Anadolu Diyagonali \u00fczerinde da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini bulmu\u015ftur. Farkl\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan hemen hemen ayn\u0131 t\u00fcrlerin bu \u015fekilde incelenmesi, bu iki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma aras\u0131nda sonu\u00e7lar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan baz\u0131 farkl\u0131l\u0131klar olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019nin s\u00fcbjektif bir de\u011ferlendirmenin sonucu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Ekim ve G\u00fcner (1986), ayn\u0131 zamanda \u201cT\u00fcrkiye Floras\u0131\u201d serisinin ilk sekiz cildindeki bitki t\u00fcrlerini incelemi\u015f ve bunlar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 33\u2019\u00fcn\u00fcn co\u011frafi da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n Anadolu Diyagonali ile ili\u015fkili oldu\u011funu bulmu\u015ftur: 1108 t\u00fcr bat\u0131da, 1138 t\u00fcr do\u011fuda, 390 t\u00fcr ise Anadolu Diyagonali \u00fczerinde da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m g\u00f6sterir.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) S. W. Ansell, H. K. Stenoien, M. Grundmann, S. J. Russell, M. A. Koch, H. Schneider ve J. C. Vogel; \u201cThe importance of Anatolian mountains as the cradle of global diversity in Arabis alpina<\/em>, a key arctic – alpine species\u201d, Annals of Botany<\/em> 108 (2011): 241-252.<\/p>\n

2) S. Ayd\u0131n, \u201cAnadolu Diyagonali: Ekolojik kesinti tarihsel-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa i\u015faret edebilir mi?\u201d Kebike\u00e7 <\/em>17 (2004): 117-137.<\/p>\n

3) Conservation International. \u201cConservation International: Hotspots\u201d. Eri\u015fim tarihi 07 \u015eubat 2017. http:\/\/www.conservation.org\/how\/pages\/hotspots.aspx<\/p>\n

4) J. Cowie, Climate Change: Biological and Human Aspects<\/em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.<\/p>\n

5) B. \u00c7\u0131plak, A. Demirsoy ve A. N. Bozcuk; \u201cDistribution of Orthoptera in relation to the Anatolian Diagonal in Turkey\u201d, Articulata <\/em>8 (1993): 1-20.<\/p>\n

6) P. H. Davis, Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands<\/em> Vol. 1-9<\/em>, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1965-1985.<\/p>\n

7) P. H. Davis, \u201cDistribution patterns in Anatolia with particular reference to endemism\u201d, Plant Life of South-West Asia<\/em>, ed. P. H. Davis, P. C. Harper ve I. C. Hedge, 15-27. Edinburgh: The Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 1971.<\/p>\n

8) P. H. Davis, R. R. Mill ve K. Tan; Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands (Supplement) Vol. 10.<\/em> Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1988.<\/p>\n

9) B. S. D\u00fcring, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya\u2019n\u0131n Tarih\u00f6ncesi: Karma\u015f\u0131k Avc\u0131-Toplay\u0131c\u0131lardan Erken Kentsel Toplumlara<\/em>, \u00c7ev. Azer Keskin. \u0130stanbul: Ko\u00e7 \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2016.<\/p>\n

10) G. Eken, M. Evans, A. Karata\u015f, \u00d6. Balk\u0131z, E. Kara\u00e7etin, T. K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 \u2026 ve A. Karata\u015f; \u201cIrano-Anatolian\u201d. Hotspots Revisited<\/em>, ed. Mittermeier, RA, Gil, PR, Hoffman, M, Pilgrim, J, Brooks, T, Mittermeier, CG, \u2026, ve Da Fonseca, GAB, 287-295. Mexico: CEMEX, 2004.<\/p>\n

11) T. Ekim ve A. G\u00fcner, \u201cThe Anatolian diagonal: fact or fiction\u201d? Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Section B, Biological Sciences <\/em>89 (1986): 69-77.<\/p>\n

12) R. E. Glor ve D. Warren, \u201cTesting ecological explanations for biogeographic boundaries\u201d. Evolution <\/em>65 (2011): 673-683.<\/p>\n

13) I. G\u00fcnd\u00fcz, M. Jaarola, C. Tez, C. Yeniyurt, P. D. Polly ve J. B. Searle; \u201cMultigenic and morphometric differentiation of ground squirrels (Spermophilus<\/em>, Sciuridae, Rodentia) in Turkey, with a description of a new species\u201d, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution <\/em>43 (2007): 916-935.<\/p>\n

14) A. G\u00fcner, N. \u00d6zhatay, T. Ekim ve K. H. C. Ba\u015fer; Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands <\/em>(Second Supplement) Vol. 11<\/em>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2000.<\/p>\n

15) H. G\u00fcr, Anadolu Yer Sincab\u0131 (Spermophilus xanthoprymnus)\u2019nda Morfometrik Varyasyon ve Se\u00e7ilen \u00c7evresel De\u011fi\u015fkenlerle \u0130li\u015fkisi<\/em>. Ankara: Hacettepe \u00dcniversitesi, Doktora Tezi, 2007.<\/p>\n

16) H. G\u00fcr, \u201cWhy do Anatolian ground squirrels exhibit a Bergmannian size pattern? A phylogenetic comparative analysis of geographic variation in body size\u201d. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society<\/em> 100 (2010): 695-710.<\/p>\n

17) H. G\u00fcr, \u201cThe effects of the late Quaternary glacial-interglacial cycles on Anatolian ground squirrels: range expansion during the glacial periods\u201d? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society<\/em> 109 (2013): 19-32.<\/p>\n

18) H. G\u00fcr, \u201cThe Anatolian diagonal revisited: testing the ecological basis of a biogeographic boundary\u201d. Zoology in the Middle East<\/em> 62 (2016): 189-199.<\/p>\n

19) H. G\u00fcr, T. Kank\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, U. Perkta\u015f ve M. Kart G\u00fcr; Anadolu Yer Sincab\u0131n\u0131n (Spermophilus xanthoprymnus) V\u00fccut B\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ve N\u00f6tral DNA Belirte\u00e7lerinde Pop\u00fclasyonlar Aras\u0131 Farkl\u0131la\u015fma \u00d6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri<\/em>, Ankara: T\u00dcB\u0130TAK, Proje Raporu, 2016.<\/p>\n

20) M. Kart, Spermophilus xanthoprymnus\u2019ta Hibernasyonun Davran\u0131\u015fsal ve Biyokimyasal A\u00e7\u0131dan De\u011ferlendirilmesi.<\/em> Ankara: Hacettepe \u00dcniversitesi, Bilim Uzmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Tezi, 2000.<\/p>\n

21) M. Kart G\u00fcr, Anadolu Yer Sincab\u0131n\u0131n (Spermophilus xanthoprymnus) Hibernasyon Modeli.<\/em> Ankara: Hacettepe \u00dcniversitesi, Doktora Tezi, 2008.<\/p>\n

22) M. Kart G\u00fcr ve H. G\u00fcr, \u201cSpermophilus xanthoprymnus <\/em>(Rodentia: Sciuridae)\u201d. Mammalian Species <\/em>42 (2010): 183-194.<\/p>\n

23) M. Kart G\u00fcr ve H. G\u00fcr, \u201cAge and sex differences in hibernation patterns in free-living Anatolian ground squirrels\u201d. Mammalian Biology<\/em> 80 (2015): 265-272.<\/p>\n

24) M. Kart G\u00fcr, R. Ref\u0131netti ve H. G\u00fcr; \u201cDaily rhythmicity and hibernation in the Anatolian ground squirrel under natural and laboratory conditions\u201d. Journal of Comparative Physiology B<\/em> 179 (2009): 155-164.<\/p>\n

25) M. Kart G\u00fcr, H. G\u00fcr ve K. Kank\u0131l\u0131\u00e7; Do\u011fada Serbest Ya\u015fayan Anadolu Yer Sincaplar\u0131n\u0131n (Spermophilus xanthoprymnus) Hibernasyon S\u0131ras\u0131ndaki V\u00fccut S\u0131cakl\u0131k Profilinin De\u011ferlendirilmesi. <\/em>K\u0131r\u015fehir: Ahi Evran \u00dcniversitesi, Bilimsel Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Birimi, Proje Raporu, 2015.<\/p>\n

26) M. Keskin, \u201cEastern Anatolia: a hotspot in a collision zone without a mantle plume\u201d. Geological Society of America Special Papers <\/em>430 (2007): 693-722.<\/p>\n

27) \u00c7. H. \u015eekercio\u011flu, S. Anderson, E. Ak\u00e7ay, R. Bilgin, \u00d6. E. Can, G. Semiz, \u2026, ve H. N. Dalfes; \u201cTurkey\u2019s globally important biodiversity in crisis\u201d. Biological Conservation <\/em>144 (2011): 2752-2769.<\/p>\n

28) Y. Unal, T. K\u0131ndap ve M. Karaca; \u201cRedefining the climate zones of Turkey using cluster analysis\u201d, International Journal of Climatology <\/em>23 (2003): 1045-1055.<\/p>\n

29) M. Veith, J. F. Schmidtler, J. Kosuch, I. Baran ve A. Seitz; \u201cPalaeoclimatic changes explain Anatolian mountain frog evolution: a test for alternating vicariance and dispersal events\u201d, Molecular Ecology<\/em> 12 (2003): 185-199.<\/p>\n

30) D. L. Warren, R. E. Glor ve M. Turelli; \u201cEnvironmental niche equivalency versus conservatism: quantitative approaches to niche evolution\u201d, Evolution <\/em>62 (2008): 2868-2883.<\/p>\n

31) D. L. Warren, R. E. Glor ve M. Turelli; \u201cENMTools: a toolbox for comparative studies of environmental niche models\u201d. Ecography <\/em>33 (2010): 607-611.<\/p>\n

32) H. Welch ve G. M. Kirwan, \u201cTurkey\u2019s ecoregions: their biodiversity and conservation\u201d. The Birds of Turkey<\/em>, ed. G. Kirwan, B. Demirci, H. Welch, K. Boyla, M. \u00d6zen, P. Castell ve T. Marlow, T, 31-41. London: Helm, 2008.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Anadolu, biyoco\u011frafi olarak ilgin\u00e7, ancak yeterince incelenmemi\u015f bir b\u00f6lgedir. Anadolu\u2019nun biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fini \u015fekillendiren en belirgin biyoco\u011frafi \u00f6zelliklerden biri, Anadolu Diyagonali\u2019dir. Anadolu Diyagonali, \u00f6nemli bir biyoco\u011frafi s\u00fcreksizli\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelir. Bu s\u00fcreksizlik, \u00f6zellikle s\u0131cakl\u0131k mevsimselli\u011fi ile ili\u015fkili \u00e7evresel s\u00fcreksizlikle \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Sunu\u015f Okuyaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z yaz\u0131, Hakan G\u00fcr\u2019\u00fcn Kebike\u00e7 dergisinin 43. say\u0131s\u0131nda \u201cAnadolu Diyagonali: Bir Biyoco\u011frafi S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n Anatomisi\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yay\u0131mlanan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":671,"featured_media":18323,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2146,217,232],"tags":[571,2228,1746,198,2229,313,2122],"class_list":["post-18322","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-166-sayi","category-cevre-bilimleri","category-yerbilimleri","tag-anadolu","tag-anadolu-diyagonali","tag-cesitlilik","tag-cevre","tag-flora","tag-jeofizik","tag-yer-bilimleri"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t