{"id":18675,"date":"2018-02-01T14:04:15","date_gmt":"2018-02-01T11:04:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=18675"},"modified":"2018-02-08T16:00:53","modified_gmt":"2018-02-08T13:00:53","slug":"isigin-otesine-yolculuk-x-isininin-gozlenmesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/02\/01\/isigin-otesine-yolculuk-x-isininin-gozlenmesi","title":{"rendered":"I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6tesine yolculuk: X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zlenmesi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hi\u00e7 r\u00f6ntgen \u00e7ektirdiniz mi? Belki de bir dergide okumu\u015fsunuzdur, \u201clazerle t\u00fcm\u00f6r \u00f6ld\u00fcrme, kanser tedavisi\u201d. Ya da belgeselde X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 uzay teleskoplar\u0131yla bir g\u00f6kada k\u00fcmesi foto\u011fraf\u0131 g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fs\u00fcn\u00fczd\u00fcr. Bu sayd\u0131klar\u0131m, X-\u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131ndan yaln\u0131zca bir k\u0131sm\u0131. Bu yaz\u0131da X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n ke\u015fif s\u00fcrecine bakaca\u011f\u0131z; bu ke\u015ffe giden yollar\u0131n ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6\u015femi\u015f bir\u00e7ok fizik\u00e7iyi anaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u015eu zamanlar, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 en ilgin\u00e7 \u00e7a\u011flardan biri oluyor. A\u011fa\u00e7 kavuklar\u0131nda ve ma\u011faralarda ya\u015fayan insanl\u0131k, tar\u0131m\u0131 ke\u015ffetti\u011finde ilk defa bu denli bir toplumsal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. O zamanlar evrendeki s\u0131rlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu hen\u00fcz \u00e7\u00f6zmemi\u015ftik, ancak dinler ve devlet yap\u0131lanmalar\u0131 bizlere g\u00fcven sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. Sosyal s\u0131n\u0131f sistemi i\u015fliyor gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu, taa ki insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n daha \u00f6nceden kutsal olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcp sorgulanamaz ilan etti\u011fi kavramlar\u0131n sorgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlara gelene kadar. \u0130\u015fte o zamanlarda, yasakl\u0131 felsefe kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden okunduk. \u00d6\u011frendik. Ad\u0131mlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 daha emin bir \u015fekilde at\u0131yorduk art\u0131k. Kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda yepyeni bir at\u0131l\u0131m alan\u0131 vard\u0131, bilim. 18. ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n Ayd\u0131nlanma \u00c7a\u011f\u0131, t\u00fcm evrenin s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayacak, toplumlar\u0131 sava\u015ftan kurtaracak muhte\u015fem \u00fctopyalar\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131yd\u0131. Bilime kar\u015f\u0131 tak\u0131n\u0131lan toplumsal tavr\u0131 belki de en iyi \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131klayan s\u00f6z Christiaan Huygens\u2019e aitti: \u201cT\u00fcm d\u00fcnya benim vatan\u0131m, bilim ise dinimdir.\u201d Onun gibi biliminsanlar\u0131, modern d\u00fcnyan\u0131n temellerini olu\u015fturdular. Bizler de bu yaz\u0131da bu tatl\u0131 ak\u0131ma kap\u0131l\u0131p X-\u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n ke\u015ffedilme s\u00fcrecini ke\u015ffedece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n

Hi\u00e7 r\u00f6ntgen \u00e7ektirdiniz mi? Belki de bir dergide okumu\u015fsunuzdur, \u201clazerle t\u00fcm\u00f6r \u00f6ld\u00fcrme, kanser tedavisi\u201d. Ya da belgeselde X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 uzay teleskoplar\u0131yla bir g\u00f6kada k\u00fcmesi foto\u011fraf\u0131 g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fs\u00fcn\u00fczd\u00fcr. Bu sayd\u0131klar\u0131m, X-\u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131ndan yaln\u0131zca bir k\u0131sm\u0131, g\u00f6zlerimizin g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e evreni \u00e7ok daha iyi anl\u0131yoruz, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc g\u00f6rebildi\u011fimiz evren ufac\u0131k. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlama s\u00fcreci halen devam ediyorken, gelin yolun ortalar\u0131nda bir yere bakal\u0131m. Rotam\u0131z\u0131 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l Avrupas\u0131na bir kere daha \u00e7evirip; d\u00f6nemin fizik\u00e7ilerinin, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u00fcksek enerjili k\u00f6\u015felerinin ke\u015fif yolculu\u011funa kat\u0131lal\u0131m. I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n farkl\u0131 dalga boylar\u0131n\u0131n ke\u015fif s\u00fcreci, \u00e7ok fazla fizik\u00e7inin kolektif \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc oldu\u011fundan pek \u00e7ok biliminsan\u0131n\u0131n ismini zikredece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Heinrich Geissler<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Geissler t\u00fcpleri, Crookes t\u00fcpleri, Lenard \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Deneysel ya da g\u00f6zlemsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan biliminsanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in eskiden hayat \u00e7ok zordu. Diyelim ki bir astronomsunuz ve gezegen g\u00f6zleyeceksiniz. Bir kere cam ustalar\u0131yla anla\u015f\u0131p kendi teleskopunuzu yapt\u0131rman\u0131z gerekiyordu. Y\u00fcksek da\u011f tepelerinde, karda, \u00e7amurda yolculuk yap\u0131p elleriniz titreye titreye yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z g\u00f6zlemleri kaleme ge\u00e7irmeliydiniz. Laboratuvarlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan fizik\u00e7iler i\u00e7in de durum farkl\u0131 de\u011fildi. Teknik eleman kavram\u0131 hen\u00fcz tam olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in deneysel fizik\u00e7iler, deney aletlerini ge\u00e7mi\u015fte uzunca s\u00fcre kendileri yapt\u0131. Marangoz bir aileden gelen Alman fizik\u00e7i Heinrich Geissler de, atadan gelen bu yeteneklerini fizik\u00e7ilik kariyerinde kullan\u0131yordu. Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Bonn \u00dcniversitesinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken kendine bir cam at\u00f6lyesi yapt\u0131ran Geissler, \u00fcniversitenin beher, t\u00fcp gibi cam aletlerini de \u00fcflemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Fizik b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde en \u00f6nemli fenomen, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcyd\u00fc. Bunu bilen Geissler, d\u0131\u015far\u0131s\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 kesilen bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k t\u00fcp\u00fc yaratmaya koyuldu. Fizik\u00e7iler 1850\u2019lerden itibaren \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n elektromanyetik \u00f6zelliklerini incelemeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar ve tuhafl\u0131klar g\u00f6zlemlediler. O d\u00f6nemde genel kan\u0131lardan biri, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir par\u00e7ac\u0131k de\u011fil, elektromanyetik dalga oldu\u011fuydu. Nitekim zaman zaman elektrik ileten metallerin parlad\u0131\u011f\u0131, iki devre aras\u0131nda \u015fim\u015fekler \u00e7akt\u0131\u011f\u0131 da g\u00f6r\u00fclebiliyordu. Bu fenomenden ilham alan Heinrich Geissler, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 bir cam t\u00fcp\u00fcn i\u00e7inden devre ge\u00e7irdi. Devreyi bir noktada sonland\u0131r\u0131p, devreyle ayn\u0131 hizaya bir metal par\u00e7as\u0131 koydu, devrenin bitti\u011fi nokta ile metal aras\u0131nda da biraz bo\u015fluk olu\u015fturdu. Bu bo\u015flukta devreden \u00e7\u0131kan elektronlar havada yol al\u0131p metale ula\u015f\u0131yor, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u015fim\u015fekler de cam\u0131n i\u00e7inde bir lamba gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n

Elektri\u011fin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cyaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d \u201cGeissler t\u00fcpleri\u201d ad\u0131 verilen bu cihazlar, o d\u00f6nemde neredeyse her \u00fcniversitenin laboratuvarlar\u0131na girdi, \u00f6\u011frencilerin elektrik hakk\u0131nda g\u00f6rsel bilgi edinmelerini sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya Kraliyet Kimya Toplulu\u011fu\u2019ndan fizik\u00e7i Sir William Crookes, bu t\u00fcp\u00fcn i\u015flevini bir ad\u0131m \u00f6teye ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131. Akl\u0131nda bir fikir vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"
William Crookes<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Crookes ailesinin 16 \u00e7ocu\u011fundan en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olan William Crookes, Kraliyet Kimya Akademisi\u2019nden mezun, bilimin farkl\u0131 alanlar\u0131na ilgi duyan bir biliminsan\u0131yd\u0131. Elektri\u011fin vakum i\u00e7inde yolculuk etti\u011fi yere, s\u0131ras\u0131yla alttan ve \u00fcstten m\u0131knat\u0131s yakla\u015ft\u0131ran Crookes devreden \u00e7\u0131kan y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n yukar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 hareket etti\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Devreden \u00e7\u0131kan elektronlar m\u0131knat\u0131sa kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k veriyorlard\u0131! M\u0131knat\u0131s\u0131n art\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcne hareket etmesi demek, elektronlar\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fc var demekti. Bu bilgiyi, Crookes t\u00fcpleri sayesinde kuramsalla\u015ft\u0131ran Ernest Rutherford; atomlar\u0131n elektron ve proton ad\u0131 verilen pozitif ve negatif y\u00fcklere sahip oldu\u011funu, protonlar\u0131n merkezde \u00e7ekirde\u011fi olu\u015fturdu\u011funu, elektronlar\u0131nsa y\u00f6r\u00fcnge \u00fczerinde d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ortaya att\u0131. Rutherford atom modeli, uzunca s\u00fcre bilim camias\u0131 i\u00e7in en g\u00fcvenilir atom modeli olarak varsay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hatta y\u00f6r\u00fcnge etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6nen atomlar, y\u00f6r\u00fcnge etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6nen gezegenlerle birle\u015ftirilip t\u00fcm evrenin benzerli\u011fi yak\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 pop\u00fclerle\u015fmi\u015fti. Crookes t\u00fcpleri sayesinde elektronlar\u0131n, vakum i\u00e7inde rahat\u00e7a hareket edebildi\u011fi bir ortam sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu sayede art\u0131k elektronlar ile tek ba\u015f\u0131na deney yapmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Crookes t\u00fcpleri.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bu son teknoloji Crookes t\u00fcplerinin do\u011furaca\u011f\u0131 f\u0131rsatlar\u0131 ilk de\u011ferlendiren ki\u015fi, atom modeli in\u015fa eden Rutherford olmu\u015ftu \u015f\u00fcphesiz. Ancak bu yaln\u0131zca bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7t\u0131. 1888 y\u0131l\u0131nda Almanya\u2019da, Heinrich Hertz\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fkan \u00f6\u011frencisi Philipp Lenard, bu elektronlar\u0131 \u201cg\u00f6rmek\u201d istiyordu. Laboratuvarlar\u0131ndaki Crookes t\u00fcp\u00fcn\u00fcn anot ucuna aliminyum bir ayna koymaya karar verdi. B\u00f6ylece \u00e7arpan elektronlar bir noktaya sa\u00e7\u0131lacakt\u0131. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 deney sonucu, oda i\u00e7inde ye\u015filimsi bir par\u0131ldama g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Lenard, bu \u0131\u015f\u0131lt\u0131n\u0131n yeni bir t\u00fcr \u0131\u015f\u0131k oldu\u011funu anlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ama davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda pek bir bilgisi yoktu. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemler sonucu bu yeni \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n maddeler \u00fczerindeki etkileri hakk\u0131nda bir makale kaleme alan Lenard, g\u00f6zlemledi\u011fi \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa \u201cLenard \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi. Fakat yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015f yar\u0131da kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu yar\u0131m kalan i\u015fi, 1895 y\u0131l\u0131nda W\u00fcrzburg \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde Fizik B\u00f6l\u00fcm Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapan bir profes\u00f6r tamamlayacakt\u0131: Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen…<\/p>\n

\"\"
Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hollandal\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc Lennep ailesinden bir anneyle t\u00fcccar bir baban\u0131n tek \u00e7ocu\u011fu olan R\u00f6ntgen, do\u011fay\u0131 \u00e7ok seven, asi bir \u00e7ocuktu. S\u0131k s\u0131k Almanya ormanlar\u0131nda tek ba\u015f\u0131na y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fe \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Bir s\u0131raya oturup tahtada saatlerce anlat\u0131lan dersleri dinlemekten nefret eden k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck R\u00f6ntgen, elleriyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak yeni \u015feyler \u00fcretmekten ho\u015flan\u0131yordu. Lisesinde, yak\u0131n bir arkada\u015f\u0131 okul m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fcyle dalga ge\u00e7en bir karikat\u00fcr \u00e7izip etrafa yaym\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Olay y\u00f6netim taraf\u0131ndan duyulunca k\u0131yamet kopmu\u015f, t\u00fcm okul sorguya \u00e7ekilmi\u015fti. R\u00f6ntgen, okuldan at\u0131lmak pahas\u0131na arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131 korumu\u015f, hocalar\u0131na arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ismini vermeyi reddetmi\u015fti. Karikat\u00fcr\u00fc \u00e7izip yayan\u0131n R\u00f6ntgen\u2019in yak\u0131n arkada\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011fu eninde sonunda anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131nca, lisenin disiplin kurulu R\u00f6ntgen ve arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131 okuldan att\u0131. Diplomas\u0131z bir \u015fekilde eve d\u00f6nen R\u00f6ntgen\u2019in fizik okuma hayalleri sekteye u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n Utrecht \u00dcniversitesi, lise diplomas\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle onu reddetti. R\u00f6ntgen, Avrupa\u2019da lise diplomas\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n \u00f6\u011frenci kabul eden \u00fcniversite b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya koyuldu. Z\u00fcrih Politeknik \u00dcniversitesi M\u00fchendislik Fak\u00fcltesi i\u00e7in \u00fcniversitenin koydu\u011fu yetenek s\u0131nav\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7mek yeterliydi, diplomaya gerek yoktu. \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019deki hayattan ve ailesinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmaktan \u00e7ok ho\u015flanan R\u00f6ntgen, \u00fcniversitenin Makine M\u00fchendisli\u011fi B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019nde tam hayal etti\u011fi gibi \u00fcretken bir ortamla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131 ve kolayca lisans\u0131 bitirip d\u00f6nemin \u00f6nemli uygulamal\u0131 fizik\u00e7ilerinden biri olan August Kundt\u2019tan doktora derecesi ald\u0131. Hemen ard\u0131ndan Z\u00fcrih\u2019te kendine bir hayat kurmaya karar veren R\u00f6ntgen\u2019in \u00f6n\u00fcnde bir sorun vard\u0131. Ek do\u00e7entlik kadrosu bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7\u0131km\u0131yordu ve Kundt\u2019un asistan\u0131 s\u0131fat\u0131yla \u00fcniversitede bulunmak art\u0131k R\u00f6ntgen\u2019e yeterli gelmiyordu. Bunun \u00fczerine Strasbourg Fizik Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde istemeyerek de olsa ekonomik sebeplerle i\u015fe ba\u015flad\u0131. Yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 makaleler ve d\u00f6nemin kuramsal fizi\u011fiyle deneysel fizi\u011fine bir arada h\u00e2kim olmas\u0131 onu de\u011ferli bir akademisyen yap\u0131yordu. Zaman\u0131nda kendisini reddeden Utrecht \u00dcniversitesi, ona profes\u00f6rl\u00fck pozisyonu teklif etmi\u015fti. Bu teklifi reddeden R\u00f6ntgen, W\u00fcrzburg Kraliyet \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nin profes\u00f6rl\u00fck teklifini kabul etti ve ilerleyen zamanlarda bu \u00fcniversitenin b\u00f6l\u00fcm ba\u015fkan\u0131 ve rekt\u00f6r\u00fc olarak da g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Philipp Lenard<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

X- \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131: \u201cKendi \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcm\u00fc g\u00f6rd\u00fcm sanki!\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

R\u00f6ntgen iyi ders veren bir hoca de\u011fildi, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7ok i\u00e7ine kapan\u0131kt\u0131. Fakat bilimsel olarak \u00e7ok aktifti. S\u00fcrekli deneyler yapan, d\u00fczenekler haz\u0131rlayan R\u00f6ntgen, \u00e7evresi taraf\u0131ndan say\u0131lan biriydi ve \u00fcniversitedeki \u00fcst d\u00fczey g\u00f6revleri sayesinde yapaca\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar i\u00e7in kolayca b\u00fct\u00e7e bulabiliyordu. Crookes t\u00fcpleriyle oynarken anot k\u0131sm\u0131na al\u00fcminyum ayna koyan Lenard\u2019\u0131n sistemini kendi laboratuvar\u0131nda yeniden in\u015fa etti. Bu s\u0131rada laboratuvar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fka bir k\u00f6\u015fesinde bulunan foto\u011fraf k\u00e2\u011f\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n, bu \u0131\u015f\u0131ndan etkilendi\u011fini fark etti. Hemen yak\u0131na getirerek ne gibi bir \u00f6zelli\u011fin olu\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 izlemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Devreden \u00e7\u0131kan \u201cLenard \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131\u201d, \u00f6n\u00fcndeki her cismin i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7erek baz\u0131 metallere \u00e7arp\u0131yordu. Ortamdaki kur\u015fun bir kap, \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7mesine engel olmu\u015ftu mesela. R\u00f6ntgen, kendini \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne att\u0131. \u00d6lmemi\u015fti, fakat elektronlar t\u00fcm\u00fcyle de i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7miyordu. Kemikleri, bu \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7mesine engel oluyordu. Bu g\u00f6zleminden iki hafta sonra, tamamen g\u00fcvenli oldu\u011funu anlamas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n elini, foto\u011fraf k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerine koydu. Kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ellerindeki kemikler, iskelet ve alyans\u0131 foto\u011fraf k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131na i\u015flenmi\u015fti. Kar\u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcye bakarak \u201cWilhelm, kendi \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcm\u00fc g\u00f6rd\u00fcm sanki\u201d dedi. Kendi iskeletinin foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6ren ilk insan\u0131n s\u00f6yledi\u011fi ilk c\u00fcmle de bu olmu\u015f oldu. R\u00f6ntgen, hen\u00fcz tam olarak bilinmediklerinden, bu \u0131\u015f\u0131nlara \u201cX-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131\u201d yani bilinmeyen \u0131\u015f\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 vermeyi \u00f6nerdi, ancak kamuoyunda \u00fcnlenen bu olay halk aras\u0131nda \u201cR\u00f6ntgen \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131\u201d olarak yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131. Philipp Lenard ise y\u0131llarca hakk\u0131n\u0131n yendi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc. Lenard \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 bulan ilk ki\u015fi oydu, fakat foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekmek akl\u0131na gelmemi\u015fti. Lenard\u2019\u0131n edindi\u011fi bilgileri bir ad\u0131m \u00f6teye g\u00f6t\u00fcrmeyi ba\u015faran ve uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6zelliklerini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karan ki\u015fi R\u00f6ntgen olmu\u015ftu. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen\u2019e, ilk kez verilen Nobel Fizik \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc getirdi.<\/p>\n

\"\"Floresan lambalar ve neon \u0131\u015f\u0131klar<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7e\u015fitli maddelerin elektrik alt\u0131ndaki davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 incelemek, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l kimyas\u0131n\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rma konular\u0131ndan birisiydi. \u00d6zellikle Alman biliminsan\u0131 Gustav Kirchhof ve d\u00f6nemin di\u011fer \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131, kalay \u00fczerine elektromanyetik deneyler yaparken, baz\u0131 kalaylar\u0131n elektrik alt\u0131nda ye\u015fil renkte parlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark ettiler. Bu konuya kafa yormaya ba\u015flayan biliminsanlar\u0131, bu t\u00fcr kalaylar\u0131n yeni bir element oldu\u011funu fark ettiler. Talyum ad\u0131 verilen bu element, elektrik alt\u0131nda de\u011filken kalay\u0131 and\u0131r\u0131yordu, ancak elektrik alt\u0131nda ye\u015fil bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k sa\u00e7\u0131yordu. Daha sonradan \u00e7inko silikat kristalleri ile yap\u0131lacak bu t\u00fcr lambalara \u201cfloresan\u201d ad\u0131 verilecekti. Elementlerin do\u011fal \u00f6zelliklerini kullanarak \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u00fcreten floresan lambalar, normal ampullere g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha enerji tasarruflu oldu\u011fundan k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131. \u0130lk zamanlar yaln\u0131zca beyaz renk \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u00fcretilebildi\u011finden konutlarda pek fazla tercih edilmese de, kat\u0131 hal alan\u0131ndaki geli\u015fmeler sayesinde sar\u0131 ve di\u011fer renklerde de floresan \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00fcretilmesiyle en yayg\u0131n ayd\u0131nlatma ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri haline geldi. Geissler t\u00fcplerinin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ana prensip olarak alan neon \u0131\u015f\u0131kland\u0131rma da, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda fabrikasyon \u00fcretiminin yap\u0131lmas\u0131yla birlikte, \u00f6zellikle reklam ama\u00e7l\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Fakat \u00f6zellikle neon \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 seslerle \u00e7evre konutlar\u0131 rahats\u0131z ediyordu. Bu nedenle zaman i\u00e7inde pop\u00fclerliklerini kaybettiler, yerlerini sessiz ve daha \u201cc\u0131v\u0131l c\u0131v\u0131l\u201d olabilen LED \u0131\u015f\u0131klara b\u0131rakt\u0131lar.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Lenard ve R\u00f6ntgen\u2019in ak\u0131betleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Peki X-\u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 ilk g\u00f6ren iki biliminsan\u0131, Lenard ve R\u00f6ntgen\u2019e bu ke\u015fiflerinden sonra neler oldu? Philipp Lenard, 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Almanya\u2019ya yap\u0131lan haks\u0131zl\u0131klar ve bask\u0131lara dayanarak milliyet\u00e7i g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler benimsemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Zamanla \u00fclkede artan Yahudi d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ak\u0131m\u0131na kap\u0131l\u0131 Nazi Partisi \u00fcyesi oldu. Alman Irk\u0131n\u0131n kendi bilimini yapmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini savunan Lenard, \u201cDeutsche Physik\u201d yani Alman Fizi\u011fi kavram\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi. Nazi H\u00fck\u00fcmeti boyunca Aryan olmayan biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n -Einstein dahil- yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck rol oynad\u0131. Aryan olmayan fiziksel kavramlar i\u00e7in dilbilimi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yap\u0131p \u00e7o\u011funlukla yabanc\u0131 dillerde olan bu kavramlar yerine Almanca kavramlar t\u00fcretti. Bu kelimelerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 halen kullan\u0131mda. 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 yenilgisinin ard\u0131ndan da t\u00fcm itibar\u0131 elinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir halde ya\u015fama veda etti. Kendisinin ve nicelerinin hayat\u0131, bilimin ve bilimselli\u011fin tek ba\u015f\u0131na bir insan\u0131 iyi yapan de\u011ferleri tan\u0131mlayamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k \u00f6rne\u011fini olu\u015fturmakta.<\/p>\n

Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen ise akademik kariyerine 58 akademik makale, 4 doktora \u00f6\u011frencisi, 5 farkl\u0131 \u00fcniversitede profes\u00f6rl\u00fck g\u00f6revi s\u0131\u011fd\u0131rd\u0131ktan sonra, Lorentz\u2019in elektrik kuramlar\u0131yla Maxwell\u2019in manyetik ak\u0131m kuramlar\u0131n\u0131 X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7in kuramsalla\u015ft\u0131rmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. X-\u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n 0.01 ile 10 nanometre aras\u0131ndaki bantta yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetti. X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 hakk\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan sonra ise hayat\u0131n\u0131n geri kalan\u0131nda hobilerine vakit ay\u0131rmaya karar verdi. Bavyera Eyaletindeki Alp Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na t\u0131rmand\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenmekte.<\/p>\n

Bir\u00e7ok biliminsan\u0131n\u0131n ortak eseri olan y\u00fcksek enerjili \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n ke\u015fif s\u00fcrecini birlikte inceledik. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde X-\u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a yayg\u0131n bir bi\u00e7imde t\u0131ptan m\u00fchendisli\u011fe, fizikten kimyaya pek \u00e7ok alanda kullan\u0131lmakta ve yeni ke\u015fifler do\u011furmakta. T\u00fcm bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n bize g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi en \u00f6nemli \u015fey, bilim alan\u0131ndaki bulu\u015flar\u0131n ve geli\u015fmelerin birbirleriyle ne kadar da ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fudur belki de. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n evreni anlama ser\u00fcveni s\u00fcrd\u00fck\u00e7e bu ba\u011flant\u0131 da hi\u00e7 kopmadan devam edecek.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/William-Crookes<\/p>\n

2) https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Philipp-Lenard<\/p>\n

3) http:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/people\/science-and-technology\/physics-biographies\/wilhelm-conrad-roentgen<\/p>\n

4) https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/physics\/laureates\/1901\/rontgen-facts.html<\/p>\n

5) https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/physics\/laureates\/1901\/rontgen-bio.html<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hi\u00e7 r\u00f6ntgen \u00e7ektirdiniz mi? Belki de bir dergide okumu\u015fsunuzdur, \u201clazerle t\u00fcm\u00f6r \u00f6ld\u00fcrme, kanser tedavisi\u201d. Ya da belgeselde X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 uzay teleskoplar\u0131yla bir g\u00f6kada k\u00fcmesi foto\u011fraf\u0131 g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fs\u00fcn\u00fczd\u00fcr. Bu sayd\u0131klar\u0131m, X-\u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131ndan yaln\u0131zca bir k\u0131sm\u0131. Bu yaz\u0131da X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n ke\u015fif s\u00fcrecine bakaca\u011f\u0131z; bu ke\u015ffe giden yollar\u0131n ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6\u015femi\u015f bir\u00e7ok fizik\u00e7iyi anaca\u011f\u0131z. \u015eu zamanlar, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 en ilgin\u00e7 \u00e7a\u011flardan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":512,"featured_media":18678,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2148,26,605],"tags":[606,288,1085,2263],"class_list":["post-18675","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-168-sayi","category-fizik","category-unlu-deneyler","tag-deney","tag-fizik","tag-isik","tag-rontgen"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t