{"id":18701,"date":"2018-02-01T14:46:28","date_gmt":"2018-02-01T11:46:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=18701"},"modified":"2018-02-08T16:51:03","modified_gmt":"2018-02-08T13:51:03","slug":"bagdasik-bir-psikolojiye-dogru-insanin-afektif-dogasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/02\/01\/bagdasik-bir-psikolojiye-dogru-insanin-afektif-dogasi","title":{"rendered":"Ba\u011fda\u015f\u0131k bir psikolojiye do\u011fru: \u0130nsan\u0131n afektif do\u011fas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mektup<\/strong><\/p>\n

Jaak Panksepp, davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 psikolojinin tan\u0131nan ismi Skinner\u2019a bir mektup yazar. Mektubun pek hakl\u0131 serzeni\u015fi, Panksepp\u2019in nazik ifadeleriyle bir araya gelir: \u201c\u2026Psikoloji, bilimsel bir disiplin olarak, do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi olduk\u00e7a s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir tariften yap\u0131lanmal\u0131d\u0131r: \u00fc\u00e7te biri beyin bilimleri, \u00fc\u00e7te biri davran\u0131\u015fsal bilimler (etolojik yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 da i\u00e7eren) ve \u00fc\u00e7te biri ya\u015fant\u0131sal bilimlerden (bili\u015fsel psikoloji, insanc\u0131l psikoloji, psikoterapi ve psikolojinin di\u011fer altdisiplinlerini de i\u00e7ermesi \u00e7ok iyi olacakt\u0131r). B\u00f6ylesi ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir melez yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n hen\u00fcz tamamen ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemesi beni \u00fcz\u00fcyor. Psikologlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu temel disiplinlerimizden biriyle -beyin bilimleri- zay\u0131f yeti\u015fmeye devam ediyorlar. \u2026 B\u0131rak\u0131n ba\u011fda\u015f\u0131k bir disiplin olal\u0131m\u2026.\u201d<\/p>\n

Psikolojideki bu \u201cba\u011fda\u015f\u0131k olma\u201d eksikli\u011fini hisseden, dile getiren ve bu eksi\u011fi doldurmaya y\u00f6nelik bir disiplin geli\u015ftirme \u00e7abas\u0131yla bizlere \u201cafektif sinirbilim\u201di anlatan Panksepp\u2019in kitab\u0131nda yer verdi\u011fi bu mektubu okurken, Gregory Carey\u2019nin baya\u011f\u0131 ho\u015fuma giden benzetmesini an\u0131msad\u0131m. Carey\u2019nin Human Genetics for the Social Science<\/em> (2002) kitab\u0131n\u0131n ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131l\u0131r: Kendinizi bir s\u0131navda varsay\u0131n. Soru \u015f\u00f6yle: Limonata; a) limon suyu b) su c) \u015feker\u2019dir. Y\u00f6nergeye g\u00f6re yaln\u0131zca bir cevab\u0131 i\u015faretlemeniz gerekiyor. Ne yapars\u0131n\u0131z? Bu sorunun sa\u00e7mal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 testi haz\u0131rlayanlara anlat\u0131p duruma kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kars\u0131n\u0131z diye umal\u0131m. Bir ba\u015fka soru: \u0130nsan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131; a) genetik b) k\u00fclt\u00fcrel c) ailevi d) kendinize \u00f6zg\u00fc t\u00fcm \u00f6\u011frenme deneyimleriniz\u2019dir. Limonatal\u0131 sorumuz nas\u0131l tek bir \u015f\u0131k ile cevaplanam\u0131yor ise, insan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile ilgili bu soru i\u00e7in de tek bir \u015f\u0131kk\u0131 i\u015faretleyerek do\u011fru bir cevaba ula\u015famay\u0131z. \u0130nsan, t\u00fcm karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7inde bu karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n anlaml\u0131 ve \u00f6zg\u00fcn b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir organizmad\u0131r. Kendisi sistemler b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc olan bir canl\u0131n\u0131n, yine bu sistemler ile bir yandan var olmas\u0131, di\u011fer yandan var oldu\u011fu \u015feyi anlamas\u0131 elbette pek zor; ancak muazzam bir \u00e7aba. Hem genetik fakt\u00f6rlerle, hem her bir sistemi hem birbiriyle hem de \u00e7evresel fakt\u00f6rlerle etkile\u015fim halinde olan bu organizman\u0131n davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 anlamak ve anlamland\u0131rmak, t\u0131pk\u0131 organizman\u0131n i\u015fleyi\u015findeki gibi farkl\u0131 disiplinlerin entegrasyonu ile m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olacakt\u0131r. \u201c\u0130nsan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131\u201d demekle neyi kastetti\u011fimizi anlatmak i\u00e7in de bir parantez a\u00e7al\u0131m. \u0130nsan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131, herhangi bir eylem olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebiliriz; konu\u015fmak, el sallamak, oturmak kadar \u00f6fkelenmek, korkmak, sevinmek de burada kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z insan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde. Hatta \u015fizofreni, depresyon, anksiyete bozuklu\u011fu gibi ruhsal rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 da kapsayabiliriz. \u0130nsan ile ilgili akl\u0131m\u0131za gelebilecek her tepki, burada kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z insan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 ifadesinin alt\u0131nda. Bu karma\u015f\u0131k sistemin herhangi bir davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, d\u0131\u015far\u0131da b\u0131rakaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z her bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, bizi anlama \u00e7abam\u0131zdan ve insan\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden uzakla\u015ft\u0131racakt\u0131r. Bu nedenledir ki ne tek ba\u015f\u0131na beyin bilimleri, ne tek ba\u015f\u0131na davran\u0131\u015f bilimleri ne de tek ba\u015f\u0131na psikanaliz veya insanc\u0131l psikoloji gibi yakla\u015f\u0131mlar insan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamaya yetmez. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnden de ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 insana bakabilmek ve sonra \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcyle birden insan\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcn b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kavrayabilmek gerekir.<\/p>\n

Panksepp\u2019in Skinner\u2019a mektubu, psikolojik bilimlerde ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fumuz melezli\u011fe vurgu yapmaktad\u0131r. \u0130nsan\u0131 yaln\u0131zca bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 ile a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak, onun zengin ve k\u0131ymetli ruhsal ya\u015fant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmezden gelerek kuru bir anlat\u0131ma s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmakt\u0131r. T\u00fcm o karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu yal\u0131nl\u0131k, kendisine tek bir pencereden bakmam\u0131z\u0131 olanaks\u0131z k\u0131lacak \u015fekilde bir b\u00fct\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Tek bir pencereden bakma \u0131srar\u0131n\u0131n kendisini bir semptom olarak g\u00f6rmek gerek san\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n

Genetik mi, \u00e7evre mi; her ikisi mi?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Afektif N\u00f6robilim<\/em> kitab\u0131n\u0131, \u201cKavramsal Ardalan\u201d, \u201cTemel Duygusal ve G\u00fcd\u00fcsel S\u00fcre\u00e7ler\u201d ve \u201cSosyal Duygular\u201d olarak \u00fc\u00e7 k\u0131sma ay\u0131ran Panksepp, ilk k\u0131s\u0131mda yukar\u0131da bahsetti\u011fimiz meseleye dair doyurucu a\u00e7\u0131klamalarla fikirlerini sunuyor. \u201cYap\u0131 m\u0131, \u00e7evre mi?\u201d tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda gelinen nokta, ikisinin de y\u00fczde 50 civar\u0131nda etkisinin oldu\u011fudur. Yap\u0131 dedi\u011fimiz \u015feyin etkisini tek ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131r; oldu\u011fu gibi kal\u0131t\u0131lan hi\u00e7bir davran\u0131\u015f s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir. Panksepp\u2019in de ifadeleriyle, \u201c\u2026miras al\u0131nan tek \u015fey beden dokular\u0131n\u0131n potansiyelleridir. DNA sadece, farkl\u0131 zamansal ve uzaysal de\u011fi\u015fkenlerden \u00e7evresel olarak etkilenen ve birbirleriyle kombine olabilen protein zincirlerinin yap\u0131lanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli bilgiyi kodlamaktad\u0131r. \u2026 Hi\u00e7bir \u00f6zg\u00fcn d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ya da davran\u0131\u015f do\u011frudan kal\u0131t\u0131lmaz, fakat farkl\u0131 ortamlarda farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde hissetme, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme ve davranma yatk\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 kal\u0131t\u0131labilir.\u201d Her insan\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131nda, onun \u00e7e\u015fitli var olu\u015f hallerine gebe, say\u0131s\u0131z olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilecek potansiyeller mevcuttur. Bu yap\u0131sal potansiyeller, \u00e7evremizdeki fakt\u00f6rlerle etkile\u015ferek bizleri belirli var olu\u015f hallerine g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr. Yani, beynimizdeki temel duygu sistemlerimiz yap\u0131sal olarak bize verilidir; ancak i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz \u00e7evre bu sistemlerin ne kadar ve nas\u0131l uyar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirler. Kitapta Panksepp basit bir \u00f6rnek verir bunu a\u00e7\u0131klamak \u00fczere: \u0130ki t\u00fcrde\u015f domates tohumunu farkl\u0131 iki ortama ekersek, domateslerin yap\u0131lar\u0131 her ne kadar ayn\u0131 olsa da, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri farkl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Bizlerin duygusal sistemleri de bedenimizdeki bir\u00e7ok s\u00fcreci koordine eder ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 \u2013yani benim var olu\u015f hali diye belirtti\u011fim, bizi zaman ve durum ba\u011flam\u0131nda biz yapan t\u00fcm tepkilerimizi- yordar. Hem yap\u0131 hem de \u00e7evrenin etkile\u015fimini inceleyerek bu konuda ufuk geni\u015fleten g\u00fczel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara sahip alan, epigenetiktir. \u0130lgilenenler i\u00e7in epigenetik alan\u0131ndaki temel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 okumak keyif verici olacakt\u0131r (\u00d6rne\u011fin Brown ve Harris, 2008; Caspi ve Moffitt, 2006; Heim ve Binder; 2012).<\/p>\n

Pencere<\/strong><\/p>\n

Afektif N\u00f6robilim<\/em>, n\u00f6robilime duygular\u0131(n\u0131) da katarak yol alan Panksepp\u2019in insan do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 anlama ve anlatma \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131n harika bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc. Kitap boyunca Panksepp, insan ve hayvan duygular\u0131n\u0131n temellerini b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftirici yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla ele al\u0131yor. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n di\u011fer memelilerle olan duygusal ortakl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, sinirsel d\u00fczeydeki ortakl\u0131klara bakarak anlamaya ve a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Benim de \u00e7ocuklu\u011fumdan beri b\u00fcy\u00fcs\u00fcne kap\u0131l\u0131p pe\u015fine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm ve h\u00e2l\u00e2 pe\u015fini b\u0131rak(a)mad\u0131\u011f\u0131m sorulara dikkat \u00e7ekerek okuyucuda derin meraklar uyand\u0131r\u0131yor: Nas\u0131l oluyor da \u201cs\u00f6zc\u00fckler\u201d, bedenimizde de\u011fi\u015fik tepkilere yol a\u00e7abiliyor mesela? Kula\u011f\u0131m\u0131zdan i\u00e7eri giren s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin bizde \u00f6fke, h\u00fcz\u00fcn, mutluluk gibi duygular\u0131 uyand\u0131rma s\u00fcrecinde neler olup bitiyor? \u0130\u00e7 d\u00fcnyam\u0131z dedi\u011fimiz \u00f6znel ya\u015fant\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z nas\u0131l var oluyor yahut bizim d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyada var olu\u015fumuz i\u00e7 d\u00fcnyam\u0131z\u0131 nas\u0131l \u015fekillendiriyor? Kendi ad\u0131ma, pe\u015fine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm bu sorular\u0131n cevaplar\u0131n\u0131 pek \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 alanda arama aray\u0131\u015f\u0131mda yolda bulduklar\u0131mla b\u00fcy\u00fclendim. \u0130\u00e7 d\u00fcnyam\u0131 dolmu\u015f ta\u015fm\u0131\u015f buldu\u011fum anlarda, elime kalem ald\u0131m, \u00e7\u0131kan s\u00f6zc\u00fcklere sar\u0131ld\u0131m ve duygular\u0131m\u0131 izledim. Resimlerle ilgilendim, g\u00f6zlerimden giren \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131n i\u00e7 d\u00fcnyamdakilerle etkile\u015ferek a\u011fz\u0131mdan d\u00f6k\u00fclen s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri nas\u0131l yonttu\u011funu g\u00f6zlemledim. Psikoloji okudum, n\u00f6ropsikolojiye merak sard\u0131m ve fizyolojik bir \u00e7er\u00e7evenin i\u00e7indeki cevaplara g\u00f6z atma f\u0131rsat\u0131m oldu. Bir \u015feylerin yetmedi\u011fine kanaat getirdim ve psikanaliz deryas\u0131na atlay\u0131p bu sorular\u0131mla nas\u0131l y\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcr \u00f6\u011frenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m, h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorum. Bu disiplinlerin her biri nihayetinde ayn\u0131 manzaraya a\u00e7\u0131lan ba\u015fka yerlerde duran pencereler. Afektif N\u00f6robilim<\/em> kitab\u0131 da, \u00f6znel ya\u015fant\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z duygusal e\u011filimlerimizi olu\u015fturan beyin sistemlerini inceleyen bir pencere. Panksepp\u2019in a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu pencereden bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcze \u00e7arpan havan\u0131n iyi gelece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. Tebdil-i mek\u00e2nda ferahl\u0131k vard\u0131r; uzmanl\u0131k alan\u0131n\u0131z ne olursa olsun bu pencereyi ka\u00e7\u0131rmay\u0131n.<\/p>\n

– Afektif N\u00f6robilim, Jaak Panksepp, \u00c7evirenler: S. \u00dcnal, V. K. \u00d6lmeztoprak, Alfa Bilim, \u0130stanbul, 2017.<\/em><\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Panksepp, J., (2017); Afektif N\u00f6robilim, <\/em>\u00c7evirenler: S. \u00dcnal, V. K. \u00d6lmeztoprak, Alfa Bilim, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

2) Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. O., (2008); \u201cDepression and the serotonin transporter 5-HTTLPR polymorphism: a review and a hypothesis concerning gene\u2013environment interaction\u201d, Journal of affective disorders<\/em>,\u00a0111<\/em>(1), 1-12.<\/p>\n

3) Carey, G., (2002); Human genetics for the social sciences<\/em>, (Vol. 4), Sage Publications.<\/p>\n

4) Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E., (2006); \u201cGene-environment interactions in psychiatry: joining forces with neuroscience\u201d, Nature Reviews Neuroscience<\/em>, 7(7), 583.<\/p>\n

5) Heim, C., & Binder, E. B., (2012); \u201cCurrent research trends in early life stress and depression: Review of human studies on sensitive periods, gene\u2013environment interactions, and epigenetics\u201d, Experimental neurology<\/em>,\u00a0233(1), 102-111.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mektup Jaak Panksepp, davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 psikolojinin tan\u0131nan ismi Skinner\u2019a bir mektup yazar. Mektubun pek hakl\u0131 serzeni\u015fi, Panksepp\u2019in nazik ifadeleriyle bir araya gelir: \u201c\u2026Psikoloji, bilimsel bir disiplin olarak, do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi olduk\u00e7a s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir tariften yap\u0131lanmal\u0131d\u0131r: \u00fc\u00e7te biri beyin bilimleri, \u00fc\u00e7te biri davran\u0131\u015fsal bilimler (etolojik yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 da i\u00e7eren) ve \u00fc\u00e7te biri ya\u015fant\u0131sal bilimlerden (bili\u015fsel psikoloji, insanc\u0131l psikoloji, psikoterapi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":877,"featured_media":18702,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2148,513,35,36],"tags":[2269,292,2270,366],"class_list":["post-18701","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-168-sayi","category-kitapcil","category-noroloji","category-psikoloji","tag-davranisci-psikoloji","tag-genetik","tag-norobilim","tag-psikoloji"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t