{"id":19448,"date":"2015-08-01T15:40:09","date_gmt":"2015-08-01T12:40:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=19448"},"modified":"2018-02-14T16:06:04","modified_gmt":"2018-02-14T13:06:04","slug":"plutona-yakindan-bakis-yeni-ufuklar-new-horizons-projesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2015\/08\/01\/plutona-yakindan-bakis-yeni-ufuklar-new-horizons-projesi","title":{"rendered":"Pl\u00fcton\u2019a yak\u0131ndan bak\u0131\u015f: Yeni Ufuklar (New Horizons) Projesi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 y\u0131l \u00f6nce f\u0131rlat\u0131lan New Horizons, 14 Temmuz 2015\u2019te Pl\u00fcton\u2019un 12.500 km \u00f6tesinden ge\u00e7ti. Olduk\u00e7a k\u0131sa s\u00fcren bu yak\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bilimsel veriler, saatler i\u00e7erisinde ba\u015far\u0131yla elde edildi. Mesafelerden kaynaklanan veri aktar\u0131m h\u0131z\u0131 nedeniyle elde edilen verilerin biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n eline ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n 16 ay kadar s\u00fcrmesi bekleniyor. Biliminsanlar\u0131 uzay arac\u0131n\u0131 tasarlarken Clyde Tombaugh\u2019yu anmay\u0131 ihmal etmemi\u015fler. Pl\u00fcton\u2019un k\u00e2\u015fifi Clyde Tombaugh\u2019nun 30 gr kadar k\u00fcl\u00fc de uzay arac\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde.<\/em><\/p>\n

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New Horizons\u2019\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan Atlas V f\u0131rlatma rampas\u0131nda. Uzay arac\u0131, \u015fimdiye kadar ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen f\u0131rlatma h\u0131zlar\u0131 rekorunu k\u0131rarak, saniyede 16,5 km ile D\u00fcnya\u2019dan ayr\u0131ld\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

New Horizons (Yeni Ufuklar), Pl\u00fcton\u2019u ilk defa yak\u0131ndan g\u00f6zlemlemek i\u00e7in NASA taraf\u0131ndan uzaya f\u0131rlat\u0131ld\u0131. G\u00fcne\u015f Sistemi\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f y\u00f6r\u00fcngesinin \u00f6nemli bir \u00fcyesi olan c\u00fcce gezegen Pl\u00fcton ve uydular\u0131, New Horizons sayesinde daha \u00f6nce hi\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6zlemlenmi\u015f olacak. \u00dcstelik New Horizons sayesinde \u00e7ok daha fazlas\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131labilecek.<\/p>\n

New Horizons 19 Ocak 2006\u2019da, Cape Canaveral\u2019dan (Amerika), Atlas V roketi kullan\u0131larak G\u00fcne\u015f Sistemi\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na do\u011fru y\u0131llar boyu s\u00fcrecek olan yolculu\u011funa \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f oldu. Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz g\u00fcnlerde, 14 Temmuz 2015\u2019te ise Pl\u00fcton\u2019a 12.500 km uzakl\u0131ktan h\u0131zl\u0131 bir ge\u00e7i\u015f yapt\u0131 ve bilimsel g\u00f6zlemlerini ba\u015far\u0131yla tamamlad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Projenin tarihsel arka plan\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

New Horizons Projesinin zorlu bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fi var asl\u0131nda. Bunun en temel nedenlerinden birisi, olduk\u00e7a uzaklara yap\u0131lacak bu yolculu\u011fun maaliyeti. Bununla birlikte proje NASA\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde duran di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok projeye g\u00f6re daha fazla risk de i\u00e7eriyor.<\/p>\n

Bir\u00e7ok gezegen, bu gezegenlerin uydular\u0131, c\u00fcce gezegenler, astroidler ve kuyrukluy\u0131ld\u0131zlar geli\u015ftirilen projelerden h\u0131zla nasibini alsa da, Pl\u00fcton\u2019un gezegen olamay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki bahts\u0131zl\u0131k burada da kendisini g\u00f6stermi\u015f. Gezegenlerin y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerindeki o zamanki dizilimini f\u0131rsat bilen NASA, 1977\u2019de Voyager 1 ve Voyager 2 uzay ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 G\u00fcne\u015f Sistemi\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na do\u011fru g\u00f6ndermeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f ve bu s\u0131rada bir\u00e7ok gezegen ve uydular\u0131 detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6zlemlenebilmi\u015ftir. Voyager\u2019in gezegenler aras\u0131 seyri s\u0131ras\u0131nda biliminsanlar\u0131 Sat\u00fcrn\u2019\u00fcn uydusu Titan\u2019\u0131 yak\u0131ndan incelemek isteyince, y\u00f6r\u00fcnge de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi nedeniyle Pl\u00fcton \u015fans\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015f oldu. Fakat 1989\u2019da Voyager 2\u2019nin Nept\u00fcn\u2019den ve uydusu Triton\u2019dan yak\u0131n ge\u00e7isi s\u0131ras\u0131nda elde edilen bulgular, biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n ilgisini G\u00fcne\u015f Sistemi\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerine \u00e7ekmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Projenin \u015fimdiki y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fc, gezegen bilimcisi ve uzay m\u00fchendisi Alan Stern \u201cPluto Undergraund\u201d projesi i\u00e7in 1989\u2019da bir grup biliminsan\u0131 ve m\u00fchendisle birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f. G\u00fcne\u015f Sistemi\u2019nin bu uzak noktas\u0131na g\u00f6nderilen her bir kilogram\u0131n maaliyeti g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131narak, 40 kg\u2019l\u0131k bir uzay arac\u0131 tasarlanmak istenmi\u015f. Fakat bilimsel g\u00f6zlem cihazlar\u0131n\u0131n bu kadar hafif tasarlanmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmam\u0131\u015f ve proje iptal edilmi\u015f.<\/p>\n

Bir sonraki proje giri\u015fiminin ad\u0131 Pluto 350 olmu\u015f. Bu defa 350 kg\u2019l\u0131k bir uzay arac\u0131 tasarlanm\u0131\u015f; fakat bu sefer de \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan Galileo ve Cassini gibi projeler b\u00fct\u00e7eyi Pluto 350\u2019nin elinden alm\u0131\u015flar. Bir sonraki giri\u015fimin ad\u0131 Pluto Kuiper Express olmu\u015f ve bu projede 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamen iptal edilmi\u015f.<\/p>\n

2001\u2019de, Alan Stern\u2019in de i\u00e7erisinde bulundu\u011fu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma grubunun projesi olan New Horizons resmi olarak New Frontiers (Yeni S\u0131n\u0131rlar) Program\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda kabul edilmi\u015f.<\/p>\n

New Frontiers Program\u0131n\u0131n devam eden projeleri hakk\u0131nda baz\u0131 bilgiler de vermeden ge\u00e7mek istemiyorum.<\/p>\n

New Frontiers 1) New Horizons, bu say\u0131daki yaz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n konusu olan proje.<\/p>\n

New Frontiers 2) Juno, 2011\u2019de f\u0131rlat\u0131ld\u0131, Temmuz 2016\u2019da bilimsel s\u0131rlarla dolu J\u00fcpiter\u2019in y\u00f6r\u00fcngesinde olmas\u0131 hedefleniyor.<\/p>\n

New Frontiers 3) OSIRIS-Rex, 2011\u2019de f\u0131rlat\u0131ld\u0131, plana g\u00f6re 2020\u2019de bir astroidin \u00fczerinden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6rnekleri 2023\u2019te D\u00fcnya\u2019ya getirmi\u015f olacak.<\/p>\n

Projenin 10 y\u0131ll\u0131k zaman \u00e7izelgesi<\/strong><\/p>\n

– <\/strong>F\u0131rlatma (19 Ocak 2006)<\/p>\n

– Ay \u00fczerinden yak\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015f (F\u0131rlatmadan 9 saat sonra)<\/p>\n

– J\u00fcpiter \u00fczerinden yak\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015f (28 \u015eubat 2007)<\/p>\n

– Pl\u00fcton \u00fczerinden yak\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015f (14 Temmuz 2015)<\/p>\n

F\u0131rlatma s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok rekora imza at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu. Uzay arac\u0131 saniyede 16,5 km\u2019lik bir h\u0131zla D\u00fcnya\u2019dan ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Bu \u015fimdiye kadar yap\u0131lan en h\u0131zl\u0131 f\u0131rlatma. Bu f\u0131rlatma i\u00e7in Atlas V roketi \u00f6zel olarak g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmi\u015f.<\/p>\n

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Alan Stern ve proje arkada\u015flar\u0131 New Horizons\u2019un Pl\u00fcton \u00fczerinden ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 ge\u00e7i\u015fini kutluyorlar.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

J\u00fcpiter\u2019in k\u00fctle\u00e7ekiminden faydalanarak h\u0131z kazanmak i\u00e7in, bu gezegene yak\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015f yap\u0131l\u0131yor. Ge\u00e7i\u015f esnas\u0131nda uzay arac\u0131 saniyede 4 km gibi \u00f6nemli bir h\u0131z kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sayede New Horizons, Pl\u00fcton\u2019a 3 y\u0131l daha \u00f6nce ula\u015fma \u015fans\u0131 yakalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yap\u0131lan ince ayarlamalar sayesinde, y\u00f6r\u00fcngesinde dolanmakta olan Pl\u00fcton\u2019a yak\u0131n bir noktadan (12.500 km ile) saniyede 13,8 km\u2019lik ciddi bir h\u0131zla ge\u00e7ilmi\u015f oldu. Olduk\u00e7a k\u0131sa s\u00fcren bu yak\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bilimsel veriler, saatler i\u00e7erisinde ba\u015far\u0131yla elde edildi. Mesafelerden kaynaklanan veri aktar\u0131m h\u0131z\u0131 nedeniyle elde edilen verilerin biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n eline ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n 16 ay kadar s\u00fcrmesi bekleniyor.<\/p>\n

New Horizons hakk\u0131nda bilgiler<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck bir piyano ebatlar\u0131nda olan uzay arac\u0131 480 kg k\u00fctleye sahip. Uzay arac\u0131n\u0131nda y\u00f6r\u00fcnge d\u00fczeltme manevralar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere itici kuvvet sa\u011flayan yak\u0131tlar bulunuyor. K\u00fctlenin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 bilimsel g\u00f6zlemler i\u00e7in yerle\u015ftirilen \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm cihazlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fuyor.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019ten uzak noktalara gidildi\u011fi i\u00e7in uzay arac\u0131 elektrik enerjisini G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019ten sa\u011flam\u0131yor. Bunun yerine radyoizotop termoelektrik jenerat\u00f6rleri kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. Bu bir nevi radyoaktif bir pil olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. 11 kg\u2019l\u0131k pl\u00fctonyum, uzay arac\u0131n\u0131n olduk\u00e7a uzun s\u00fcrecek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na elektrik enerjisi sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Uzay arac\u0131n\u0131n toplam \u00f6mr\u00fc 15 y\u0131l olarak \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Uzay arac\u0131nda 8 GB kapasiteye sahip, biri veri depolama, di\u011feri ise yedekleme i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan iki tane haf\u0131za cihaz\u0131 bulunuyor. Burada kaydedilen veriler, evde kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z internetten \u00e7ok \u00e7ok daha yava\u015f bir \u015fekilde saniyede 125 bayt olarak aktar\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

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New Horizons\u2019\u0131n Pl\u00fcton\u2019a giderkenki g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Biliminsanlar\u0131 uzay arac\u0131n\u0131 tasarlarken Clyde Tombaugh\u2019yu anmay\u0131 ihmal etmemi\u015fler. Pl\u00fcton\u2019un k\u00e2\u015fifi Clyde Tombaugh\u2019nun 30 gr kadar k\u00fcl\u00fc de uzay arac\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde. Arac\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde New Horizons Projesi i\u00e7in bas\u0131lan pullar ve bir Birle\u015fik Devletler bayra\u011f\u0131 bulunuyor. Ayr\u0131ca uzay arac\u0131na konulan bir CD\u2019nin i\u00e7erisinde 434.738 tane isim y\u00fckl\u00fc olarak bulunuyor.<\/p>\n

New Horizons \u00fczerinde bulunan ve yap\u0131lan g\u00f6zlemlerde kullan\u0131lan aletlerden de k\u0131saca bahsedelim.<\/p>\n

Lorri:<\/strong> Uzun menzilli bir foto\u011fraf makinesi. Elde edilen ilk g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler bu arac\u0131n sayesinde \u00e7ekildi.<\/p>\n

Swap:<\/strong> G\u00fcne\u015f r\u00fczg\u00e2rlar\u0131 ile ilgili \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerin Pl\u00fcton\u2019un bulundu\u011fu d\u0131\u015f y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerde yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Alice:<\/strong> Pl\u00fcton\u2019un atmosferinin i\u00e7eri\u011fini incelemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ultraviyole g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme spektrometresi.<\/p>\n

Ralph teleskopu<\/strong>: Pl\u00fcton ve uydusu Charon\u2019un y\u00fczeyini haritaland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme cihaz\u0131.<\/p>\n

VBSDC<\/strong>: Uzay arac\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7mekte oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerdeki toz par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 incelemeye yarayan bir ara\u00e7.<\/p>\n

Rex:<\/strong> Pl\u00fcton\u2019un yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131, dalga boyu olarak radyo dalgalar\u0131na denk d\u00fc\u015fen \u0131\u015f\u0131malar\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlemeye yarayan ara\u00e7.<\/p>\n

Burada bahsi ge\u00e7en deney ve g\u00f6zlem aletleri sayesinde, Pl\u00fcton ve uydular\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesine dair ne gibi hedeflerin oldu\u011funu inceleyelim.<\/p>\n

Projenin hedefleri ve amac\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Projenin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fc olan biliminsanlar\u0131 Pl\u00fcton \u00fczerinden yap\u0131lan yak\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015fin hedeflerini \u00fc\u00e7 kategoride ele al\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n

Birincil hedefler:<\/strong> Pl\u00fcton ve uydusu Charon\u2019un jeolojik ve bi\u00e7imsel yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n tespit edilmesi. Pl\u00fcton ve Charon\u2019un y\u00fczeyinin kimyasal bile\u015fiminin haritaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131. Pl\u00fcton\u2019un do\u011fal atmosferinin ve bu atmosferin azalma h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n tespit edilmesi.<\/p>\n

\u0130kincil hedefler:<\/strong> Pl\u00fcton\u2019\u0131n y\u00fczeyinin ve atmosferinin zamana ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiminin incelenmesi. Pl\u00fcton ve Charon\u2019un y\u00fczeyinin baz\u0131 noktalar\u0131n\u0131n 3 boyutlu y\u00fcksek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fckl\u00fc tespiti. Pl\u00fcton ve Charon\u2019un ayd\u0131nlanma \u00e7emberlerinin haritaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131. Pl\u00fcton ve Charon\u2019un baz\u0131 noktalar\u0131n\u0131n kimyasal bile\u015fiminin y\u00fcksek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fckl\u00fc olarak elde edilmesi. Pl\u00fcton\u2019un iyonosferinin (atmosferinin \u00fcst tabakas\u0131n\u0131n) ve iyonosferin g\u00fcne\u015f r\u00fczg\u00e2rlar\u0131yla etkile\u015fiminin incelenmesi. Organik bile\u015fiklerin aranmas\u0131. Charon\u2019un atmosferinin olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesi. Pl\u00fcton ve Charon\u2019un y\u00fczey s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n haritaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131. Pl\u00fcton\u2019un di\u011fer d\u0131\u015f uydular\u0131 olan Nix, Hydra, Kerberos ve Styx y\u00fczeylerinin haritaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcl hedefler: <\/strong>Pl\u00fcton\u2019un ba\u015fka bir uydusunun ya da bir halkas\u0131n\u0131n olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesi. Pl\u00fcton ve uydular\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fctle ve \u00e7ap gibi de\u011ferlerinin netle\u015ftirilmesi. Pl\u00fcton ve Charon\u2019un y\u00fcksek enerjili par\u00e7ac\u0131k ortam\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesi.<\/p>\n

Biliminsanlar\u0131 ge\u00e7is s\u0131ras\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir incelemenin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Hen\u00fcz verilerin tamam\u0131 D\u00fcnya\u2019ya ula\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bu hedeflerin ne kadar ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini bilmiyoruz. \u015eimdilik elimizde, bug\u00fcne kadar \u00e7ekilmi\u015f en net ve y\u00fcksek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fckl\u00fc Pl\u00fcton ve Charon foto\u011fraflar\u0131 bulunuyor.<\/p>\n

Projenin amac\u0131 ise Pl\u00fcton ve uydular\u0131ndan olu\u015fan Pl\u00fcton sistemini ve Kuiper Ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n olu\u015fumunu ve G\u00fcne\u015f Sistemi\u2019nin erken d\u00f6nemini anlamak. New Horizons\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6revleri Pl\u00fcton ge\u00e7i\u015fiyle bitmiyor. D\u0131\u015f y\u00f6r\u00fcngeye do\u011fru h\u0131zla devam etmekte olan bu yolculukta Kuiper Ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131\u2019na dair sorulara cevaplar aranacak.<\/p>\n

\"\"
New Horizons i\u00e7in son haz\u0131rl\u0131klar Kennedy Uzay Merkezi\u2019nde tamamlan\u0131rken (2005).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

New Horizons\u2019\u0131n yolculu\u011fu Pl\u00fcton\u2019a do\u011fru oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ve uzay arac\u0131 neredeyse t\u00fcm yak\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 bu ama\u00e7 i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, bundan sonra rotas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirme \u015fans\u0131 son derece s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olacak. Kuiper Ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131\u2019nda \u00e7aplar\u0131 100 km\u2019den b\u00fcy\u00fck 100.000 kadar g\u00f6kta\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Yap\u0131lan incelemelere g\u00f6re New Horizons, \u00e7aplar\u0131 70 km kadar olan iki cisimden birinin yak\u0131n\u0131ndan ge\u00e7me f\u0131rsat\u0131 bulacak. Bu olay 2019\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecek. Belki \u015fimdi \u00f6ng\u00f6remedi\u011fimiz g\u00f6rece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck cisimlerin yan\u0131ndan da ge\u00e7i\u015fler olacak. B\u00f6yle bir kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fma oldu\u011funda uzay arac\u0131 Pl\u00fcton \u00fczerinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 incelemelere benzer incelemeleri bu cisimler \u00fczerinde de ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirecek. Yap\u0131lan istatistiki hesaplamalar sonuncunda b\u00f6yle bir kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n y\u00fczde 95\u2019lik bir ihtimal oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Uzay arac\u0131, rotas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fi\u015ftirme \u015fans\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ve g\u00f6kcisimlerinin \u015fimdiki konumlar\u0131 buna m\u00fcsait olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Eris\u2019i ziyaret edemeyecek. Eris G\u00fcne\u015f Sistemi\u2019nde k\u00fctlesi en b\u00fcy\u00fck c\u00fcce gezegen.<\/p>\n

Pl\u00fcton hakk\u0131nda bilgiler<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pl\u00fcton, Eris\u2019ten sonra en y\u00fcksek k\u00fctleye sahip c\u00fcce gezegen. \u00c7ap\u0131 D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131nkinin be\u015fte biri kadar. K\u00fctlesi ise Ay\u2019\u0131n k\u00fctlesinin alt\u0131da biri kadar.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcne\u015f etraf\u0131nda, olduk\u00e7a eliptik bir y\u00f6r\u00fcngeye sahip. G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019e en yak\u0131n oldu\u011fu zaman G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019ten uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 30 astronomik birim (AB). 1 astronomik birim D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019e olan uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor. Pl\u00fcton\u2019un G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019ten en uzak oldu\u011fu anda ise uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 49 AB. G\u00fcne\u015f etraf\u0131ndaki bir turunu 248 y\u0131lda tamamlayan Pl\u00fcton c\u00fcce gezegenin y\u00f6r\u00fcngesinin G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019e en yak\u0131n noktas\u0131, Nept\u00fcn gezegeninin y\u00f6r\u00fcngesinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde yer al\u0131yor. Ancak bu iki cisim 2:3 oran\u0131nda y\u00f6r\u00fcnge periyotlar\u0131na sahip. Pl\u00fcton G\u00fcne\u015f etraf\u0131nda 2 tur att\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Nept\u00fcn, 3 tur atm\u0131\u015f oluyor. Bu y\u00f6r\u00fcngesel rezonans, bu iki cismin \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Pl\u00fcton\u2019un bilinen 5 tane uydusu var. Charon, Pl\u00fcton\u2019un yar\u0131s\u0131 kadar bir \u00e7apa sahip ve c\u00fcce gezegenin en b\u00fcy\u00fck uydusu. Styx, Nix, Kerberos ve Hydra bilinen di\u011fer 4 uydu.<\/p>\n

Jeolojik olarak Pl\u00fcton\u2019un y\u00fczeyde donmu\u015f nitrojene, i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mda buza ve daha i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlarda ise kayalara sahip oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

1930\u2019da Clyde W. Tombaugh taraf\u0131ndan ke\u015ffedilen Pl\u00fcton\u2019un insanl\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan ilk ziyaret\u00e7isi de New Horizons. B\u00fct\u00fcn gezegenler yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak bir tepsi \u00fczerinde d\u00f6nerken Pl\u00fcton bu tepsiden 17 derece kadar e\u011fik bir \u015fekilde hareket ediyor. B\u00f6ylece G\u00fcne\u015f Sistemi\u2019ne uzaktan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ayk\u0131r\u0131 duru\u015fu kendisini belli ediyor.<\/p>\n

Pl\u00fcton neden gezegenlikten \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6nceleri 9. gezegen olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lan Pl\u00fcton, 2006\u2019ta Uluslararas\u0131 Astornomi Birli\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan gezegen de\u011fil c\u00fcce gezegen olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Olduk\u00e7a pop\u00fcler bir konu olan Pl\u00fcton\u2019un talihsizli\u011fine yol a\u00e7an bu s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rman\u0131n bilimsel kriterleri ise \u00e7o\u011fu zaman g\u00f6lgede kal\u0131yor. Uluslararas\u0131 Astornomi Birli\u011fi\u2019nin gezegen s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmas\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle:<\/p>\n

1) Cisim, G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in y\u00f6r\u00fcngesinde olmal\u0131. (Pl\u00fcton i\u00e7in uygun)<\/p>\n

2) Cisim, kendi k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimi ile yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak k\u00fcresel bir \u015fekle sahip olmal\u0131. (Pl\u00fcton i\u00e7in uygun)<\/p>\n

3) Cisim, bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgeyi s\u00fcp\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olmal\u0131. (Pl\u00fcton i\u00e7in uygun de\u011fil)<\/p>\n

Yap\u0131lan g\u00f6zlemler sonucu i\u015fte bu 3. madde nedeniyle Pl\u00fcton gezegen olam\u0131yor. Peki bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgeyi s\u00fcp\u00fcrmek ne demek? G\u00fcne\u015f Sistemi\u2019nin olu\u015fumu s\u0131ras\u0131nda, d\u00f6nme ve k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim etkisiyle d\u00f6nen bir tepsi haline gelmeye ba\u015flayan gaz bulutu i\u00e7erisindeki k\u00fctleler gene \u00e7ekim etkisiyle topaklanmaya ba\u015fl\u0131yor. En ortada, en yo\u011fun noktada en k\u00fctleli cisim olan G\u00fcne\u015f olu\u015fuyor. D\u0131\u015f halkalarda ise cisimler, \u00f6rne\u011fin D\u00fcnya, bulundu\u011fu y\u00f6r\u00fcngenin \u00e7evresinde, simit \u015feklinde olan b\u00f6lgede bulunan cisimleri \u00e7ekim etkisi ile kendi \u00fczerinde toplamaya ba\u015fl\u0131yor ve olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcp\u00fcrmeyi ba\u015fararak bir gezegen oluyor. Mars ve J\u00fcpiter aras\u0131nda bulunan Astroid Ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131\u2019ndaki g\u00f6kcisimlerini s\u00fcp\u00fcrmeyi ba\u015faramayan Ceres de c\u00fcce gezegen olarak an\u0131l\u0131yor. Bu durumun Pl\u00fcton i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Pl\u00fcton, Kuiper Ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n hemen k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda yer al\u0131yor ve bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgeyi s\u00fcp\u00fcrememi\u015f oluyor.<\/p>\n

Buna kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan biliminsanlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde, New Horizons Projesinin ba\u015f\u0131nda olan Alan Stern de bulunuyor. Bu fikri savunan biliminsanlar\u0131, olu\u015fumu s\u0131ras\u0131nda Pl\u00fcton\u2019un Kuiper Ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bir gezegen olarak etraf\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcp\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc savunuyorlar.<\/p>\n

Pl\u00fcton\u2019un k\u00f6keni ise, biliminsanlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a karma\u015f\u0131k bir problem. \u0130lk zamanlarda Pl\u00fcton\u2019un Nept\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn eski bir uydusu olabilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu.Nept\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn \u015fimdiki uydusu olan Triton taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma sonucu d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Fakat bunun y\u00f6r\u00fcnge mekani\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6sterildi.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Pl\u00fcton\u2019un 13 Temmuz 2015\u2019te New Horizons taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ekilen foto\u011fraf\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Triton ve Pl\u00fcton aras\u0131ndaki benzerlikler olduk\u00e7a fazla. Biliminsanlar\u0131 Nept\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn J\u00fcpiter ve Sat\u00fcrn taraf\u0131ndan daha i\u00e7 bir y\u00f6r\u00fcngeden d\u0131\u015fa do\u011fru ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlar. Bu ta\u015f\u0131nma sonras\u0131nda, Kuiper Ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funa inan\u0131lan Triton\u2019un Nept\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimi taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6r\u00fcngeye al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve uydusu haline geldi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Bu yorum, Kuiper Ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00fcyesi olan iki cismin, Triton ve Pl\u00fcton\u2019un benzerli\u011fine dair a\u00e7\u0131klamalar sunuyor.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n k\u00fctlesinin 17 kat\u0131na sahip olan Nept\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn d\u0131\u015fa do\u011fru olan bu hareketi sonucunda Pl\u00fcton\u2019un yakalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6r\u00fcngesel rezonans\u0131n, Pl\u00fcton\u2019a bug\u00fcnk\u00fc y\u00f6r\u00fcngesini kazand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131l\u0131yor. Bilimsel tahminlere g\u00f6re Triton uydu olurken, di\u011fer b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fctleli cisimler (\u00f6rne\u011fin Eris), olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131 y\u00f6r\u00fcngelere savrulmu\u015f.<\/p>\n

New Horizons\u2019un yapaca\u011f\u0131 incelemeler bu tahminleri bilimsel verilerle besleyecek ve Pl\u00fcton\u2019un ge\u00e7mi\u015fine ve G\u00fcne\u015f Sistemi\u2019in evrimine dair daha fazla ipucu ve kan\u0131t verebilecek.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

– https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Horizons
\n– http:\/\/pluto.jhuapl.edu\/
\n– https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/newhorizons\/main\/index.html<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 y\u0131l \u00f6nce f\u0131rlat\u0131lan New Horizons, 14 Temmuz 2015\u2019te Pl\u00fcton\u2019un 12.500 km \u00f6tesinden ge\u00e7ti. Olduk\u00e7a k\u0131sa s\u00fcren bu yak\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bilimsel veriler, saatler i\u00e7erisinde ba\u015far\u0131yla elde edildi. Mesafelerden kaynaklanan veri aktar\u0131m h\u0131z\u0131 nedeniyle elde edilen verilerin biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n eline ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n 16 ay kadar s\u00fcrmesi bekleniyor. Biliminsanlar\u0131 uzay arac\u0131n\u0131 tasarlarken Clyde Tombaugh\u2019yu anmay\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":857,"featured_media":19449,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[175,30],"tags":[248,293,2348,2347],"class_list":["post-19448","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-138-sayi","category-astronomi","tag-astronomi","tag-gezegenler","tag-new-horizons","tag-pluton"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t