{"id":19481,"date":"2015-08-01T17:18:01","date_gmt":"2015-08-01T14:18:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/109.232.216.219\/~bilimvegelecek\/?p=19481"},"modified":"2018-02-14T17:32:57","modified_gmt":"2018-02-14T14:32:57","slug":"urlali-anaxagoras","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2015\/08\/01\/urlali-anaxagoras","title":{"rendered":"Urlal\u0131 Anaxagoras"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hayattaki amac\u0131n\u0131n evrenin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 anlamak oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen Anaxagoras, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini Pers sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n bitiminde gitti\u011fi Atina\u2019ya da ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sadece bir drahmiye sat\u0131lan Do\u011fa \u00dczerine adl\u0131 kitab\u0131 tarihin \u00e7ok satan ilk eseri olmu\u015ftur. Plato ve Sokrat \u00f6ncesi Atina\u2019da do\u011fa felsefesi \u00f6\u011freten ilk \u00f6\u011fretmendir. G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in hi\u00e7bir kutsal \u00f6zelli\u011fi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcren Anaxagoras dinsizlikle su\u00e7lanarak \u00f6l\u00fcme mahkum edilmi\u015fti. <\/em><\/p>\n

Soley\u2019e…..<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019daki (\u0130yonya) antik kentleri ziyaretlerinizde, elinizde iyi bir kitap yoksa, etrafta o kentin \u00f6zelliklerini anlatan hi\u00e7bir bilgi notu bulamazs\u0131n\u0131z. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Milet\u2019tesiniz diyelim. Milet do\u011fa felsefesinin ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ilk sistemli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme ve varolu\u015fu temellendirme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kenttir. Antik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n en \u00fcnl\u00fc matematik\u00e7ilerinden ve yedi akil insan\u0131ndan biri kabul edilen filozof Thales\u2019in (M\u00d6 624-548), onun \u00f6\u011frencisi Anaximandros\u2019un (M\u00d6 610-546) ve y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n d\u00f6nen k\u00fcreler \u00fczerinde \u00e7ak\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcren filozof Anaximenes\u2019in (M\u00d6 584-525) kentidir. \u00dcstelik bir plana g\u00f6re tasarlanm\u0131\u015f ilk kentlerden birindesiniz ve ne yaz\u0131k ki siz bu \u00f6zelliklerin hi\u00e7birinin fark\u0131na varamayabilirsiniz. G\u00f6rebilece\u011finiz tek \u015fey y\u0131k\u0131k bir amfi tiyatrodur. Etrafta sizi bilgilendiren kimi notlar olsa, ziyaretiniz daha heyecan verici ve e\u011fitici olmaz m\u0131yd\u0131? Bu da \u00fclkemizin sahip oldu\u011fu zengin miras\u0131n tan\u0131t\u0131m\u0131nda etkili olmaz m\u0131yd\u0131?<\/p>\n

Bu yaz\u0131 antik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n (M\u00d6 800 – MS 500) on iki bat\u0131 Anadolu (\u0130yonya) kentinden biri olan Clozomenae (Urla) ve onun me\u015fhur yerlisi Anaxagoras\u2019\u0131 tan\u0131tmak i\u00e7in yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Umar\u0131m \u00f6zelde Urla Belediyesi, genelde K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in esin kayna\u011f\u0131 olur ve buralar\u0131 ziyaret edenlerin ayd\u0131nlanmas\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr miras\u0131m\u0131za sahip \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 ad\u0131na bu antik kentlere yat\u0131r\u0131m yaparlar.<\/p>\n

Anaxagoras kozmoloji kuram\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Antik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n sonuncu filozoflar\u0131ndan Anaxagoras (M\u00d6 500-428) bug\u00fcn Urla s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kalan Clozomenae\u2019de do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Maddeci d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerden olan Anaxagoras\u2019a g\u00f6re ne bir varl\u0131\u011fa geli\u015f, ne de yoklu\u011fa gidi\u015f s\u00f6z konusudur. Yaln\u0131zca birle\u015fim ve ayr\u0131\u015f\u0131m vard\u0131r. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta her \u015feyin bir kaos durumunda oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcren Anaxagoras, sonra Akl\u0131n (nus) neden oldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nme hareketinin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 momentum ile ayr\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve her \u015feyin kendi yerini ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrer. Ve bu \u015fekilde kaos yerini kozmosa b\u0131rak\u0131r. Ancak, kaostan kozmosu yaratan ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 hareketin nedeni Ak\u0131l (nus) iyi tan\u0131ml\u0131 de\u011fildir. Fiziksel bir kuvvet olabilece\u011fi gibi, manevi bir g\u00fc\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131 da olabilirdi. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki bu hareket \u00f6nce merkezde ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, sonra yava\u015f yava\u015f d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle hafif, kuru ve ince olan eter d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015f, hava ise i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mda toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Havadan ise \u0130yonyal\u0131 felsefecilerin temel olarak kabul ettikleri toprak, ate\u015f, su olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. D\u00f6nme hareketin sonunda yo\u011fun, \u0131slak, karanl\u0131k ve so\u011fuk olanlar merkezde toplanarak d\u00fcnyay\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131r. Eter ise s\u00f6z konusu hareketin \u015fiddeti ile d\u00fcnyadan par\u00e7alar koparm\u0131\u015f ve bunlar y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131 meydana getirmi\u015ftir. (1) Evren ve onun par\u00e7alar\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve homojendirler, farklar\u0131 ise birle\u015fimlerinden de\u011fil boyutlar\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ancak Anaxagoras kozmoloji kuram\u0131n\u0131n temel ve orijinal taraf\u0131 olan Ak\u0131l (nus) kendisinden sonra gelen filozoflar Sokrat, Plato ve Aristo taraf\u0131ndan sorgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Anaxagoras\u2019\u0131n ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Ak\u0131l\u2019\u0131n (nus) nas\u0131l olup da her \u015feyi olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi yere savurdu\u011funu ve Akl\u0131n bunu yaparken amac\u0131n\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu sorgulam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sonsuz b\u00f6l\u00fcnebilme<\/strong><\/p>\n

Anaxagoras\u2019a g\u00f6re madde farkl\u0131 \u00f6zellikleri olan tohumlardan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta evrenin sonsuz say\u0131daki tohumlar\u0131n karma\u015fas\u0131ndan olu\u015ftu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcren Anaxagoras\u2019a g\u00f6re her \u015feyde, her \u015feyin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 ve sonsuz b\u00f6l\u00fcnebilme vard\u0131. O zaman bir bu\u011fday par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 betimleyen \u00f6zellik nedir sorusunu, Anaxagoras, bu\u011fday i\u00e7indeki sonsuz par\u00e7alardan bu\u011fday \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan par\u00e7alar\u0131n fazla olmas\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yordu. Sonsuz b\u00f6l\u00fcnebilme \u00f6zelli\u011fi Anaxagoras\u2019\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir fikridir. Anaxagoras\u2019\u0131n \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc maddenin sonsuz b\u00f6l\u00fcnebilme \u00f6zelli\u011fi, zaman\u0131na g\u00f6re olduk\u00e7a ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir kavramd\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Anaxagoras \u00f6ncesi filozoflardan Parmenidis\u2019in \u00f6\u011frencisi Zeno\u2019ya g\u00f6re sonsuz b\u00f6l\u00fcnebilme olsayd\u0131 maddenin de sonsuz b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte olmas\u0131 gerekirdi. Anaxagoras\u2019\u0131n bahsetti\u011fi sonsuzlu\u011fun bug\u00fcn anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z anlamda matematiksel sonsuzluk olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etsek bile Anaxagoras\u2019\u0131n sonsuzluk kavram\u0131n\u0131 kendisinden \u00f6nceki filozoflardan daha iyi anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul edebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Dinsizlikle su\u00e7land\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Anaxagoras\u2019a g\u00f6re g\u00f6k cisimleri, bu arada gezegenler de, yap\u0131sal olarak D\u00fcnya\u2019ya benzerler ve d\u00fczd\u00fcrler. Ay\u2019\u0131n ise tepe ve vadilerden olu\u015ftu\u011funu ve \u00fcstelik meskun oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ay\u2019\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019ten ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyen ilk ki\u015fidir ve b\u00f6ylelikle ay ve g\u00fcne\u015f tutulmalar\u0131n\u0131 rasyonel bi\u00e7imde a\u00e7\u0131klayabilmi\u015ftir. Hayattaki amac\u0131n\u0131n evrenin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 anlamak oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen Anaxagoras bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini Pers sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n bitiminde gitti\u011fi Atina\u2019ya da ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u0130yonya\u2019n\u0131n rasyonel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce gelene\u011fini Atina\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131yan ilk biliminsan\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Sadece bir drahmiye sat\u0131lan Do\u011fa \u00dczerine<\/em> adl\u0131 kitab\u0131 tarihin \u00e7ok satan ilk eseri olmu\u015ftur. Plato ve Sokrat \u00f6ncesi Atina\u2019da do\u011fa felsefesi \u00f6\u011freten ilk \u00f6\u011fretmendir. Bu yap\u0131t\u0131n sadece \u00fc\u00e7 sayfas\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fabilmi\u015ftir; Anaxagoras hakk\u0131ndaki bilgileri ard\u0131ndan gelen filozoflar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile edinebiliyoruz. G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in hi\u00e7bir kutsal \u00f6zelli\u011fi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ate\u015ften bir kaya oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcren Anaxagoras dinsizlikle su\u00e7lanarak \u00f6l\u00fcme mahkum edilmi\u015fti. Hapiste, verilen \u00e7ember ile ayn\u0131 alana sahip kareyi pergel ve cetvel ile bulma problemi \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki, bu problem daha sonra matematik\u00e7ileri y\u00fczy\u0131llarca u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Antik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nemli problemleri olan ve pergel-cetvel ile \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi gereken:<\/p>\n

1) Verilen bir a\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 e\u015fit par\u00e7aya b\u00f6lme,<\/p>\n

2) Verilen bir k\u00fcp\u00fcn, hacminin iki kat\u0131 hacme sahip k\u00fcp\u00fc in\u015fa etme ve<\/p>\n

3) Verilen bir dairenin alan\u0131na e\u015fit alana sahip kareyi in\u015fa etme<\/p>\n

problemlerinin en az biri ile u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. (2)<\/p>\n

G\u00fcne\u015f ve Ay\u2019\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130ran istilas\u0131ndan kurtulan ve Peloponnese yar\u0131madas\u0131nda parlayan \u015fehir devletlerinin \u00f6nde geleni olan Atina\u2019n\u0131n lideri Perikles\u2019in \u00f6\u011fretmenli\u011fini de yapan Anaxagoras, Perikles sayesinde \u00f6l\u00fcmden kurtulmu\u015f, daha sonra \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kadar Lampsasus\u2019ta (Lapseki) ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. M\u00d6 476\u2019da Gelibolu yar\u0131madas\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen meteoru incelemi\u015f ve onun G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019ten kopan bir par\u00e7a oldu\u011funa h\u00fckmetmi\u015ftir. Bu meteor insanl\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan fark edilen ilk meteordur. G\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen Anaxagoras, D\u00fcnya\u2019dan ayn\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte g\u00f6r\u00fcnen Ay ve G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019ten, G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in daha b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011funa ve D\u00fcnya\u2019ya Ay\u2019dan daha uzakta olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine h\u00fckmetmi\u015ftir. M\u00d6 30 Nisan 416\u2019da b\u00fct\u00fcn Peloponnese yar\u0131madas\u0131n\u0131 karanl\u0131\u011fa bo\u011fan g\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131ndan da G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in en az Peloponnese yar\u0131madas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde olmas\u0131na h\u00fckmederek, G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in bir alt s\u0131n\u0131r verebilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\"\"Canl\u0131lar \u00fczerinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 deneylerle de tan\u0131nan Anaxagoras, insan beyni \u00fczerinde kesim yaparak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve bal\u0131klar\u0131n suda solunga\u00e7lar\u0131 ile nefes ald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetmi\u015ftir. Antik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nemli e\u011flence t\u00fcr\u00fc tiyatronun gereksinimi olan sahne tasar\u0131m\u0131 nedeniyle perspektif problemi \u00fczerinde de \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Kendisine bilimsel sorular soran Anaxagoras bunlara rasyonel yan\u0131tlar vermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Nil Nehri ta\u015fk\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n nedeni olarak da\u011flarda eriyen kar sular\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6l\u00fcmden ka\u00e7mak i\u00e7in s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Lampsacos (Lapseki), bir sonraki y\u00fczy\u0131lda Pers istilas\u0131ndan ka\u00e7an Efesliler i\u00e7in de ev sahipli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015f ve Efesliler buraya felsefe gelene\u011fi ve bilimsel \u00f6\u011fretiyi ta\u015f\u0131yarak bir felsefe okulu kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. S\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lardan biri olan Anaximenes burada do\u011fmu\u015f ve daha sonra B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender\u2019in tarih\u00e7isi olarak tarihe ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Yolunuz Urla\u2019ya d\u00fc\u015ferse, oraya bir de Anaxagoras\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fc ile bak\u0131n derim. Belki ona g\u00f6r\u00fcnen Ay sakinleri size de g\u00fcl\u00fcms\u00fcyorlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) G.Sarton, A History of Science (1952 ), Oxford University Pres.<\/p>\n

2) J.Suzuki, Mathematics in Historical Context (2009), MAA.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hayattaki amac\u0131n\u0131n evrenin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 anlamak oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen Anaxagoras, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini Pers sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n bitiminde gitti\u011fi Atina\u2019ya da ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sadece bir drahmiye sat\u0131lan Do\u011fa \u00dczerine adl\u0131 kitab\u0131 tarihin \u00e7ok satan ilk eseri olmu\u015ftur. Plato ve Sokrat \u00f6ncesi Atina\u2019da do\u011fa felsefesi \u00f6\u011freten ilk \u00f6\u011fretmendir. G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in hi\u00e7bir kutsal \u00f6zelli\u011fi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcren Anaxagoras dinsizlikle su\u00e7lanarak \u00f6l\u00fcme mahkum edilmi\u015fti. Soley\u2019e….. Bat\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":465,"featured_media":19483,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[175,30,221,25],"tags":[2350,206,324,208],"class_list":["post-19481","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-138-sayi","category-astronomi","category-felsefe","category-matematik","tag-anaxagoras","tag-bilim-tarihi","tag-kozmoloji","tag-matematik"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19481","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/465"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=19481"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19481\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/19483"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19481"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=19481"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=19481"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}