{"id":19999,"date":"2015-07-01T16:40:08","date_gmt":"2015-07-01T13:40:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=19999"},"modified":"2018-02-21T12:24:01","modified_gmt":"2018-02-21T09:24:01","slug":"insan-dili-ve-ses","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2015\/07\/01\/insan-dili-ve-ses","title":{"rendered":"\u0130nsan dili ve ses"},"content":{"rendered":"

Her dil kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n beyninde, do\u011fu\u015ftan var olan ve dilbilgisi kurallar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren bir dil edinim d\u00fczene\u011fi vard\u0131r. Bu do\u011fu\u015ftan gelen zihinsel dilbilgisi d\u00fczene\u011fi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla insan, i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu toplulukta konu\u015fulmakta olan dizgeyi edinir ve beyindeki destek yap\u0131lar\u0131n tamamlanmas\u0131yla birlikte de kullan\u0131ma d\u00f6kmeye ba\u015flar. D\u00fczenli ve karma\u015f\u0131k sesler grubunun en tipik \u00f6rne\u011fi olan ses, ayn\u0131 zamanda insan dilinin de en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birimidir. <\/em><\/p>\n

\u0130nsan dili<\/strong><\/p>\n

Canl\u0131lar\u0131n, kendileriyle ayn\u0131 t\u00fcrden olanlarla ileti\u015fim kurmak \u00fczere kulland\u0131klar\u0131 ara\u00e7lar\u0131n en yetkini ku\u015fkusuz insan dilidir. Her ne kadar hayvanlar, kendi t\u00fcrde\u015fleriyle ileti\u015fim kursalar da insan dilinin \u00f6zellikleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, hayvan dilinde oldu\u011fu gibi insan dilinin salt ileti\u015fim arac\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu nedenle de dil dendi\u011finde yaln\u0131zca insan dilinin kastedilmesi gereklili\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. \u0130nsan dilini, di\u011fer t\u00fcrlerin ileti\u015fim dizgelerinden ay\u0131ran pek \u00e7ok \u00f6zellik bulunur. Bunlardan biri, insan dilinin ge\u00e7mi\u015fe ya da gelece\u011fe g\u00f6nderimde bulunabilmeye ya da ger\u00e7ekte var olmayan nesneler hakk\u0131nda konu\u015fabilmeye izin verme \u00f6zelli\u011fidir. S\u00f6zgelimi, bir ar\u0131 yeni ke\u015ffetmi\u015f oldu\u011fu besin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 di\u011fer ar\u0131lara yapaca\u011f\u0131 belirli hareketlerle y\u00f6n ve uzakl\u0131k olarak bildirebilir, ancak ayn\u0131 ar\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman, \u201cge\u00e7en hafta birlikte gitti\u011fimiz o ilgin\u00e7 yerin tam kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki papatya\u201d t\u00fcr\u00fcnden bir \u00f6be\u011fi \u00fcretemez. K\u0131sacas\u0131 hayvanlar, di\u011fer hayvanlarla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bilgi al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi yapabilirken, insan herhangi bir eylemle ilgili pek \u00e7ok ayr\u0131nt\u0131y\u0131 dil arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla iletebilir, bunu yaparken de b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde soyutlama yetene\u011fini kullan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsan dilinin soyutlama \u00f6zelli\u011fi, iki birim aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin nedensizli\u011fine dayan\u0131r. Bir nesne ile o nesneyi g\u00f6steren sesler aras\u0131nda nedenlilik ili\u015fkisi yoktur. Dillerde ayn\u0131 nesnenin farkl\u0131 seslerle kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131yor olmas\u0131, bu ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterir. S\u00f6zgelimi, a\u011fa\u00e7<\/strong> s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131layan ses dizimi, \u0130ngilizcedeki tree<\/strong> s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131layan dizimden ya da Almancada baum<\/strong> s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki seslerden neredeyse t\u00fcm\u00fcyle farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Havlamak<\/strong> gibi yans\u0131ma s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerde, nesne ile onu kar\u015f\u0131layan sesler aras\u0131nda nedenli bir ili\u015fki var gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de asl\u0131nda bu s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin de dillerde, \u00f6rne\u011fin \u0130ngilizcede bark<\/strong>, Almancada bellen<\/strong> gibi farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerinin olmas\u0131, insan dilinin soyutlama \u00f6zelli\u011finin bir g\u00f6stergesidir. \u0130nsan dilinin bu \u00f6zelli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131n hayvan dilinde ileti ile s\u00f6z konusu iletiyi g\u00f6steren imler aras\u0131nda belirgin bir ba\u011flant\u0131 bulunur. S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131daki imler ve iletiyle imler aras\u0131ndaki do\u011frudan ili\u015fki, hayvan dilinde yaln\u0131zca belirli iletilerin olu\u015fturulabilmesine yol a\u00e7ar. Oysa insan dilinde durum b\u00f6yle de\u011fildir. \u0130nsan dilinin en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fi \u00fcretici olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dcretici olmak demek, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da kuralla s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z say\u0131da t\u00fcmce \u00fcretebilme yetisine sahip olmak demektir.<\/p>\n

Evrim s\u00fcrecini g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, ge\u00e7mi\u015fe dayal\u0131 farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerle olan ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z, asl\u0131nda biyolojik bir varl\u0131k olan dilde kendini g\u00f6sterir. Hayvan dili, insan diline g\u00f6re daha karma\u015f\u0131k, daha \u00fcretken, daha soyut olmayabilir, ancak yine de bu \u00f6zellikleri belirli bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, gerek insanlar gerekse hayvanlar, dili do\u011fu\u015ftan getirdikleri bir d\u00fczenek yoluyla edinmektedirler. \u0130nsan diliyle hayvan dili aras\u0131nda soyutlama, \u00fcretkenlik ve karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k gibi \u00f6zelliklerdeki farkl\u0131la\u015fmalar, her \u015feyden \u00f6nce t\u00fcrlerin sinir sistemlerinin geli\u015fmi\u015flik d\u00fczeyi ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Her dil kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n beyninde, do\u011fu\u015ftan var olan ve dilbilgisi kurallar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren bir dil edinim d\u00fczene\u011fi vard\u0131r. Bu do\u011fu\u015ftan gelen zihinsel dilbilgisi d\u00fczene\u011fi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla insan, i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu toplulukta konu\u015fulmakta olan dizgeyi edinir ve beyindeki destek yap\u0131lar\u0131n tamamlanmas\u0131yla birlikte de kullan\u0131ma d\u00f6kmeye ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsan beyninin en yetkin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olarak kabul edilen bu dil d\u00fczene\u011fi, asl\u0131nda bir bilgi k\u00fcmesidir. Belirli bir dilin dilbilgisel t\u00fcmcelerini \u00fcreten bu bilgi k\u00fcmesi, t\u00fcmcelerin s\u00f6zdizimine ili\u015fkin kurallar\u0131n neler oldu\u011funu, t\u00fcmcelerin nas\u0131l sesletildi\u011fini ve t\u00fcmcelerin ne anlama geldi\u011fini belirler. Bu bilgi k\u00fcmesinde birbiriyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 sesbilim<\/strong>, s\u00f6zdizimi<\/strong>, anlambilim<\/strong> ve kullan\u0131mbilim<\/strong> bile\u015fenleri<\/strong> bulunur. Burada kullan\u0131mbilim ve anlambilim bile\u015fenlerinin yorumlay\u0131c\u0131, s\u00f6zdizimi ve sesbilim bile\u015fenlerinin ise kurucu oldu\u011fu kabul edilir.<\/p>\n

Sesbilim bile\u015feni, konu\u015fma seslerini bir araya getirip s\u00f6zc\u00fck \u00fcretiminin ilk a\u015famas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftururken, s\u00f6zdizim bile\u015feni bu s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin evrensel dilbilgisi kurallar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde bir araya gelmesini ve daha b\u00fcy\u00fck birimler olan \u00f6bek ve t\u00fcmcelerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Dilin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bile\u015feni olan anlambilim bile\u015feni arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla s\u00f6zc\u00fckler aras\u0131 ve t\u00fcmceler aras\u0131 ili\u015fkiler kurulur, burada nesneler ve olaylarla ilgili bili\u015fsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler, d\u00fcnya bilgilerini anlamland\u0131rma s\u00fcreci i\u015fletilir. Kullan\u0131mbilim bile\u015feni de konu\u015fucu ile dinleyicinin, aralar\u0131ndaki konu\u015fma eylemini, artalan bilgileri, ortak deneyimleri, ruhsal durumlar\u0131 ve birbirlerinin zihinsel durumlar\u0131n\u0131 anlayabilme yetileriyle bi\u00e7imlendirmelerini sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

Konu\u015fucunun zihinsel s\u00f6zvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcne s\u00f6zl\u00fck\u00e7e denir. Ancak s\u00f6zl\u00fck\u00e7e salt bir s\u00f6zc\u00fck listesi olarak anla\u015f\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. S\u00f6zl\u00fck\u00e7ede her bir s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011fe ait s\u00f6zc\u00fcksel bir k\u00fct\u00fck yer al\u0131r ve bu k\u00fct\u00fckte de o s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011fe ait anlambilim, sesbilim ve s\u00f6zdizim bilgileri bulunur. S\u00f6zgelimi, bilmek s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ne anlama geldi\u011fi, bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn nas\u0131l sesletildi\u011fi gibi bilgilerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra s\u00f6zdizimle ilgili olarak bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn eylem kategorisinde bulundu\u011fu bilgisi, bilen ve bildi\u011fi \u015fey gibi bir \u00fcye yap\u0131s\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fu bilgisi, bu \u00fcyelerin ad ya da t\u00fcmcecik olabilece\u011fine ili\u015fkin bilgilerin t\u00fcm\u00fc s\u00f6zl\u00fck\u00e7ede yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bir konu\u015fma eyleminin ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilmesi i\u00e7in beyinde seslerin kodlanmas\u0131, bu seslerin s\u00f6zc\u00fcklere ve t\u00fcmcelere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi gerekmektedir. Bu kodlama, dilin sesbilimsel yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Konu\u015fma s\u0131ras\u0131nda, sesbilim yap\u0131s\u0131, konu\u015fma seslerini se\u00e7me-birle\u015ftirme i\u015flemiyle bir araya getirip d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce boyutumuzdaki kavramlar\u0131n imgeleri olan s\u00f6zc\u00fcklere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmemizi sa\u011flarken, beyin de bu dizgeyi, ses yolu kaslar\u0131na g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi komutlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr. Konu\u015fulan\u0131 duyarken ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerken de beyin, i\u015fitsel sinirlerden gelen s\u00fcrekli ve i\u00e7 i\u00e7e verileri, \u00f6nce sesbilim yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fleyi\u015f kurallar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyerek anlamland\u0131rma s\u00fcrecini ba\u015flat\u0131r. Konu\u015fma sesleri ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zellikler i\u00e7erir ve beyindeki h\u00fccrelere yerle\u015fimleri de b\u00f6yle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.<\/p>\n

Beynin, konu\u015fma seslerini alg\u0131lama ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme s\u00fcreci de olduk\u00e7a karma\u015f\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Beynin ses kodlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmledi\u011fi b\u00f6lgede hem seslerin hem s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r belirlenmekte, yava\u015f\/h\u0131zl\u0131, al\u00e7ak\/y\u00fcksek\/f\u0131s\u0131lt\u0131 ayr\u0131mlar\u0131 da alg\u0131lanmaktad\u0131r. \u0130\u015fitsel alg\u0131 s\u00fcreci akustik belirtkeleri, \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 ama olu\u015fumlar\u0131 ayn\u0131 anda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen \u00f6\u011feye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrecek bi\u00e7imde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler: Kim konu\u015fuyor?<\/strong> (sesin alg\u0131lanmas\u0131, ses izinin tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131), Konu\u015fmac\u0131 ne diyor?<\/strong> (dilin alg\u0131lanmas\u0131, i\u00e7erik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesi) ve Nas\u0131l s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor?<\/strong> (konu\u015fmac\u0131n\u0131n ses tonuna y\u00fcklenmi\u015f olan b\u00fcr\u00fcnsel anlam). Bu \u00f6\u011felerden her biri beynin ayr\u0131 bir \u00f6zel b\u00f6lgesi taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenir, bulgular birle\u015ftirilerek anlamland\u0131rma s\u00fcrecine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Ses \u00fcretim organlar\u0131 ve konu\u015fma seslerinin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki rolleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u00fczenli ve karma\u015f\u0131k sesler grubunun en tipik \u00f6rne\u011fi olan ses<\/strong>, ayn\u0131 zamanda insan dilinin de en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birimidir. Bir b\u00fcy\u00fck dizgenin i\u015fleyebilmesi i\u00e7in gerekli olan bu birim, kimi v\u00fccut organlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenli i\u015fleyi\u015fiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Konu\u015fma organlar\u0131 olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131lan, solu\u011fun akci\u011ferlerden ba\u015flay\u0131p a\u011f\u0131z bo\u015flu\u011fundan d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karak somut \u00fcr\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesine kadar ge\u00e7en yolda her bir organ sesin bi\u00e7imlenmesinde \u00f6nemli bir i\u015fleve sahiptir.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs bo\u015flu\u011funu \u00e7evreleyen g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs kafesi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla nefes alma-verme, havan\u0131n i\u00e7e ve d\u0131\u015fa do\u011fru ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak akci\u011ferleri<\/strong> harekete ge\u00e7irir. Konu\u015fma an\u0131nda nefes alma s\u00fcresi k\u0131sal\u0131rken, nefes verme s\u00fcresi uzar. Dakika ba\u015f\u0131na nefes say\u0131s\u0131 ortalama 12\u2019dir. Konu\u015furken nefes alma s\u00fcresi, saniyenin d\u00f6rtte birine kadar d\u00fc\u015fer ve nefes verme s\u00fcresi 5-10 saniye aras\u0131nda uzar. Bu s\u00fcre, konu\u015fucunun duygudurumuna (emotion) dayal\u0131 olarak 20 saniyeye kadar uzayabilir. Bu do\u011frultuda, g\u00fcnl\u00fck konu\u015fma eylemi esnas\u0131nda bir birey yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak ortalama 250-300 s\u00f6zc\u00fck \u00fcretebilir.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Her dil kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n beyninde, do\u011fu\u015ftan var olan ve dilbilgisi kurallar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren bir dil edinim d\u00fczene\u011fi vard\u0131r.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ses tellerinin bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lge olan g\u0131rtlak<\/strong>, seslerin \u00fcretilmesi ve bi\u00e7imlenmesinde yard\u0131mc\u0131 olan ilk organd\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131nda, titre\u015fim sonucu konu\u015fma seslerinin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131nda edici roldeki ses tellerini bulunduran g\u0131rtlak, nefes borusunun \u00fcst, ses yolunun ise alt k\u0131sm\u0131nda yer al\u0131r. G\u0131rtla\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131nda konu\u015fma seslerinin \u00fcretilmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olan ve ses tellerinin titre\u015fimini denetleyen \u00fc\u00e7 k\u0131k\u0131rdak yap\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u00dcstg\u0131rtlaksal B\u00f6l\u00fcm<\/strong> olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131labilen Kalkans\u0131 K\u0131k\u0131rdak<\/strong>, G\u0131rtlaksal B\u00f6l\u00fcm<\/strong> (Epiglot) Halkams\u0131<\/strong> ya da Y\u00fcz\u00fcks\u00fc K\u0131k\u0131rdak<\/strong> olarak da tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. G\u0131rtlakta ses tellerini uzatma ya da k\u0131saltma i\u015flevi g\u00f6ren d\u00f6rt tanesi \u00e7ift, bir tanesi tek olmak \u00fczere be\u015f kas vard\u0131r. Cinsiyete g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imler alan g\u0131rtlak, erkeklerde bo\u011faz\u0131n \u00f6n k\u0131sm\u0131nda belirgin bir \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 halini alan \u00e2dem elmas\u0131<\/strong> g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcndedir. Erkeklerde ergenlik d\u00f6neminde ses tellerinin, yani k\u0131vr\u0131mlar\u0131n uzamas\u0131 sonucu temel ses s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (frekans\u0131) (90-160 Hz) daha al\u00e7akt\u0131r ve g\u0131rtlak \u00e7evresi 135-136 milimetre civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. Kad\u0131nlarda ise bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 daha yava\u015f geli\u015fti\u011fi i\u00e7in temel ses s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (150-220) daha y\u00fcksektir ve g\u0131rtlak \u00e7evresi 110-112 milimetre kadard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Olduk\u00e7a esnek olan ses tellerinin<\/strong> gerilimi, esnekli\u011fi, y\u00fcksekli\u011fi, geni\u015fli\u011fi, uzunlu\u011fu ve kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131, g\u0131rtla\u011f\u0131 kontrol eden kaslar\u0131n hareketlerine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fim g\u00f6sterir. Ses tellerinin titre\u015fimi sonucu, u\u011fultu \u015feklinde ve duyulabilir \u00f6zellikli \u00f6t\u00fcm ad\u0131 verilen titre\u015fimler elde edilir. \u00dcnl\u00fclerin t\u00fcm\u00fc ve \u00fcns\u00fczlerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc bu titre\u015fimlerle \u00fcretilir. Ses tellerindeki her bir titre\u015fim ses tellerinin bir a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f-kapan\u0131\u015f hareketine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelir. Yeti\u015fkin erkek sesinde bu titre\u015fim hareketi, saniyede ortalama 120 defa 120 Hertz bi\u00e7iminde tekrarlan\u0131rken yeti\u015fkin kad\u0131nlarda bu titre\u015fim hareketi, saniyede ortalama 200 titre\u015fim d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc bi\u00e7iminde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir ve erkek sesinden yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak bir oktav daha y\u00fcksekte bulunur.<\/p>\n

Genizsil trakt ve oral trakt gibi b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri bulunan ses yolu<\/strong>, temel s\u0131kl\u0131k de\u011ferinin ve ses kalitesinin belirlenmesinde \u00f6nemli bir i\u015fleve sahiptir. Cinsiyete g\u00f6re farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6steren ses yolu, yeti\u015fkin erkeklerde 16,9 cm, yeti\u015fkin kad\u0131nlarda ise 14,1 cm kadard\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, yeti\u015fkin bir erkekte ses yolu uzunlu\u011fu yakla\u015f\u0131k 90-190 milimetre aras\u0131nda iken, yeti\u015fkin bir kad\u0131nda bu uzunluk yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak, 160-300 milimetre aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

A\u011f\u0131z bo\u015flu\u011funun arka-\u00fcst bo\u015flu\u011funda bulunan, kasl\u0131 ve geni\u015f bir doku \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan yumu\u015fak dama\u011f\u0131n en belirgin birimi olan K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Dil (uvula)<\/strong>, a\u011fz\u0131n arka taraf\u0131ndan sarkan ve ayna yard\u0131m\u0131yla da rahatl\u0131kla g\u00f6r\u00fclebilen bir eklentidir. Yumu\u015fak Damak<\/strong> (artdamak), nefes al\u0131p verme s\u00fcrecinde al\u00e7alarak burundan al\u0131nan havan\u0131n rahatl\u0131kla i\u00e7eri girmesini sa\u011flar. Konu\u015fma s\u0131ras\u0131nda artdamak, ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerle olu\u015fturulacak sesin niteli\u011fini de belirler.<\/p>\n

A\u011f\u0131z bo\u015flu\u011fu i\u00e7inde konumlanan di\u015fler<\/strong>, alt s\u0131ra di\u015fler ve \u00fcst s\u0131ra di\u015fler, kesici di\u015fler, k\u00f6pek di\u015fleri, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck az\u0131 di\u015fleri ve b\u00fcy\u00fck az\u0131 di\u015fleri olmak \u00fczere kendi i\u00e7inde b\u00f6l\u00fcmlere ayr\u0131l\u0131r ve \u00f6zellikle \u00fcns\u00fczlerin \u00fcretiminde \u00f6nemli bir i\u015fleve sahiptir.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Bir konu\u015fma eyleminin ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilmesi i\u00e7in beyinde seslerin kodlanmas\u0131, bu seslerin s\u00f6zc\u00fcklere ve t\u00fcmcelere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi gerekir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Konu\u015fma seslerinin \u00fcretilmesinde \u00f6nemli bir yeri olan dudaklar<\/strong>, a\u011f\u0131z b\u00f6lgesinin \u00e7evresini kaplayan \u00e7e\u015fitli kaslar taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilir. Seslerin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k, yar\u0131 kapal\u0131, d\u00fcz, yuvarlak gibi bi\u00e7imlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ferek sesin bi\u00e7imlenmesini sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

A\u011f\u0131z bo\u015flu\u011fu i\u00e7inde bulunan dil<\/strong>, i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131ndaki kaslar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yukar\u0131, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 ve geri olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 y\u00f6nde hareket edebilme ve \u015fekil alabilme \u00f6zelli\u011findedir. Dilucu<\/strong> (tongue-apex), dilin kenar\u0131<\/strong> (rim), dil palas\u0131<\/strong> (blade, lamina), dil s\u0131rt\u0131<\/strong> (dorsum) ve dil k\u00f6k\u00fc<\/strong>nden (radix) olu\u015fan dilin i\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131ndaki kaslar, dilucunun yukar\u0131-a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 ya da sa\u011fa-sola oynat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Konu\u015fma seslerinin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir i\u015flevi olan dil, a\u011f\u0131z bo\u015flu\u011funun \u00fcst k\u0131sm\u0131ndaki konumuna g\u00f6re, a\u011f\u0131z i\u00e7inde artdamak ve \u00f6ndamakla (sertdamak) b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fir. Dil s\u0131rt\u0131 (dorsum) a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131larak, \u00f6ndama\u011f\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki alan \u00f6ndil, artdama\u011f\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki alan arkadil, \u00f6ndamakla artdama\u011f\u0131n bulu\u015ftu\u011fu alan ortadil olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Diyafram y\u00fckseldi\u011finde al\u0131nan hava, akci\u011ferden ge\u00e7erek, bron\u015flar ve soluk borusu yoluyla g\u0131rtla\u011fa ula\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra a\u011f\u0131z bo\u015flu\u011fu ya da geniz bo\u015flu\u011fundan ge\u00e7erek d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar. Nefes al\u0131n\u0131rken ses tellerinin aras\u0131nda, ses yar\u0131\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131 verilen \u00fc\u00e7gen bi\u00e7imde bir bo\u015fluk olu\u015fur. Konu\u015fma \u00fcretimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda telden daha \u00e7ok duda\u011fa benzeyen ses tellerinin birbirine yakla\u015fmas\u0131yla ses yar\u0131\u011f\u0131 kapat\u0131labilir. Hava bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n etkisinden dolay\u0131 ses yar\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131p kapanmas\u0131yla ses telleri titre\u015fime ge\u00e7er ve bu yolla \u00f6t\u00fcml\u00fc sesler \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r. Ses yar\u0131\u011f\u0131 daralm\u0131\u015f ise ses telleri hareketsiz kal\u0131r ve \u00f6t\u00fcms\u00fcz olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan sesler olu\u015fur. Yutak, a\u011f\u0131z ve geniz bo\u015flu\u011fu, g\u0131rtlakta olu\u015fturulan seslerin t\u0131nlamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Dura\u011fan \u00f6ndamak (sert damak) ve hareketli artdamak (yumu\u015fak damak), geniz bo\u015flu\u011funu, a\u011f\u0131z bo\u015flu\u011fundan ay\u0131rt eder. Artdama\u011f\u0131n ucunda yer alan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dilin y\u00fckselmesiyle geniz bo\u015flu\u011fu kapan\u0131r ve hava a\u011f\u0131z bo\u015flu\u011fundan \u00e7\u0131kar; bu yolla \u00e7\u0131kan sesler a\u011f\u0131z sesleri olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dil a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru sarkt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda geniz bo\u015flu\u011fundaki yol a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r ve hava geniz bo\u015flu\u011funda bi\u00e7imlenir. Bu sesler de geniz sesleri olarak betimlenir.<\/p>\n

\u00dcnl\u00fcler ve ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zelikleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u00fczenli ve d\u00fczensiz olarak iki temel gruba ayr\u0131lan do\u011fadaki seslerden insan diline \u00f6zg\u00fc olanlar\u0131 d\u00fczenli seslerdir. Konu\u015fma organlar\u0131n\u0131n sistemli bir bi\u00e7imde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan d\u00fczenli sesler de kendi i\u00e7lerinde \u00fcnl\u00fcler (vowels) ve \u00fcns\u00fczler (consonants) olmak \u00fczere s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u00dcnl\u00fcler<\/strong> sesin \u00fcretimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda konu\u015fma organlar\u0131nda herhangi bir kapanma, s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme ya da patlaman\u0131n ya\u015fanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, akci\u011ferlerden gelen hava ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7bir engele tak\u0131lmadan \u00f6zg\u00fcrce bi\u00e7imlendi\u011fi seslerdir ve olu\u015fum s\u00fcrecinde ses tellerinin titre\u015fimine neden olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in de \u00f6t\u00fcml\u00fc olma \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

\u00dcnl\u00fclerinin olu\u015fumu s\u00fcrecinde konu\u015fma organlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda en belirgin i\u015flevi \u2018dil\u2019, \u2018dudaklar\u2019 ve \u2018\u00e7ene\u2019 \u00fcstlenir. \u00dcnl\u00fclerin betimlenmesinde de bu organlar\u0131n olu\u015fum s\u0131ras\u0131nda ald\u0131klar\u0131 bi\u00e7im g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurularak bir s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Olu\u015fumu s\u0131ras\u0131nda dudaklar\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bi\u00e7ime, yani dudaklar\u0131n durumuna g\u00f6re<\/strong> \u00fcnl\u00fcler<\/p>\n

– d\u00fcz ve yuvarlak;<\/p>\n

solu\u011fun a\u011f\u0131z bo\u015flu\u011fundan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7enenin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru sarkmas\u0131 ya da sarkmamas\u0131yla yani, \u00e7ene a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re<\/strong><\/p>\n

– dar ve geni\u015f;<\/p>\n

dilin a\u011f\u0131z bo\u015flu\u011fu i\u00e7inde \u00f6ne, arkaya y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131yla ya da ortada kalmas\u0131yla yani, dilin a\u011f\u0131z i\u00e7indeki devinimine<\/strong> ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak<\/p>\n

– \u00f6ndil, ortadil ve arkadil<\/p>\n

olmak \u00fczere kendi i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Tablo 1: \u00dcnl\u00fclerin S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00dcnl\u00fcler i\u00e7in yanda sunulan tablo, d\u00fcnya dillerindeki genel bir s\u0131n\u0131flamay\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Her ses, bu s\u0131n\u0131flamada g\u00f6sterilen en az 3 temel \u00f6zelli\u011fi b\u00fcnyesinde bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, bir sesin \/a\/ olarak tan\u0131mlanabilmesi i\u00e7in o sesin, arkadil \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc olmas\u0131, d\u00fcz bir \u00fcnl\u00fc olmas\u0131 ve geni\u015f \u00fcnl\u00fc olma \u00f6zeli\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 gerekir. Ancak her ses her dilde bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, dillere \u00f6zg\u00fc ses dizgesini yans\u0131tacak evrensel bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmden s\u00f6z etmek olas\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Frans\u0131zcada yaln\u0131zca d\u00fcz, yuvarlak, arkadil ve \u00f6ndil \u00fcnl\u00fcleri bulunurken; \u0130sve\u00e7\u00e7ede \u00f6ndil \u00fcnl\u00fcleri, d\u00fcz ve yuvarlak \u00fcnl\u00fcler olarak kendi i\u00e7inde uzunluk ve k\u0131sal\u0131k de\u011ferleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131flanmakta, arkadil \u00fcnl\u00fcleri ise yaln\u0131zca uzun ve k\u0131sa bi\u00e7iminde ikiye ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca dilin y\u00fcksekli\u011fine g\u00f6re bu sesler y\u00fcksek, yar\u0131-y\u00fcksek, al\u00e7ak, yar\u0131-al\u00e7ak gibi alt s\u0131n\u0131flara da b\u00f6l\u00fcnebilmektedir. \u00d6te yandan, \u00fcnl\u00fcler say\u0131sal olarak da evrensel bir d\u00fczenleni\u015f i\u00e7ermez. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u0130spanyolca, Japonca, Zulu, Swahili ve Hawai dillerinde 5 \u00fcnl\u00fc bulunurken, Amerikan \u0130ngilizcesinde 15 \u00fcnl\u00fc bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle her dilin kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir ses dizgesinin var oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek gerekir.<\/p>\n

\u00dcnl\u00fclerin sesbilgisel<\/strong> (phonetics) g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmlerinin belirlenmesindeki en temel \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerden biri formant<\/strong> de\u011ferleridir. \u0130lk olarak Gunnar Fant taraf\u0131ndan ses tayf\u0131ndaki spektral tepe noktalar\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan formantlar, akustik sesbilimde konu\u015fma eylemi s\u0131ras\u0131nda ses yolunda olu\u015fan titre\u015fimler olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Formantlar\u0131n bant aral\u0131klar\u0131 ses yolundaki akustik kay\u0131plarla belirlenir. Buna g\u00f6re, konu\u015fma sesleriyle ili\u015fkilendirilen ve 0-5000 Hz aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fim g\u00f6steren d\u00f6rt formant de\u011feri bulunmaktad\u0131r: Birinci formant (F1\/500-1000 Hz), ikinci formant (F2\/1000-2000 Hz), \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc formant (F3\/2000-3000 Hz), d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc formant (F4\/3000-4000 Hz). Bu de\u011ferlerin i\u00e7inde \u00fcnl\u00fclerin ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zellikleri, kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131klar\u0131 ve alg\u0131lanma bi\u00e7imleri gibi kimi \u00f6zellikleri tan\u0131mlan\u0131rken, s\u0131kl\u0131kla F1 ve F2 formant frekanslar\u0131 ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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\u015eekil 1: Formant frekanslar\u0131n\u0131n harmonik g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmleri<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00dcnl\u00fclerin a\u011f\u0131z bo\u015flu\u011fundaki konumlar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen \u00fcnl\u00fc d\u00f6rtgeni<\/strong> (vowel quadrilateral\/vowel trapezia) ilk defa Daniel Jones taraf\u0131ndan ortaya konulmu\u015ftur. \u00dcnl\u00fc d\u00f6rtgeni, \u00fcnl\u00fclerin s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na dayal\u0131 olarak olu\u015fturulmu\u015f temel bir diyagramd\u0131r. Bu diyagram, dilin \u00f6n b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, arka b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve orta b\u00f6l\u00fcmleriyle birlikte dilin y\u00fcksekli\u011fini kapsayan d\u00f6rt temel b\u00f6l\u00fcme ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Uluslararas\u0131 Sesbilim Abecesinin 2005\u2019te yay\u0131nlanan son s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn verildi\u011fi yukar\u0131daki \u00fcnl\u00fc d\u00f6rtgeninde yuvarlak \u00fcnl\u00fcler [y\u00f8 \u0153 \u0276 \u0252 \u0254 o \u028a u \u0289], d\u00fcz \u00fcnl\u00fcler [i \u026a e \u025b \u00e6 a \u0250 \u0251 \u028c \u0264 \u026f \u0268 \u025c \u0259] bi\u00e7imindedir.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u015eekil 2: Uluslararas\u0131 Sesbilim Abecesine Dayal\u0131 \u00dcnl\u00fc D\u00f6rtgeni ve formant frekanslar\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00dcnl\u00fc d\u00f6rtgeninin dikey konumu \u00fcnl\u00fclerin kapal\u0131l\u0131k durumunu, yatay konumu ise \u00fcnl\u00fclerin a\u011f\u0131z bo\u015flu\u011fundaki devinim ve y\u00fckseklik ili\u015fkisini sunmaktad\u0131r. Formant de\u011ferlerinin de\u011fi\u015fimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan incelendi\u011finde, \u00fcnl\u00fclerin kapal\u0131l\u0131k durumlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren dikey k\u0131s\u0131m F1 formant frekanslar\u0131n\u0131, \u00fcnl\u00fclerin a\u011f\u0131z bo\u015flu\u011fundaki devinimi ve y\u00fckseklik ili\u015fkilerini belirleyen yatay k\u0131s\u0131m ise F2 formant frekanslar\u0131n\u0131 vermektedir.<\/p>\n

\"\"\u00dcnl\u00fclerin, dillere g\u00f6re kimi farkl\u0131l\u0131klar g\u00f6sterseler de olu\u015fumlar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan (dil, dudak ve \u00e7ene) konu\u015fma organlar\u0131 temelinde \u00fcstlendikleri \u00f6zellikler (\u00f6n-arka-orta; d\u00fcz-yuvarlak; dar-geni\u015f; uzun-k\u0131sa), onlar\u0131n ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zellikleridir. Ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zellik<\/strong>, bir birimi, ayn\u0131 temel \u00f6zellikleri ta\u015f\u0131yan grubundaki di\u011fer birimlerden ay\u0131ran \u00f6zelliktir. \u00dcnl\u00fc olma temel \u00f6zelli\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131yan iki sesten \/o\/, arkadil, yuvarlak ve geni\u015f olma \u00f6zelliklerini ta\u015f\u0131rken, \/u\/, arkadil, yuvarlak ama dar olma \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131r. Her iki ses aras\u0131ndaki ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zellik, olu\u015fumlar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7ene a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n birinde dar di\u011ferinde geni\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Sesler, beyindeki dil sisteminde de bu ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zellikleriyle yer al\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

\u00dcns\u00fczler ve ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zelikleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Konu\u015fma \u00fcretimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda akci\u011ferlerden gelen havan\u0131n, ses yolunda t\u0131kanma, daralma, s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme, patlama gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli engellerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 sonucu olu\u015fan seslere \u00fcns\u00fcz denir. Bu engeller, ses yolunu olu\u015fturan konu\u015fma organlar\u0131n\u0131n ikisinin ya da \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn devreye girmesiyle olu\u015fabilir. Soluk, a\u011f\u0131z bo\u015flu\u011funda dilin dama\u011fa iyice yakla\u015fmas\u0131 sonucu kalan aral\u0131ktan s\u00fcrt\u00fcnerek ya da iki duda\u011f\u0131n kapan\u0131p a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131yla patlayarak \u00e7\u0131kabilir. \u00dcns\u00fczlerin olu\u015fumu s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u0131rtlaktaki ses telleri kimi zaman titre\u015fip kimi zaman da dura\u011fan durumda olabilir, bu nedenle de \u00fcns\u00fczlerde \u00f6t\u00fcm \u00f6zelli\u011fi farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterebilir. Olu\u015fumlar\u0131, birden fazla eylemin ard\u0131\u015f\u0131k ya da bir arada i\u015flemesiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00fcns\u00fczler, \u00fcnl\u00fclerden daha karma\u015f\u0131k bir yap\u0131ya sahiptirler ve farkl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlere g\u00f6re betimlenmektedirler.<\/p>\n

\u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imine g\u00f6re<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

\u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imi, a\u011f\u0131z bo\u015flu\u011funda engelin do\u011fas\u0131 (kapanma, daralma) ve havan\u0131n hangi t\u0131nlay\u0131c\u0131dan (a\u011f\u0131z, burun) ge\u00e7ti\u011fi gibi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fme bi\u00e7imlerini yans\u0131t\u0131r.<\/p>\n

a) Ses yolunda tam bir kapanman\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan solu\u011fun b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucunda olu\u015fan patlamal\u0131<\/strong> (stop) \u00fcns\u00fczler.<\/p>\n

b) A\u011f\u0131z bo\u015flu\u011funda kapanman\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 sonucunda havan\u0131n geniz bo\u015flu\u011fundaki serbest ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile olu\u015fan genizsil<\/strong> (nazal) \u00fcns\u00fczler.<\/p>\n

c) Ses yolundaki daralma ile olu\u015fan s\u00fcrt\u00fcn\u00fcc\u00fc<\/strong> (fricative) \u00fcns\u00fczler.<\/p>\n

d) Bir ses organ\u0131n\u0131n titre\u015fimi ile olu\u015fan \u00e7arpmal\u0131<\/strong> (vibrant) ve tek vuru\u015flu (tap veya flap) \u00fcns\u00fczler.<\/p>\n

e) A\u011f\u0131z bo\u015flu\u011funda kapanman\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yan daralma<\/strong> (lateralapproximant) \u00fcns\u00fczleri.<\/p>\n

\u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yerine g\u00f6re<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

\u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yeri, duda\u011f\u0131n ya da dilin ses yolundaki hava ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 engellenmesine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak eklemlendi\u011fi yerdir.<\/p>\n

a) \u00e7ift-dudak<\/strong> (bilabial)<\/p>\n

b) dudak-di\u015f<\/strong> (labiodental)<\/p>\n

c) dilucu-di\u015feti<\/strong> (apico-\/lamino-) dental)<\/p>\n

d) dilucu-di\u015fard\u0131 <\/strong>(apico-\/lamino-) alveolar)<\/p>\n

e) dilucu-\u00f6ndamak<\/strong> (apico-palatal)<\/p>\n

f) dil s\u0131rt\u0131-\u00f6ndamak<\/strong> (dorso-palatal)<\/p>\n

g) dil s\u0131rt\u0131-artdamak<\/strong> (dorso-velar)<\/p>\n

h) k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dil<\/strong> (uvular) – dil s\u0131rt\u0131-k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dil<\/p>\n

j) bo\u011fazs\u0131l<\/strong> (pharyngeal) – dil k\u00f6k\u00fc-bo\u011faz<\/p>\n

k) g\u0131rtlak kapa\u011f\u0131<\/strong> (epiglottal) – ari epiglottik fold-g\u0131rtlak kapa\u011f\u0131<\/p>\n

l) g\u0131rtlak <\/strong>(glottis) – sestelleri-g\u0131rtlak<\/p>\n

Ses tellerinin titre\u015fimine g\u00f6re<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

Olu\u015fumlar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ses tellerini titre\u015ftirerek olu\u015fan seslere \u00f6t\u00fcml\u00fc<\/strong>, ses tellerini titre\u015ftirmeden olu\u015fan seslere ise \u00f6t\u00fcms\u00fcz<\/strong> \u00fcns\u00fczler denmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u015eekil 3\u2019te IPA tablosunda \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imi, \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yeri ve ses tellerinin durumuna g\u00f6re dilleraras\u0131 \u00fcns\u00fczler g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u015eekil 3: \u00dcns\u00fczlerin IPA Tablosundaki Genel Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"\"
\u015eekil 4: T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00dcnl\u00fc ve \u00dcns\u00fcz s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmas\u0131<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ses dizgesindeki sesler ve\u00a0\u00f6zelikleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sondan eklemeli\/ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131<\/strong> (agglutinative) bir dil olan T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin ses dizgesinin temel \u00f6zellikleri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibidir.<\/p>\n

a) T\u00fcrk\u00e7e s\u00f6zc\u00fckler genellikle bir \u00fcnl\u00fc bir \u00fcns\u00fcz bi\u00e7iminde eklemlenir. Ayn\u0131 seslem i\u00e7inde birden fazla \u00fcnl\u00fcn\u00fcn, seslem ba\u015f\u0131nda \u00fcns\u00fcz y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong> denilen birden fazla \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fcn yer almas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir. S\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yer alan bu t\u00fcr s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin hepsi yabanc\u0131 k\u00f6kenlidir.<\/p>\n

tr<\/strong>en, sp<\/strong>or, saa<\/strong>t, rei<\/strong>s<\/p>\n

b) T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin sonsesinde kimi \u00fcns\u00fcz bile\u015fimlerinden olu\u015fan y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmaya izin verebilmektedir.<\/p>\n

sevin\u00e7, <\/strong>ilk, <\/strong>d\u00f6rt, <\/strong>ark, <\/strong>alt<\/strong><\/p>\n

c) \u00dcnl\u00fc-\u00fcns\u00fcz uyumlar\u0131 <\/strong>(benze\u015fme), s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ilk seslemindeki \u00fcnl\u00fc ve \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fcn ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerinin sonraki seslemde bulunan sesleri bi\u00e7imlendirmesiyle olu\u015fan kurallar b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr:<\/p>\n

arkadil \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc > arkadil \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc<\/p>\n

ortadil \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc > ortadil ya da arkadil \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc<\/p>\n

\u00f6ndil \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc > \u00f6ndil \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc<\/p>\n

d\u00fcz \u00fcnl\u00fc > d\u00fcz \u00fcnl\u00fc<\/p>\n

yuvarlak \u00fcnl\u00fc > dar-yuvarlak ya da d\u00fcz-geni\u015f \u00fcnl\u00fc<\/p>\n

\u00f6t\u00fcml\u00fc \u00fcns\u00fcz\/\u00f6t\u00fcks\u00fcz \u00fcns\u00fcz > \u00f6t\u00fcml\u00fc \u00fcns\u00fcz\/\u00f6t\u00fcms\u00fcz \u00fcns\u00fcz<\/p>\n

gel<\/strong>–di<\/strong>-le<\/strong>r (d\u00fcz-\u00f6ndil); u\u00e7<\/strong>–tu<\/strong>-la<\/strong>r (dar-yuvarlak)<\/p>\n

d) Ses benze\u015fmeleri<\/strong>: Seslerin birbirine eklemlenmesiyle olu\u015fan s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerde, seslerin birbirini etkilemesi sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ses olaylar\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, yaln\u0131z s\u00f6zl\u00fc dilde i\u015flerken bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, zaman i\u00e7inde yaz\u0131l\u0131 dile de ge\u00e7ebilir.<\/p>\n

onl<\/strong>ar ~ onn<\/strong>ar; somye<\/strong> > somya<\/strong>; e\u015fy<\/strong>a ~ e\u015f\u015f<\/strong>a; tuz<\/strong>suz ~ tus<\/strong>suz<\/p>\n

e) \u00dcnl\u00fclerin \u00fcns\u00fczlere etkisi<\/strong>: \u00d6t\u00fcms\u00fcz \u00fcns\u00fczle biten bir s\u00f6zc\u00fck, \u00fcnl\u00fcyle ba\u015flayan bir ek ald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sonsesteki \u00fcns\u00fcz \u00f6t\u00fcml\u00fcle\u015fir.<\/p>\n

a\u011fa\u00e7<\/strong> – \u0131 > a\u011fac<\/strong>\u0131; kitap<\/strong> – \u0131 > kitab<\/strong>\u0131; \u00f6\u00e7<\/strong> almak ~ \u00f6c<\/strong>almak<\/p>\n

f) \u00dcns\u00fczlerin \u00fcnl\u00fclere etkisi<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

\/y\/ yar\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc, kendisinden \u00f6nce gelen geni\u015f \u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fc daralt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

ba\u015fla<\/strong>-yor > ba\u015fl\u0131<\/strong>yor; gel-e<\/strong>-yor > geli<\/strong>yor; ora<\/strong>-ya ~ or\u0131<\/strong>ya<\/p>\n

g) Benze\u015fmezlik<\/strong>: Olu\u015fum yeri birbirinden \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 iki \u00fcns\u00fczden biri, s\u00f6yleyi\u015f kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in farkl\u0131la\u015fabilir.<\/p>\n

fin<\/strong>can ~ fil<\/strong>can<\/p>\n

h) Ses d\u00fc\u015fmesi<\/strong>: Art arda gelen seslemlerde yinelenen iki \u00fcns\u00fczden biri d\u00fc\u015febilir.<\/p>\n

\u00e7abuk<\/strong>-cak > \u00e7abucak<\/p>\n

j) Ses t\u00fcremesi<\/strong>: \u00d6zellikle yabanc\u0131 dilerden al\u0131nan s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerdeki \u00fcns\u00fcz y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla \u00f6ncesinde ya da iki \u00fcns\u00fcz aras\u0131nda \u00fcnl\u00fc ya da iki \u00fcnl\u00fc aras\u0131nda \u00fcns\u00fcz t\u00fcremesi ya\u015fanabilir.<\/p>\n

scala > i<\/strong>skele; fiat > fiy<\/strong>at; tualet > tuv<\/strong>alet; station > i<\/strong>stasyon<\/p>\n

k) Seslem yitimi<\/strong>: En az \u00e7aba kural\u0131 gere\u011fi, zaman i\u00e7inde s\u00f6zc\u00fckteki seslemlerden biri s\u00f6zl\u00fc dilde yitirilebilir, bu yitim kimi zaman yaz\u0131l\u0131 dile de ge\u00e7ebilir.<\/p>\n

Pekiyi ~ peki; s\u00fcp\u00fcr\u00fcnt\u00fc > s\u00fcpr\u00fcnt\u00fc; kilitlemek ~ kitlemek<\/p>\n

l) Kayna\u015fma<\/strong>: Birlikte kullan\u0131lan s\u00f6zc\u00fck gruplar\u0131n\u0131n zamanla kayna\u015farak tek s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi olas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

g\u00fcll\u00fc a\u015f > g\u00fclla\u00e7<\/p>\n

m) \u00dcnl\u00fc \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong>: \u00dcnl\u00fcyle biten bir s\u00f6zc\u00fck yine \u00fcnl\u00fcyle ba\u015flayan bir s\u00f6zc\u00fckle birle\u015firken \u00fcnl\u00fclerden biri d\u00fc\u015febilir ya da iki \u00fcnl\u00fc aras\u0131na bir \u00fcns\u00fcz t\u00fcreyebilir.<\/p>\n

kald\u0131 idi > kald\u0131y<\/strong>d\u0131; su ile > suyla<\/p>\n

n) Ses aktar\u0131m\u0131<\/strong>: \u00d6zellikle yabanc\u0131 k\u00f6kenli s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerde, s\u00f6yleyi\u015f kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in i\u00e7sesteki \u00fcns\u00fczler yer de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir.<\/p>\n

perh<\/strong>iz ~ pehr<\/strong>iz<\/p>\n

Her dilin ses dizgesini olu\u015fturan seslerin dizgele\u015fme s\u00fcrecinde bir araya gelme ko\u015fullar\u0131 farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterir ancak, ya\u015fanan ses olaylar\u0131 hemen hemen t\u00fcm dillerde benzer g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmler sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Ergen\u00e7, \u0130. (2002); Konu\u015fma Dili ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin S\u00f6yleyi\u015f S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Multilingual Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\n

2) Ergen\u00e7, \u0130. (2008); Dilin Beyindeki Ger\u00e7ekle\u015fimi ve Konu\u015fma Eylemi: Cognitive Neurosciences (D\u00fczenleyen S. Karaka\u015f), Nobel T\u0131p Kitabevi, s.169-185.<\/p>\n

3) Ergen\u00e7, \u0130. ve Ayd\u0131n, \u00d6. (2012); Biyolojik ve Zihinsel Bir Organ: Dil, Bilim ve \u00dctopya (218), Ankara.<\/p>\n

4) Cyrstal, D. (1997); The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, ikinci bask\u0131, International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), 2005, son s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc.<\/p>\n

5) Ladefoged, P. (2005); Vowels and Consonants, Blackwell Publishing, ikinci bask\u0131.<\/p>\n

6) Seikel, J. A., King, D. W. ve Drumright, D. G. (2009); Anatomy & Physiology for Speech, Language and Hearing, 4. bask\u0131, Delmar Cangage Learning Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\n

7) Stevens, K. (2000); Acoustic Phonetics, The MIT Pres, birinci bask\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Her dil kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n beyninde, do\u011fu\u015ftan var olan ve dilbilgisi kurallar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren bir dil edinim d\u00fczene\u011fi vard\u0131r. Bu do\u011fu\u015ftan gelen zihinsel dilbilgisi d\u00fczene\u011fi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla insan, i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu toplulukta konu\u015fulmakta olan dizgeyi edinir ve beyindeki destek yap\u0131lar\u0131n tamamlanmas\u0131yla birlikte de kullan\u0131ma d\u00f6kmeye ba\u015flar. D\u00fczenli ve karma\u015f\u0131k sesler grubunun en tipik \u00f6rne\u011fi olan ses, ayn\u0131 zamanda insan dilinin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":638,"featured_media":20000,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[174,214],"tags":[271,310,868,1903],"class_list":["post-19999","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-137-sayi","category-dilbilim","tag-dilbilim","tag-iletisim","tag-ses","tag-sozcukler"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19999","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/638"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=19999"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19999\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/20000"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19999"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=19999"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=19999"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}