{"id":20112,"date":"2015-07-01T16:36:40","date_gmt":"2015-07-01T13:36:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=20112"},"modified":"2018-02-21T17:00:41","modified_gmt":"2018-02-21T14:00:41","slug":"esneklik-sermayenin-bir-sinif-taarruzu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2015\/07\/01\/esneklik-sermayenin-bir-sinif-taarruzu","title":{"rendered":"Esneklik: Sermayenin bir s\u0131n\u0131f taarruzu"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin d\u00fcnya ekonomisiyle b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme bi\u00e7iminden dolay\u0131, emek piyasas\u0131ndaki koruyucu d\u00fczenlemeler \u201cmaliyeti art\u0131ran fakt\u00f6rler\u201d olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flan\u0131r. \u201cTehlike\u201dyle ba\u015f edebilmek i\u00e7in \u201c\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u201d emek piyasalar\u0131n\u0131n esnekle\u015fmesidir. \u0130\u015fletmeler ge\u00e7ici, k\u0131smi zamanl\u0131, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeli personel istihdam etmeye ba\u015flar; ta\u015feron vas\u0131tas\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma tercih edilir; fason i\u015f ve eve i\u015f verme yayg\u0131nla\u015f\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn itibariyle esnekli\u011fin s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir bi\u00e7imde uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 enformel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn toplam ekonomi i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 y\u00fczde 60\u2019lar d\u00fczeyindedir.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cBilgi teknolojilerinin h\u0131zl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimi ve k\u00fcresel rekabetin artmas\u0131yla her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn de\u011fi\u015fen ekonomik \u015fartlara uyum sa\u011flaman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra i\u015fletmelerin i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rmak<\/strong> ve kronik hale gelmeye ba\u015flayan i\u015fsizlik sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmek amac\u0131yla d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkesinde i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasalar\u0131n\u0131n esnekle\u015ftirilmesi \u00f6ncelikli politika haline gelmi\u015ftir\u201d (Ulusal \u0130stihdam Stratejisi<\/em>, 2014-2023, s. 26, ab\u00e7).<\/p>\n

1970\u2019lerin ortas\u0131ndan bu yana kapitalizm uzun bir krizin i\u00e7erisindedir. Otuz y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n bir s\u00fcre boyunca sermayenin bu krize cevab\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na sald\u0131r\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Bug\u00fcn de bu sald\u0131r\u0131 devam etmektedir. Sermaye kendi krizini a\u015fabilmek i\u00e7in d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda farkl\u0131 stratejiler izliyor: Ta\u015feronla\u015fma, fasonla\u015fma, esnek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7imlerinin (\u00f6rn. k\u0131smi s\u00fcreli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, belirli s\u00fcreli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, \u00f6zel istihdam b\u00fcrolar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ge\u00e7ici s\u00fcreli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, uzaktan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, evden \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, i\u015f payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ve esnek zaman modeli ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma\u2026) yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi uygulamalar bu stratejinin \u00e7e\u015fitli tezah\u00fcrleridir.<\/p>\n

\"\"Krizin derinle\u015fmesi ile birlikte k\u00e2r oranlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesi sermayedarlar\u0131 iki \u015fey yapmaya sevk etti: Yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak, yat\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131lmaya yeltenilse bile yat\u0131r\u0131m i\u00e7in elveri\u015fli bir k\u00e2r oran\u0131 talep etmek. Bu durumun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki sonu\u00e7tan biri emek talebinin azalmas\u0131, di\u011feri de sermayenin emek kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve eme\u011fin kontrol edilme tarz\u0131nda farkl\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n ya\u015fanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Eme\u011fin sermaye taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edilme tarz\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n iki boyutu vard\u0131r; \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinin par\u00e7alara ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 ve ayr\u0131lan her bir par\u00e7an\u0131n da en uygun yerde konu\u015fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131. Bu \u015fekilde \u00fcretim bir \u00fclkeden di\u011ferine, ayn\u0131 \u00fclke i\u00e7inde farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelere, fabrikalardan sokaklara ve evlere ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r. Mek\u00e2nsal farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n artmas\u0131, artan oranda kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuk eme\u011finin sisteme i\u00e7erilmesini de sa\u011flar (\u00d6zar ve Ercan 2004). \u00d6zetle s\u00f6ylenecek olursa, sermaye, mek\u00e2nsal olanaklar\u0131 zorlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece, bu ayn\u0131 zamanda emek-sermaye ili\u015fkilerinin yeniden yap\u0131lanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an dinami\u011fi de harekete ge\u00e7irir.<\/p>\n

Sermayenin \u201cesnek\u201d sald\u0131r\u0131 stratejisi <\/strong><\/p>\n

Sermayenin yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 ve merkezile\u015fmesi sermayenin genel bir hareket yasas\u0131d\u0131r. Rekabetin her bir kapitaliste dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan gelen zorlay\u0131c\u0131 yasalar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u201cayakta kalma\u201d m\u00fccadelesi veren firmalar bu m\u00fccadelede \u201cba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z\u201d olunca elenir ve b\u00fcy\u00fckler taraf\u0131ndan yutulur. Kapitalizmin tarihi boyunca ya\u015fanan olgu bu olmu\u015ftur. Sermayenin bu genel e\u011filiminin 1980 sonras\u0131ndaki s\u00fcre\u00e7te oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rol \u015f\u00f6yledir: Sermaye bir taraftan \u00e7ok keskin bir \u015fekilde merkezile\u015firken, k\u00e2r oranlar\u0131n\u0131n da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seyretti\u011fi bir \u201ciklim\u201dde k\u00e2rl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fckseltmek \u00fczere maliyetlerin olabilecek en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyeye indirilmesi i\u00e7in tekelci firmalar \u00fcretimi par\u00e7alayarak, \u201ca\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131ndan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u201d bir \u00fcretim stratejisini uygulamaya ge\u00e7irdiler. Bu stratejide temel ama\u00e7 k\u00e2rl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olabildi\u011fince maksimize etmektir. Temel ama\u00e7 budur ve tekelci firmalar bu amaca uygun olarak 1980 sonras\u0131nda gerek d\u00fcnyada gerekse de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, sermayenin merkezile\u015fmesinin i\u00e7sel bir gere\u011fi olarak, \u00fcretiminin par\u00e7alara ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 ya da \u201csermayenin sa\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131\u201d s\u00fcrecini ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu \u015fekilde b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015f\u00e7i kitlelerinin tek bir kapitalistle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelmeleri de engellenmi\u015f olur. Bu kimi durumlarda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de yayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi ta\u015feronla\u015fma ile, yani ayn\u0131 mek\u00e2nsal ortamda i\u015f\u00e7ilerin farkl\u0131 patronlara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bir di\u011fer yol ise, \u00fcretimin fiziksel mek\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi bi\u00e7iminde olan\u0131d\u0131r (fason).<\/p>\n

\u00dcretimin esnek bir bi\u00e7imde yeniden yap\u0131lanmas\u0131 durumunu iki model alt\u0131nda toplayabiliriz. \u0130lki, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda ABD\u2019li m\u00fchendislerin katk\u0131s\u0131yla Japonya\u2019da geli\u015ftirilen \u201cyal\u0131n \u00fcretim\u201d modelidir. Yal\u0131n \u00fcretim, \u00fcretim a\u011f\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck firma i\u00e7erisinde kaliteyi ve verimlili\u011fi artt\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan \u201ctoplam kalite\u201d, \u201ctam zamanl\u0131 \u00fcretim\u201d ve \u201ckalite \u00e7emberleri\u201d gibi uygulamalar\u0131 i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n

Esnek \u00fcretimin bir di\u011fer bi\u00e7imi ise, az \u00f6nce s\u00f6ylemi\u015f oldu\u011fumuz \u201cesnek uzmanla\u015fma\u201dd\u0131r. Esnek uzmanla\u015fma, 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda sendikalar\u0131n \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecine m\u00fcdahalelerini engellemek \u00fczere \u0130talya\u2019da uygulanmaya konulan bir modelidir. Bu modelde \u00fcretimin baz\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin i\u015fletme i\u00e7erisinde alt i\u015fverene (ta\u015feron) veya i\u015fletme d\u0131\u015far\u0131s\u0131nda (fason \u00fcretim vs.) k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck i\u015fletmelere devredilmesinden olu\u015fan d\u00fczenlemeler vard\u0131r (M\u00fcft\u00fco\u011flu ve Ece Bal 2014: 221). Tabii bu son s\u00f6ylenen fason \u00fcretim ili\u015fkisinde sermayelerin birbirleri ile olan ili\u015fkileri (\u201cs\u0131n\u0131f-i\u00e7i\u201d) devreye girer. B\u00fcy\u00fck tekelci sermaye ve bunlara i\u015f yapan tedarik\u00e7ilerden olu\u015fan bir \u201cyan sanayi\u201d olgusu \u00f6nem kazanmaya ba\u015flar.([1]<\/a>) Bu t\u00fcr bir \u00fcretim yap\u0131s\u0131nda i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc maaliyetleri son derece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr; sendikala\u015fma ya \u00e7ok zordur ya da hi\u00e7 yoktur; \u00fccretler ve di\u011fer yan \u00f6demeler \u201cana firma\u201dya g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr vs. Tekstil, haz\u0131r giyim, deri gibi sekt\u00f6rlerde bu yap\u0131 daha da ileriye giderek k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck at\u00f6lyelere ve eve i\u015f verme bi\u00e7imlerine kadar uzan\u0131r (Savran 2007: 157-59). Tabii \u00fcretimin bu anlamda \u201ctoplumun k\u0131lcal damarlar\u0131\u201dna kadar yay\u0131l\u0131yor olmas\u0131 \u201cesneklik\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok konuyu mercek alt\u0131na yat\u0131rmam\u0131z\u0131 gerektirir; \u00f6rne\u011fin KOB\u0130\u2019ler, formel ve enformel istihdam bi\u00e7imleri, ta\u015feron, fasonla\u015fma, \u00fccretler, cinsiyet, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi vs. T\u00fcm bu konular\u0131n hem birbirleriyle hem de \u201cana belirleyici dinamik\u201d ile i\u00e7sel bir ili\u015fkisi vard\u0131r. 1970\u2019lerde d\u00fcnya ekonomisinin i\u00e7ine girdi\u011fi derin iktisadi krize cevaben uygulamaya sokulan neoliberal politikalar\u0131 \u201cdaha az ba\u011flam ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u201d \u015feklinde sunarsak, az \u00f6nce sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z di\u011fer t\u00fcm olgular\u0131 da \u201cba\u011flam ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u201d olarak ortaya koyabiliriz.([2]<\/a>) Buradaki ama\u00e7lar\u0131m\u0131za uygun olarak konuyu enformelle\u015fme ve \u00fccretler ba\u011flam\u0131nda fason ve ta\u015feron ili\u015fkileri \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kararak ele almay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n

Esnekli\u011fin T\u00fcrkiye \u201cser\u00fcveni\u201d\u2026 <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c\u2026T\u00fcrkiye i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131nda i\u015fletmelerin rekabet ve verimlilik d\u00fczeyi \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli etkisi olan esnekli\u011fin, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin sa\u011flanabilmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.\u201d (Ulusal \u0130stihdam Stratejisi<\/em>)<\/p>\n

Kapitalist d\u00fcnya ekonomisinde ya\u015fanan neoliberal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcreci T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 1970\u2019lerin sonunda etkisini g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flar. Derinle\u015fen krizin sonucu ve \u00e7aresi olarak kapitalist d\u00fcnya ekonomisiyle b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme hedeflenir. Bu b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme s\u00fcrecine T\u00fcrkiye daha \u00e7ok \u201cd\u00fc\u015f\u00fck katma de\u011ferli\u201d emek-yo\u011fun sanayilerde uzmanla\u015farak girer. 1980\u2019lerden bu yana T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de hem emek piyasalar\u0131nda esnekle\u015fme, hem de emek \u00fczerinde yeni denetim bi\u00e7imlerinin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 s\u00fcreci ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Emek \u00fczerindeki denetim bi\u00e7imleri ise yeni \u00fcretim organizasyonu teknikleri ve alt s\u00f6zle\u015fme ili\u015fkilerinin artmas\u0131 ile kurulur. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin d\u00fcnya ekonomisiyle b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme bi\u00e7iminden dolay\u0131, emek piyasas\u0131ndaki koruyucu d\u00fczenlemeler, s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde \u201cmaliyeti art\u0131ran fakt\u00f6rler\u201d olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flan\u0131r ve \u201ctehlike\u201dyle ba\u015f edebilmek i\u00e7in de \u201c\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u201d olarak emek piyasalar\u0131n\u0131n esnekle\u015fmesi hedefi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde i\u015fletmeler ge\u00e7ici, k\u0131smi zamanl\u0131, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeli personel istihdam etmeye ba\u015flar; ta\u015feron vas\u0131tas\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma tercih edilir; fason i\u015f ve eve i\u015f verme yayg\u0131nla\u015f\u0131r (\u00d6zar ve Ercan 2004).<\/p>\n

Emek piyasas\u0131ndaki \u201ckoruyucu d\u00fczenlemeler\u201d sermaye cephesi taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131k s\u0131k \u201ckat\u0131l\u0131k\u201d s\u00f6ylemi ile dile getirilmi\u015f, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin uluslararas\u0131 arenada rekabet edebilmek i\u00e7in \u201ckat\u0131\u201d olan emek piyasalar\u0131n\u0131n \u201cesnekle\u015fmesi\u201d sermayenin bir \u00f6nceli\u011fi olarak g\u00fcndemdeki yerini s\u00fcrekli korumu\u015ftur. \u00d6rne\u011fin 2014-2023 d\u00f6nemini kapsayan Ulusal \u0130stihdam Stratejisi<\/em>\u2019nde \u201ckoruyucu d\u00fczenlemeler\u201din t\u00f6rp\u00fclenmesi ve kat\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n esnetilmesine d\u00f6n\u00fck olarak \u00e7ok fazla vurgu vard\u0131r. Bunlardan bir tanesine yer verelim:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0130hbar prosed\u00fcr\u00fc, ihbar ve k\u0131dem tazminat\u0131, hakl\u0131\/haks\u0131z nedenle i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karman\u0131n tan\u0131m\u0131, deneme s\u00fcresi, haks\u0131z nedenle i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karmada tazminat ve azami itiraz s\u00fcresini dikkate alan s\u00fcrekli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n bireysel i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 alt endeksinde \u2026 T\u00fcrkiye, 40 \u00fclke i\u00e7erisinde en kat\u0131 mevzuata sahip<\/strong> 14. \u00fclke konumunda bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu alanda \u00f6zellikle k\u0131dem tazminat\u0131 miktar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksekli\u011fi i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131k d\u00fczeyini art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r<\/strong>\u201d (s.31, ab\u00e7).<\/p>\n

Rastgele se\u00e7ti\u011fimiz bu al\u0131nt\u0131da da g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi \u201ckat\u0131l\u0131k\u201d sermaye i\u00e7in bir kat\u0131l\u0131kt\u0131r ve buna bulunan \u201cesneklik\u201d \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc ise yine sermayenin kendi ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda emek piyasas\u0131n\u0131 olabilecek en uygun d\u00fczeye getirme \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131n bir yans\u0131mas\u0131d\u0131r. Enformellik sermaye a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda farkl\u0131, emek cephesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda farkl\u0131 bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm arz etmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u201cformel\u201d bir i\u015fyerinde, i\u015fverenin vergi \u00f6demekten ka\u00e7\u0131nmak i\u00e7in i\u015f\u00e7i \u00fccretlerini asgari \u00fccretten g\u00f6stermesi emek cephesinden bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u201cenformel\u201d bir duruma i\u015faret eder. Benzer \u015fekilde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da ele alaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z fason ve ta\u015feron ili\u015fkiler ba\u011flam\u0131nda da ayn\u0131 durum ge\u00e7erlidir. Sisteme \u201ckay\u0131tl\u0131\u201d g\u00f6z\u00fcken alt s\u00f6zle\u015fmeli pek \u00e7ok firma olabilir; ama bu yerlerde istihdam edilen i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00fccret, sosyal g\u00fcvence ve di\u011fer yan \u00f6demelerindeki enformellik konuyu farkl\u0131 bir ba\u011flama ta\u015f\u0131r. Zaten bug\u00fcn itibariyle esnekli\u011fin s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir bi\u00e7imde uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 enformel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn toplam ekonomi i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 y\u00fczde 60\u2019lar d\u00fczeyindedir<\/strong>. T\u00dc\u0130K, Hanehalk\u0131 \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc Anket Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de istihdam\u0131n y\u00fczde 45,5\u2019i sigortas\u0131z, kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yine ayn\u0131 anket sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re istihdam\u0131n y\u00fczde 60,3\u2019\u00fc enformel sekt\u00f6r olarak tan\u0131mlanan ve esnekli\u011fin s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bi\u00e7imde uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 1-9 i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran i\u015fyerlerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r (M\u00fcft\u00fco\u011flu ve Ece Bal 2014: 234).<\/p>\n

\u015eu halde birbiri ile \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fen bu istatistiki verilerden \u015f\u00f6yle bir sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131karmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn; 1-9 i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran i\u015fyerleri, her ne kadar \u201ckay\u0131tl\u0131\u201d i\u015fyerleri olarak g\u00f6z\u00fckseler de, buralardaki istihdam \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir oranda enformeldir. Ulusal \u0130stihdam Stratejisi<\/em>\u2019nde i\u015fyerleri \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesiyle kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n azald\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair bir ifade vard\u0131r; bu asl\u0131nda tersinden bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u015fu demektir: i\u015fyeri \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fck\u00e7e kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131k artmakta, istihdam\u0131n enformel boyutu \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcler-M\u00fcft\u00fco\u011flu\u2019nun \u0130stanbul-Gedikpa\u015fa\u2019da yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmada da bu ger\u00e7ek \u00e7\u0131plak bir bi\u00e7imde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n bulgular\u0131ndan bir par\u00e7ay\u0131 buraya nakletmek anlaml\u0131 olabilir:<\/p>\n

\u201cAyakkab\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7isi yasal sosyal g\u00fcvencesi olmadan \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. (\u2026) \u0130\u015f\u00e7i sigortal\u0131 olmay\u0131 kendisi istedi\u011fi taktirde, i\u015fverenin i\u015fine son verebilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in, sigortal\u0131 olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma genellikle i\u015fverenin arzusuna b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ayakkab\u0131 \u00fcretimi ile ilgili i\u015fyerlerinde sigortas\u0131z \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve sigortas\u0131z \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak isteyen \u00e7ok say\u0131da i\u015f\u00e7i vard\u0131r; sigortal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak isteyen i\u015f\u00e7inin yerine, sigortas\u0131z \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7iyi i\u015fveren kolayl\u0131kla istihdam edebilmektedir.\u201d (2000: 132)<\/p>\n

Bu yaz\u0131da ta\u015feron ve fason ili\u015fkilerin tamam\u0131 enformeldir gibi kolayc\u0131 bir yakla\u015f\u0131mdan \u00f6zellikle ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131yoruz. Bu t\u00fcr i\u015fyerleri pek\u00e2l\u00e2 \u201cformel\u201d de olabiliyor; ancak biz burada ger\u00e7ekli\u011fe s\u0131n\u0131fsal bir tarafgirlikle yakla\u015fmaya, enformelli\u011fi bu s\u0131n\u0131fsal tarafgirlikle ele almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kim i\u00e7in esneklik?; kim i\u00e7in kat\u0131l\u0131k?; kim i\u00e7in formellik ve kim i\u00e7in enformellik? sorular\u0131 bu ba\u011flamda \u00f6nem kazan\u0131yor. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki alt ba\u015fl\u0131klarda konuya emek opti\u011finden bakmaya ve enformelli\u011fi bu s\u0131n\u0131fsal tarafgirlik boyutuyla ele almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

a) Fasonla\u015fma <\/strong><\/p>\n

Fasonla\u015fma, firmalar aras\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fim ili\u015fkisi ba\u011flam\u0131nda tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131 gereken bir kavramd\u0131r. Ama bu ili\u015fki e\u015fitsiz bir ili\u015fkidir; dikey ve hiyerar\u015fik bir karaktere sahiptir. Bu t\u00fcr alt s\u00f6zle\u015fme ili\u015fkilerinde g\u00fc\u00e7 ili\u015fkileri belirleyici bir \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. Ta\u015feron ili\u015fki ise fason ili\u015fkinin \u00f6zel bir halidir, yani \u00fcretimin eklentileri olan mal ve hizmetlerin alt firman\u0131n ve\/veya ana firman\u0131n i\u00e7inde ba\u015fka bir firmaya yapt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Fason ve ta\u015feron ili\u015fkide temel belirleyici olan istenilen standart, dizayn ve\/veya model, miktar ve fiyat dolay\u0131m\u0131nda en az maliyetle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r (G\u00fcler-M\u00fcft\u00fco\u011flu ve Ulukan 2010: 171). \u201cEn az maliyetle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma\u201d d\u00fcrt\u00fcs\u00fc, rekabetin de bask\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ortamda emek s\u00fcrecinin enformelle\u015fmesini derinle\u015ftiren bir dinami\u011fi harekete ge\u00e7irir. Sadece ana firmalar\u0131n birbirleri aras\u0131ndaki \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck\u201d rekabet de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda ana firma ile fason bir ili\u015fki i\u00e7erisinde i\u015f yapan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck firmalar aras\u0131ndaki \u201ck\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck\u201d rekabet de eme\u011fin sermaye taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edilme tarz\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir bi\u00e7imde de\u011fi\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n

Fason firmalar ne kadar \u201cformel\u201d bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcme sahip olsalar da emek s\u00fcrecinde yer alan i\u015f\u00e7i a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda durum tamamen enformeldir. Ana firmaya fason i\u015f yapan bir tekstil at\u00f6lyesinde kot pantolon dikimi i\u015fi yapan bir arkada\u015f\u0131ma, \u201cSosyal g\u00fcvencen, sigortan vs. var m\u0131?\u201d diye sordu\u011fumda, bana verdi\u011fi cevap \u015fu olmu\u015ftu: \u201cSigorta yap\u0131l\u0131nca maa\u015f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00f6deniyor, 500 lira kayb\u0131m\u0131z oluyor, onun i\u00e7in sigorta yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 biraz da ben istemedim\u201d. Burada bir ba\u015fka ger\u00e7ekle daha kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f oluyoruz: Maa\u015flar eksik \u00f6denmesin diye i\u015f\u00e7i taraf\u0131ndan bir \u201ckabullenme\u201d durumu da s\u00f6z konusudur. Bu konu belki farkl\u0131 bir ba\u011flamda ayr\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131yla ele al\u0131nabilir; ba\u011flamdan kopmamak i\u00e7in biz sadece de\u011finip ge\u00e7mekle yetiniyoruz.<\/p>\n

Fasonla\u015fma e\u011filimi sadece basit bir \u201cmaliyet d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme\u201d stratejisi \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlan\u0131rsa konu eksik b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olur. \u00dcretim s\u00fcrecinin par\u00e7alara ayr\u0131l\u0131p alt birimlere devredilmesi ayn\u0131 zamanda sermayenin \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f tepkisine verdi\u011fi bir kar\u015f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f tepkisidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u0130talya\u2019da 1969 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201cs\u0131cak sonbahar\u201d ad\u0131 verilen g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir sendikal m\u00fccadele ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O y\u0131l\u0131n 6 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019\u00fcnde demir-\u00e7elik, in\u015faat ve kimya i\u015f\u00e7ileri greve ba\u015flar. 11 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de yine demir i\u015f\u00e7ileri bir grev daha yaparlar. 16 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de, devlete ba\u011fl\u0131 olan kimya, beton ve demir-\u00e7elik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 greve gider. 17 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de yine devlete ba\u011fl\u0131 olan in\u015faat i\u015f\u00e7ileri ve 19 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de ise yine demir i\u015f\u00e7ileri greve \u00e7\u0131karlar. Hemen ard\u0131ndan 24 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de Cenova\u2019daki \u00f6nemli bir demir-\u00e7elik fabrikas\u0131nda on binlerce i\u015f\u00e7i grev karar\u0131 alarak y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fe ge\u00e7er. 1969 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n \u0130talya\u2019s\u0131 \u00e2deta grevlerle \u00e7alkalanan bir \u00fclke g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcndedir. 16 Ekim\u2019de, k\u0131rk bin demir-\u00e7elik i\u015f\u00e7isi yine greve \u00e7\u0131kar. Ard\u0131ndan 17 Ekim\u2019deki genel grev \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131na ise milyonlarca i\u015f\u00e7i kat\u0131l\u0131r\u2026([3]<\/a>) \u0130\u015fte t\u00fcm bu \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc militan i\u015f\u00e7i hareketine kar\u015f\u0131, ortal\u0131k yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra, \u0130talyan sermayesi tepki olarak \u00fcretimin bir\u00e7ok b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc firma d\u0131\u015f\u0131na aktararak \u00fcretimi adem\u00ee-merkeziyet\u00e7i yap\u0131da \u00f6rg\u00fctleme yolunu se\u00e7er. \u0130talyan sermayesinin \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinin par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 fason yapt\u0131rmas\u0131 bir yandan maliyetlerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne, di\u011fer yandan da \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc emek ile \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya girmekten kurtulmas\u0131na ve k\u00e2r art\u0131\u015flar\u0131 sa\u011flanmas\u0131na neden olur (G\u00fcler-M\u00fcft\u00fco\u011flu 2014: 32-33).<\/p>\n

\"\"b) Ta\u015feronla\u015fma <\/strong><\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da fasonla\u015fmay\u0131 tan\u0131mlarken ta\u015feronun fasonla\u015fman\u0131n \u00f6zel bir hali oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledik. Tan\u0131msal farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir an i\u00e7in kenara koydu\u011fumuzda, ta\u015feron sistemini de ayn\u0131 fasonda oldu\u011fu gibi \u00f6z\u00fcnde sermayenin \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 bir ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlayabiliriz. Bu nedenle ta\u015feron, i\u015fletmelerin geli\u015fen teknolojiye ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan gereksinimlerinin bir \u201c\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d ya da \u201cfarkl\u0131 bir istihdam t\u00fcr\u00fc\u201d olarak anla\u015f\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ucuzlatacak, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc \u00fczerindeki denetimi sermaye lehine en \u00fcst seviyelere \u00e7\u0131kartacak yeni bir birikim modelinin \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r ta\u015feron sistemi (\u00d6zveri 2014: 30). T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 24 Ocak 1980 kararlar\u0131yla birlikte sermayenin i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc \u00fczerindeki denetimini s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131ran yasa h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ve sendikal haklar ad\u0131m ad\u0131m erozyona u\u011frat\u0131l\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda esnekli\u011fin derinlemesine bir \u015feklide ya\u015fama ge\u00e7irildi\u011fi alanlardan biri ta\u015feron i\u015f \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi bi\u00e7iminde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar. Ta\u015feronun hem ana firma ile olan dikey\/hiyerar\u015fik ili\u015fkisini ve hem de eme\u011fin denetimi konusundaki \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir g\u00f6zlemi \u201cTuzla Tersaneler B\u00f6lgesi\u2019ndeki \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve \u00d6nlenebilir Seri \u0130\u015f Kazalar\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Rapor<\/em>\u201ddan dinleyelim:<\/p>\n

\u201c1980\u2019lerin ortas\u0131na gelindi\u011finde kriz nedeniyle kadrolar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcltmek isteyen (\u2026) tersaneler, ta\u015feronla\u015fma e\u011filimini beslemi\u015flerdir. B\u00f6ylece (\u2026) emek maliyetlerini olduk\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Firmalar\u0131n emek maliyeti d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015fka avantajlar\u0131 da olu\u015fmu\u015ftur: Hem kendilerinde, yani ana i\u015fverende kay\u0131tl\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir kadro ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in sosyal riskleri azaltm\u0131\u015f, hem par\u00e7a-ba\u015f\u0131 i\u015f mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ta\u015feron firmalar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla emek \u00fczerindeki denetimleri artm\u0131\u015f, hem de yapt\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 i\u015fin faturas\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131p vergilerinden d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Bu d\u00f6nem ilk piyasaya giren ta\u015feron firmalar\u0131n ustalar\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7ileri aras\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek bir gelir d\u00fczeyine ula\u015fanlar olmu\u015ftur. Sekt\u00f6rde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak ve ta\u015feron firma kurmak bir \u00e7ekim alan\u0131 haline gelmi\u015ftir. Ancak sonralar\u0131 armat\u00f6r ve tersane sahipleri, ta\u015feron firmalar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n da artmas\u0131yla i\u015fin fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece fiyat avantaj\u0131 ile gemi sipari\u015flerini art\u0131rmak istemi\u015flerdir. Ta\u015feronlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyatlar\u0131 kabul etmesi i\u00e7in de yeni ta\u015feron firmalar\u0131n kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 desteklemi\u015flerdir. Zira ta\u015feronlar\u0131n aras\u0131ndaki rekabet, ta\u015feron i\u015f\u00e7ilere de birebir yans\u0131yarak piyasada y\u00fcksek olan \u00fccret seviyesini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Tersanelerin\/armat\u00f6rlerin, ta\u015feron firmalar\u0131n kurulmas\u0131na destek sa\u011flamas\u0131, ta\u015feronlar\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde tersaneye\/armat\u00f6re ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkisi, tersane, ta\u015feron ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerin s\u00f6ylemlerinde sipari\u015f edilen \u2018geminin zaman\u0131nda bitmeme riski\u2019 ile ifade edilmektedir. Tersane i\u00e7in g\u00fcven, i\u015fin zaman\u0131nda ve en az hata ile bitmesini ifade ederken, ta\u015feron firma i\u00e7in hak edi\u015flerini d\u00fczenli almay\u0131 ve gerekli malzemenin tersane taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 simgelemektedir. Zira i\u015flerin zaman\u0131nda bitmemesi durumunda uluslararas\u0131 armat\u00f6r firmaya b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tazminat \u00f6deyen tersane, bu tazminat\u0131 ta\u015feronlara yans\u0131tarak, alacaklar\u0131n\u0131 alamayan ve hacizle \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131na da el konan ta\u015feronlar da i\u015f\u00e7ileri cezaland\u0131rarak kar\u015f\u0131lamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r\u201d (Aktaran: \u00d6zveri 2014: 33-34).<\/p>\n

Bu tek raporda dahi burada anlatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z konular b\u00fct\u00fcn bir \u00e7\u0131plakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Sermayenin \u201cstrateji\u201d belgelerinde bu t\u00fcr \u201cyan hasar\u201dlar ola\u011fan kabul edilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu belgelerde toplumsal refah ad\u0131na herhangi bir \u00f6neri do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi yer almaz. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca mesele \u00f6zel firmalar\u0131n k\u00e2rl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131 olarak sunulur. Bu durum \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin uluslararas\u0131 rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn artmas\u0131\u201d bi\u00e7iminde ifade edilmektedir. Oysa bu t\u00fcr bir geli\u015fmenin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kesimlerin ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131nda daha fazla bozulmaya yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahmin etmek zor de\u011fildir. Son ony\u0131l i\u00e7inde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ihracat\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a ta\u015feronla\u015fma ve enformel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma h\u0131zlanm\u0131\u015f, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatleri artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u0130SK-AR verilerine g\u00f6re \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatleri haftada ortalama 53-54 saate y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir (Yaman \u00d6zt\u00fcrk ve \u00d6zt\u00fcrk 2014: 98).([4]<\/a>)<\/p>\n

c) \u00dccretler <\/strong><\/p>\n

1980\u2019i bir milat kabul edersek, bu tarihle birlikte i\u00e7 pazara dayal\u0131 sermaye birikimi (ithal ikame) yerine d\u0131\u015f pazara dayal\u0131 bir sermaye birikimine ge\u00e7iliyor. Bu ge\u00e7i\u015f devletin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmesi, \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131, emek-yo\u011fun ihracat\u0131n te\u015fviki, reel \u00fccretlerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve devlet harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi s\u00fcre\u00e7ler \u00fczerinden \u015fekilleniyor. Sonu\u00e7 olarak \u00fccretlerin bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 k\u00e2r oranlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckselten bir dinami\u011fi harekete ge\u00e7iriyor. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin 1980\u2019le birlikte d\u0131\u015f pazara dayal\u0131 bir sermaye birikimine ge\u00e7mesi varolan teknik altyap\u0131 geli\u015ftirilerek de\u011fil<\/strong>, tersine kurulu altyap\u0131 \u00fczerinden d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnya ile bir b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme\/eklemlenme s\u00fcreci \u00fczerinden ya\u015fan\u0131yor (\u00d6zar ve Ercan 2004). Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u201cg\u00f6reli art\u0131k de\u011fer\u201d ile birikim yerine, \u201cmutlak art\u0131k de\u011fer\u201d ile birikimin \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir s\u00fcre\u00e7ten bahsediyoruz.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye burjuvazisinin, d\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7\u0131lmakla birlikte k\u0131z\u0131\u015fan rekabeti g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcsleyebilmek i\u00e7in yapabildi\u011fi tek \u015feyin \u00fccretleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Onaran\u2019\u0131n da dikkat \u00e7ekti\u011fi gibi: \u201cD\u0131\u015f ticaret[in] serbestle\u015fmesi sonucunda\u2026i\u015fverenlerin artan rekabetin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bask\u0131y\u0131 \u00fccretleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrerek dengeleyebildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir\u201d (2004: 215).<\/p>\n

1980 sonras\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ihracat\u0131nda ya\u015fanan patlama kurulu kapasitenin a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, i\u00e7 talebin bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve istihdam\u0131n \u00e7ok az artmas\u0131 ile ba\u015fa ba\u015f gitmi\u015ftir. Takip eden bir ony\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7te tabloya bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda ise \u00fccretler ve k\u00e2rlar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki \u015f\u00f6yledir; 1980-88 d\u00f6neminde ger\u00e7ek k\u00e2rlar ikiye katlan\u0131rken reel \u00fccretler y\u00fczde 40 dolay\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Ancak Bahar Eylemleri ile i\u015f\u00e7i hareketi y\u00fckseli\u015fe ge\u00e7ince reel \u00fccretlerde \u00f6nemli art\u0131\u015flar ya\u015fan\u0131r (\u00d6zar ve Ercan 2004). \u00d6rne\u011fin daha \u00f6nce y\u00fczde 40 gibi bir \u00fccret art\u0131\u015f\u0131yla i\u015f\u00e7ileri kand\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan h\u00fck\u00fcmet bu sefer y\u00fczde 140 oran\u0131nda zam yapmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O d\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrk-\u0130\u015f\u2019in \u00f6nerisinin y\u00fczde 70 ila 80 aras\u0131nda oldu\u011funu hat\u0131rlayal\u0131m (Keskin 2005).<\/p>\n

Bahar Eylemleri ile y\u00fckseli\u015fe ge\u00e7ip ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131ran i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131, takip eden s\u00fcre\u00e7te sermaye bir sald\u0131r\u0131ya giri\u015fir. \u0130lk \u00f6nc\u00fc sald\u0131r\u0131 \u015fu olmu\u015ftur: Burjuvazi, eyleme kat\u0131lan ve \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck eden i\u015f\u00e7ilere d\u00f6n\u00fck kapsaml\u0131 bir i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karma harek\u00e2t\u0131na giri\u015fir. May\u0131s-Haziran aylar\u0131 aras\u0131nda sadece petrokimya ve lastik i\u015fkollar\u0131nda 6 bin i\u015f\u00e7i i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r (Keskin 2005). Burjuvazi bununla da kalmaz. Reel \u00fccret art\u0131\u015flar\u0131na tepki olarak; esnek i\u015f \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi, ta\u015ferona i\u015f verme, emek piyasas\u0131 kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczle\u015ftirilmesi ve bunlara uyumlu yasalar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi stratejisini hayata ge\u00e7irmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Burada \u0130talya \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi dikkati \u00e7eken bir benzerlik var; orada da burjuvazi \u201cs\u0131cak sonbahar\u201d hareketlili\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 koymak i\u00e7in benzer \u015fekilde eme\u011fin komuta edilmesi tarz\u0131nda k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir de\u011fi\u015fimi ba\u015flatma yoluna gitmi\u015fti. Bu anlamda bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00fcretimin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 ve her bir par\u00e7an\u0131n en uygun k\u00e2r getirisini sa\u011flayacak \u015fekilde alt s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler bi\u00e7iminde da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131: sermaye i\u00e7in a) \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f muhalefetini \u00f6nlemek ve b) d\u00fc\u015fen k\u00e2rl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 maksimize etmek gibi ikili<\/strong> bir i\u015flev g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\/g\u00f6rmektedir.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u00dccretler konusunu ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z yaz\u0131n\u0131n bu son b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde konuyu \u00fcretkenlik, reel \u00fccretler, eme\u011fin mill\u00ee gelirden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 pay ve sermayenin k\u00e2rl\u0131l\u0131k seviyeleri gibi parametreler ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 olarak sergilemek istiyoruz. Bu \u015fekilde esnekli\u011fin T\u00fcrkiye \u201cser\u00fcveni\u201dne dair derli toplu bir bak\u0131\u015fa ula\u015fmay\u0131 hedefliyoruz. \u0130lk olarak reel asgari \u00fccret ile GSMH\u2019yi kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 olarak verelim. D\u0130SK-AR\u2019\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re 1978 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana Gayri Safi Mill\u00ee Has\u0131la (GSMH) sabit fiyatlarla 3,19 kat artarken, asgari \u00fccret neredeyse yerinde saym\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yukar\u0131daki tablo bu ger\u00e7e\u011fi \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermektedir.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Kaynak: DPT ve T\u00dc\u0130K verileri.([5])<\/figcaption><\/figure>Ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na \u00fcretkenlik ve reel \u00fccretlerin seyri de ayr\u0131ca ele al\u0131nmay\u0131 hak ediyor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu iki g\u00f6sterge aras\u0131ndaki makas AKP d\u00f6nemi boyunca olduk\u00e7a a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu ise i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n artan oranlarda s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn bir g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n

Son olarak 2007-2012 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00fclkelere g\u00f6re \u015firketlerin faaliyet k\u00e2rl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 oranlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fczde (%) olarak g\u00f6stermek istiyoruz. D\u0130SK-AR\u2019\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hesaplama \u015f\u00f6yle.<\/p>\n

\"\"Tablodan a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck\/orta\/b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u015firketlerinin her biri Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck devletlerini dahi geride b\u0131rakacak derece bir k\u00e2rl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa sahiptir. Bunun sebebi \u00fccretlerin sert bir \u015fekilde bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00fcretimin esnek bir \u015fekilde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi gibi de\u011fi\u015fkenlerle ili\u015fkilidir.<\/p>\n

Ulusal \u0130stihdam Stratejisi<\/em>\u2019nde s\u0131k\u00e7a dile getirilen \u201ci\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc maliyetlerinin y\u00fcksekli\u011fi\u201d konusu \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin istihdam yaratmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki bir \u201cengel\u201d olarak sunulmaktad\u0131r: \u201cKay\u0131tl\u0131 istihdam ba\u011flam\u0131nda i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ve \u00fccret d\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc maliyetlerinin y\u00fcksekli\u011fi, ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin istihdam yaratmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki \u2026 engellerdir\u201d. Bu ba\u011flamda \u201cengel\u201din a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de \u015fu t\u00fcr tedbirlerin hayata ge\u00e7irildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u00dccret d\u0131\u015f\u0131 maliyetler 2004 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana yap\u0131lan \u00e7e\u015fitli d\u00fczenlemelerle azalt\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Prime esas kazan\u00e7 alt s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n asgari \u00fccrete e\u015fitlenmesi, asgari ge\u00e7im indirimi uygulamas\u0131, be\u015f puanl\u0131k sosyal g\u00fcvenlik primi indirimi ile birlikte istihdam\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik di\u011fer te\u015fvikler, \u00fccret d\u0131\u015f\u0131 maliyetleri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir\u201d (s.13).<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm bu \u201ctedbir\u201dlerin istihdam\u0131 art\u0131rmaya d\u00f6n\u00fck bir \u201ciyi niyet\u201d oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebiliriz; ne var ki T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin 1980 sonras\u0131ndaki ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmesinin temelinde istihdam yaratmayan bir b\u00fcy\u00fcme<\/strong> vard\u0131r. \u0130stihdama ait rakamlar bu ger\u00e7e\u011fin \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir resmini vermektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin T\u00dc\u0130K verilerine g\u00f6re 1988 y\u0131l\u0131nda i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131l\u0131m oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 57,5 iken 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu oran y\u00fczde 48,0 olmu\u015ftur. 2012 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle ise bu oran y\u00fczde 50,0 kadard\u0131r. \u015eu halde bize g\u00f6sterilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan durum ile bu durumun ard\u0131nda yatan ger\u00e7eklik aras\u0131nda bir u\u00e7urum oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f oluyoruz. Ama zaten Marx\u2019\u0131n da dedi\u011fi gibi, \u015feylerin \u201c\u00f6z\u201dleri ve \u201cg\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u201dleri ayn\u0131 olsayd\u0131 bilime gerek kalmazd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 yerine <\/strong><\/p>\n

Sermaye ve emek aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin yeniden yap\u0131lanmas\u0131nda iktisadi kriz ve s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin dinami\u011fi birlikte de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Sermayenin biricik amac\u0131 elbette k\u00e2r etme ve bunu maksimize etmedir. Ama ayn\u0131 zamanda k\u00e2r\u0131 \u00e7ekebildi\u011fi emek s\u00fcrecini de denetim alt\u0131na almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Sermayenin uzun y\u0131llar boyunca bu s\u00fcreci denetim alt\u0131na almak i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele verdi\u011fini biliyoruz. \u00dcretimde bant sistemine ge\u00e7ilmesi, esneklik, yal\u0131n \u00fcretim gibi at\u0131l\u0131mlar temelde sermayenin emek s\u00fcrecini denetim alt\u0131na almaya y\u00f6nelik giri\u015fimleridir. Bu denetim s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi temelinde \u015fekillenir. Sermaye uzun deneyimler sonucunda i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 sadece fiziki \u015fiddet kullanarak, i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131kartarak vs. yenemeyece\u011finin fark\u0131na varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin birli\u011fini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in, s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesini k\u0131rmak i\u00e7in sermaye bug\u00fcn \u00e7ok daha \u201ckarma\u015f\u0131k\u201d stratejiler izlemektedir: \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131ndaki rekabeti k\u00f6r\u00fckleme, farkl\u0131 \u00fccret \u00f6demeleri, g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ileri kullanma, ta\u015ferona i\u015f verme, fason ili\u015fkilerle \u00fcretim yapt\u0131rma, \u00fcretim birimlerini farkl\u0131 mek\u00e2nlara ta\u015f\u0131ma vs. T\u00fcm bunlar asl\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 mek\u00e2nsal olarak b\u00f6lmekte, s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 atomize etmekte; b\u00f6ylelikle s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi ba\u011flam\u0131nda burjuvazi kendi pozisyonunu eme\u011fin aleyhine olacak \u015fekilde muhafaza etmektedir\u2026 Gerek d\u00fcnyadaki gerekse de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki emek-sermaye ili\u015fkilerindeki yeniden yap\u0131lanma s\u00fcrecini bu \u015fekilde okuyabiliriz.<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Burada \u201cyan sanayi\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zellikle t\u0131rnak i\u00e7inde kullan\u0131yoruz. Bununla ana firma ile kurulan dikey\/hiyerar\u015fik bir ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkisine g\u00f6ndermede bulunuyoruz. Ama kavram karma\u015fas\u0131n\u0131 gidermek i\u00e7in G\u00fcler-M\u00fcft\u00fco\u011flu\u2019nun m\u00fcdahalesinin de yerinde oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyoruz: Firmalar aras\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fim ili\u015fkisi ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 (dikey ve hiyerar\u015fik) ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z (e\u015fitler aras\u0131) ili\u015fki olmak \u00fczere iki t\u00fcrde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. Firmalar aras\u0131 ili\u015fkinin (ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z) ayn\u0131 kavramla ifade edilmesi (\u0130ngilizce literat\u00fcrde \u201csubcontracting\u201d) niteliksel ayr\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6lgeledi\u011fi gibi T\u00fcrk\u00e7e literat\u00fcrde, kavram karma\u015fas\u0131 da (fason, yan sanayi, ta\u015feron vs.) yaratmaktad\u0131r. Kavram karma\u015fas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyebilmek i\u00e7in firmalar aras\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k boyutu i\u00e7ermeyen ekonomik ili\u015fkiyi \u201cyan sanayi ili\u015fkisi\u201d olarak, ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k boyutu i\u00e7eren ili\u015fkiyi de \u201cfason\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlamak anlaml\u0131 olabilir (bkz. G\u00fcler-M\u00fcft\u00fco\u011flu 2000: 124).<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Bu kavram \u00e7ifti i\u00e7in bkz. T\u00fcrk\u00fcn-Erendil (2000: 96-97).<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Grev ve eylemlere ili\u015fkin detayl\u0131 tarihi bilgiler \u015fu yaz\u0131dan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201c\u0130talya: 1969, s\u0131cak bir son bahar!\u201d, sinifmucadelesi.net<\/em>, 11 \u015eubat 2010, Eri\u015fim tarihi: 26 Nisan 2015, Link: www.sinifmucadelesi.net\/spip.php?article363.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> 2014 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle OECD\u2019nin Regional Well-Being<\/em> raporuna g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye OECD\u2019ye \u00fcye 34 \u00fclke aras\u0131nda en uzun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatlerine sahip \u00fclke konumundad\u0131r. OECD ortalamas\u0131na g\u00f6re bir y\u0131lda bir insan\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saati 1765 saat olmas\u0131 gerekirken, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bu rakam 1855\u2019tir.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Tablo \u015fu makaleden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, bkz. \u00d6ngel ve Tany\u0131lmaz (2013: 39).<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) G\u00fcler-M\u00fcft\u00fco\u011flu, Berna. 2000. \u201c\u0130stanbul Gedikpa\u015fa\u2019da ayakkab\u0131 \u00fcretiminin de\u011fi\u015fen yap\u0131s\u0131 ve farkl\u0131la\u015fan i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc\u201d, Toplum ve Bilim<\/em>, Say\u0131: 86, G\u00fcz 2000.<\/p>\n

2) G\u00fcler-M\u00fcft\u00fco\u011flu, Berna ve Ulukan, Umut. 2010. \u201cSanayiden Tarlaya De\u011fi\u015fim \u0130li\u015fkisi: S\u00f6zle\u015fmeli \u00dcretim\/\u00c7ift\u00e7ilik ve M\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015fme\u201d, Dr. Sonay Bayramo\u011flu \u00d6zu\u011furlu (haz.) Toprak M\u00fclkiyeti \u2013 Sempozyum Bildirileri<\/em> i\u00e7inde, Ankara: Memleket Yay\u0131nlar\u0131: 5.<\/p>\n

3) G\u00fcler-M\u00fcft\u00fco\u011flu, Berna. 2014. \u201c\u00dcretim s\u00fcrecinin vazge\u00e7ilmezi esneklik: Var ve yok ettikleri \u00fczerine bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve\u201d, \u00d6zg\u00fcr M\u00fcft\u00fco\u011flu ve Arif Ko\u015far (haz.) Kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinde \u201cyeniden\u201d esneklik: T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Esnek \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma<\/em> i\u00e7inde, \u0130stanbul: Evrensel Bas\u0131m Yay\u0131n.<\/p>\n

4) Keskin, Cem. 2005. \u201c\u201889 Bahar Eylemleri\u201d, Marksist Tutum<\/em>, 24 May\u0131s 2005, Eri\u015fim tarihi: 26 Nisan 2015, Link: marksist.net\/Bellek\/89%20Bahar%20Eylemleri.htm.<\/p>\n

5) M\u00fcft\u00fco\u011flu, \u00d6zg\u00fcr ve Ece Bal, \u0130dil. 2014. \u201c\u00dcretim s\u00fcrecinde \u2018yeniden esneklik\u2019 ve sendikalar\u201d, \u00d6zg\u00fcr M\u00fcft\u00fco\u011flu ve Arif Ko\u015far (haz.) Kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinde \u201cyeniden\u201d esneklik: T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Esnek \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma<\/em> i\u00e7inde, \u0130stanbul: Evrensel Bas\u0131m Yay\u0131n.<\/p>\n

6) Onaran, \u00d6zlem. 2004. \u201cEmek Piyasas\u0131na Dayal\u0131 Yap\u0131sal Uyum: Kat\u0131l\u0131k Miti\u201d, Ne\u015fecan Balkan ve Sungur Savran (der.) Neoliberalizmin Tahribat\u0131-2: 2000\u2019li Y\u0131llarda T\u00fcrkiye<\/em> i\u00e7inde, \u0130stanbul: Metis Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\n

7) \u00d6ngel, F. Serkan ve Tany\u0131lmaz, Kurtar. 2013. \u201cT\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinde k\u00fcresel kriz kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda sermayenin tepkisi: \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin artan s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc\u201d, D\u0130SK-AR Dergisi<\/em>, Say\u0131: 1, G\u00fcz 2013.<\/p>\n

8) \u00d6zar, \u015eemsa ve Ercan, Fuat. 2004. \u201cEmek Piyasalar\u0131: Uyumsuzluk mu, B\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme mi?\u201d, Ne\u015fecan Balkan ve Sungur Savran (der.) Neoliberalizmin Tahribat\u0131-2: 2000\u2019li Y\u0131llarda T\u00fcrkiye<\/em> i\u00e7inde, \u0130stanbul: Metis Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\n

9) \u00d6zveri, Murat. 2014. \u201cAlt \u0130\u015fveren (Ta\u015feron) Sermayenin \u00d6rg\u00fctl\u00fc \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne Ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r!\u201d, D\u0130SK-AR Dergisi<\/em>, Say\u0131: 2, K\u0131\u015f 2014.<\/p>\n

10) Savran, Sungur. 2007. \u201cYal\u0131n \u00fcretim ve esneklik: Taylorizmin en y\u00fcksek a\u015famas\u0131\u201d, Devrimci Marksizm<\/em>, Say\u0131: 3, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

11) S\u0131n\u0131f M\u00fccadelesi. 2010. \u201c\u0130talya: 1969, s\u0131cak bir son bahar!\u201d, sinifmucadelesi.net<\/em>, 11 \u015eubat 2010.<\/p>\n

12) T\u00fcrk\u00fcn-Erendil, Asuman. 2000. \u201cMit ve ger\u00e7eklik olarak Denizli – \u00dcretim ve i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011fi\u015fen yap\u0131s\u0131: Ele\u015ftirel kuram a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir de\u011ferlendirme\u201d, Toplum ve Bilim<\/em>, Say\u0131: 86, G\u00fcz 2000.<\/p>\n

13) Ulusal \u0130stihdam Stratejisi (2014\u20132023), \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ve Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Kas\u0131m 2014.<\/p>\n

14) Yaman \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, Melda ve \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, \u00d6zg\u00fcr. 2014. \u201cT\u00fcrkiye Sanayi Strateji Belgesi ile Ulusal \u0130stihdam Strateji Belgesi\u2019nde ortaya konulan \u2018vizyon\u2019\u201d, \u00d6zg\u00fcr M\u00fcft\u00fco\u011flu ve Arif Ko\u015far (haz.) Kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinde \u201cyeniden\u201d esneklik: T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Esnek \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma<\/em> i\u00e7inde, \u0130stanbul: Evrensel Bas\u0131m Yay\u0131n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin d\u00fcnya ekonomisiyle b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme bi\u00e7iminden dolay\u0131, emek piyasas\u0131ndaki koruyucu d\u00fczenlemeler \u201cmaliyeti art\u0131ran fakt\u00f6rler\u201d olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flan\u0131r. \u201cTehlike\u201dyle ba\u015f edebilmek i\u00e7in \u201c\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u201d emek piyasalar\u0131n\u0131n esnekle\u015fmesidir. \u0130\u015fletmeler ge\u00e7ici, k\u0131smi zamanl\u0131, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeli personel istihdam etmeye ba\u015flar; ta\u015feron vas\u0131tas\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma tercih edilir; fason i\u015f ve eve i\u015f verme yayg\u0131nla\u015f\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn itibariyle esnekli\u011fin s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir bi\u00e7imde uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 enformel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn toplam […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":526,"featured_media":20113,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[174,28],"tags":[517,278,2404,433,1172,2405],"class_list":["post-20112","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-137-sayi","category-sosyal-bilimler","tag-calisma-ekonomisi","tag-ekonomi","tag-esnek-calisma","tag-kapitalizm","tag-neo-liberalizm","tag-taseronlasma"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t