{"id":20317,"date":"2005-02-01T12:08:42","date_gmt":"2005-02-01T10:08:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=20317"},"modified":"2018-02-27T13:18:55","modified_gmt":"2018-02-27T10:18:55","slug":"dinsel-dogmalar-fizige-nasil-siziyor-buyuk-cokuntu-mu-buyuk-buzul-mu-kirk-katir-mi-kirk-satir-mi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2005\/02\/01\/dinsel-dogmalar-fizige-nasil-siziyor-buyuk-cokuntu-mu-buyuk-buzul-mu-kirk-katir-mi-kirk-satir-mi","title":{"rendered":"Dinsel dogmalar fizi\u011fe nas\u0131l s\u0131z\u0131yor?\u00a0B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc m\u00fc, B\u00fcy\u00fck Buzul mu? K\u0131rk kat\u0131r m\u0131, k\u0131rk sat\u0131r m\u0131?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Evrenin \u201cba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131na\u201d veya \u201csonuna\u201d ili\u015fkin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcler metafizik \u00f6neriler olmaktan \u00f6teye ge\u00e7emiyor. Evrenin ister \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Buzul\u201d, ister \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc\u201d isterse de \u201cD\u00fcz\u201d yazg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131n, hepsi bilim kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. Hele \u201cd\u00fcz evren\u201d modeli insan \u00f6zekli d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn (Antrophic Principle) canl\u0131 tutulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in uydurulmu\u015f bir senaryodan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fil! <\/em><\/p>\n

Sevgili Ender Helvac\u0131o\u011flu\u2019nun, \u201cKara delik kavram\u0131, t\u0131pk\u0131 biyolojideki gen kavram\u0131 gibi mistik bir nitelik kazand\u0131. Maddenin yok olu\u015fu, zaman\u0131n yok olu\u015fu gibi yeni metafizik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler bu kara delik olgusunu kullan\u0131yorlar. Kara delik nedir, g\u00f6zlenmi\u015f midir, kara delikte madde ve zaman yok olur mu? Evrenin dev bir kara deli\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7at\u0131rt\u0131 ile kendi i\u00e7ine \u00e7\u00f6kece\u011fi teorisi ne kadar bilimsel? Bu konudaki bilimsel ger\u00e7ekler ile safsatay\u0131 birbirinden ay\u0131ran bir dosya yapal\u0131m\u201d \u00f6nerisini yerine getirme \u00e7abas\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sat\u0131rlarda!<\/p>\n

Y\u0131ld\u0131z evrimlerinin son duraklar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kara delikleri, \u201calan\u201d (field) ve \u00e7ift y\u0131ld\u0131z dizgelerinde ve\/veya g\u00f6kada \u00f6zeklerinde olmak \u00fczere iki ba\u011flamda incelersek, kendimizi baz\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015f anlamalardan kurtarabiliriz. Y\u0131ld\u0131z evrimlerinin \u201cson dura\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d belirleyen etmen, onlar\u0131n ilk k\u00fctleleridir. Y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n, y\u0131ld\u0131zlararas\u0131 gaz ve toz bulutlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde olu\u015ftuklar\u0131na ili\u015fkin g\u00fcvenilir g\u00f6zlemsel verilerimiz var. \u0130\u015fte bu \u201ckozmik do\u011fumevlerinde\u201d ya\u015famlar\u0131na belli bir ilk k\u00fctleyle ba\u015flayan y\u0131ld\u0131zlar, kimyasal evrim ge\u00e7irerek, di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle, hafif elementleri (hidrojen, helyum, vb.) \u00e7ekirdek tepkimeleriyle giderek daha a\u011f\u0131r elementlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcrler. Kimyasal evrimin son dura\u011f\u0131 Fe56<\/sup> d\u0131r. Bunun \u00f6tesinde \u00e7ekirdek tepkimeleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015femez. Y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131 dengede tutan iki kuvvetten birisi k\u00fctle \u00e7ekim kuvveti, di\u011feriyse, y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n \u00f6ze\u011finde s\u00fcregelen tepkimelerde a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan gama fotonlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m bas\u0131nc\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m \u00fcretildikten sonra d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kma \u00e7abas\u0131nda sonsuz kez maddeyle etkile\u015ferek sa\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. Erkesini maddeye aktar\u0131r. Milyonlarca y\u0131lda y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n y\u00fczeyine, frekans\u0131 optik b\u00f6lgeye d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f olarak ula\u015f\u0131r. \u00c7ekim kuvveti y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n t\u00fcm k\u00fctlesini \u00f6zekte toplamak isterken, \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m bas\u0131nc\u0131 da k\u00fctleyi \u00f6zekten d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya do\u011fru iter. \u00c7ekirdek tepkimeleri\u00a0 Fe56<\/sup>\u2019da durunca \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m bas\u0131nc\u0131nda azalma olur, \u00e7ekim kuvveti bask\u0131n duruma gelir ve y\u0131ld\u0131z kendi \u00fczerine \u00e7\u00f6ker. B\u00f6ylece evrenin \u201cs\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131k y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131\u201d (compact stars) olu\u015fur. M\u00a4 <\/sub>G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in k\u00fctlesini simgelemek \u00fczere, e\u011fer y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n ilk k\u00fctlesi, 1M\u00a4<\/sub> <\u00a0 M\u00b6<\/sub> < 1.4M\u00a4<\/sub> aral\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaysa, y\u0131ld\u0131z evrimini \u201cbeyaz c\u00fcce\u201d (white dwarf) olarak; ilk k\u00fctlesi, 1.4 M\u00a4<\/sub> <\u00a0 M\u00b6<\/sub> < 3.0 M\u00a4<\/sub> aral\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaysa, \u201cn\u00f6tron y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131\u201d olarak ve ilk k\u00fctlesi, M\u00b6<\/sub> > 3.0 M\u00a4<\/sub> aral\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaysa, \u201ckara delik\u201d (black hole) olarak noktalar. Beyaz C\u00fccenin yo\u011funlu\u011fu 106 <\/sup>g\/cm3<\/sup> , N\u00f6tron y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011fu 107 <\/sup>g\/cm3<\/sup> ve kara deli\u011finki de \u201csonsuz\u201ddur! Beyaz C\u00fccenin \u00e7ap\u0131 104<\/sup> km, N\u00f6tron y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ap\u0131 10 km ve Kara Deli\u011fin \u00e7ap\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k \u201cs\u0131f\u0131r\u201d km dir! \u00c7ekim alan\u0131n\u0131n (F) b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan s\u0131ralarsak, FBC<\/sub> < FNY<\/sub> < FKD<\/sub> dir. Kara deli\u011fin yo\u011funluk ve \u00e7ap\u0131na ili\u015fkin rakamlar kuramsald\u0131r ve sa\u011fduyuya uzakt\u0131r!<\/p>\n

Kara delikler<\/strong><\/p>\n

Beyaz c\u00fcce ve n\u00f6tron y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczeyinden madde ve\/veya fotonlar kurtulabilir. Ancak kara deli\u011fin \u201colay ufku\u201d (event horizon) Schwarzchild yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131 ile tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Olay ufkunun i\u00e7inde \u00e7ekim kuvveti o denli b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr ki, kara delikten maddenin veya i\u00e7erde \u00fcretilmi\u015f fotonun kurtulabilmesi i\u00e7in \u201cka\u00e7ma h\u0131z\u0131\u201dn\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n bo\u015fluktaki h\u0131z\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck olmas\u0131 gerekir. \u201cKa\u00e7ma h\u0131z\u0131\u201d da bir g\u00f6k cisminin \u00e7ekim alan\u0131ndan kurtulabilmesi i\u00e7in belli bir k\u00fctleye sahip bir cismin h\u0131z\u0131d\u0131r. Ka\u00e7ma h\u0131z\u0131na bir \u00f6rnek olarak, \u00f6rne\u011fin, Yer\u2019de bulunan ve Mars gezegenine, Ay\u2019a ve Vesta\u2019ya ait oldu\u011fu saptanan ta\u015flar\u0131 g\u00f6sterebiliriz. E\u011fer bu ta\u015flar\u0131 Marsl\u0131lar atmad\u0131ysa kafam\u0131za (!) b\u00fcy\u00fck bir olas\u0131l\u0131kla Mars\u2019a, Ay\u2019a ve Vesta\u2019ya \u00e7arpan bir g\u00f6kta\u015f\u0131n\u0131n, bu g\u00f6k cisimlerinden kopard\u0131\u011f\u0131 par\u00e7alar\u0131 ilgili g\u00f6k cisimlerinin \u00e7ekim alan\u0131ndan kurtulabilecek denli y\u00fcksek bir h\u0131za ula\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekir. Bu h\u0131z Mars i\u00e7in 5.02 km\/s, Yer i\u00e7in 11.2 km\/s dir. Mars\u2019tan \u201cka\u00e7abilen\u201d bu ta\u015f\u0131n da y\u00f6r\u00fcngesi \u00fczerinde D\u00fcnya\u2019y\u0131 bulmas\u0131 ger\u00e7ekten \u015fans m\u0131 desem, s\u0131f\u0131r olas\u0131l\u0131k m\u0131 desem bilemiyorum! D\u00f6nelim kara deli\u011fe!<\/p>\n

E\u011fer y\u0131ld\u0131z bir \u201calan\u201d y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131ysa, ve evriminin son a\u015famas\u0131nda bir kara deli\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015fse kara deli\u011fi alg\u0131lamam\u0131z olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, kara delikten madde veya fotonun ka\u00e7abilmesi i\u00e7in \u201cka\u00e7ma h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n\u201d \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n bo\u015fluktaki h\u0131z\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck olmas\u0131 gerekir! I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n, bo\u015fluktaki h\u0131z\u0131ndan (\u00bb 300 000 km\/s) daha b\u00fcy\u00fck h\u0131zlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, deneysel veya g\u00f6zlemsel olarak \u201chen\u00fcz\u201d g\u00f6sterilmi\u015f de\u011fil! Durum b\u00f6yle olunca, baz\u0131 pop\u00fcler bilim yazarlar\u0131n\u0131n, \u201ckara deli\u011fe d\u00fc\u015fen bir nesne bir ba\u015fka evrene girer\u201d, \u201ckara delikte madde, zaman yok olur\u201d gibi betimlemelerle anlat\u0131lmak istenen ger\u00e7ek \u015fudur: Kara delikten madde, foton kurtulam\u0131yorsa, kara deli\u011fe ili\u015fkin bilgilenmemiz de olanaks\u0131z. G\u00f6kbilimciler, y\u0131ld\u0131zlara, g\u00f6kadalara, y\u0131ld\u0131z \u00e7evrelerindeki gezegenlere ili\u015fkin bilgileri bu cisimlerden gelen fotonlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyerek elde ediyor. O \u201calan\u201d kara deli\u011finin bizim g\u00f6kadam\u0131z i\u00e7inde oldu\u011funu varsayal\u0131m. Nesnel olarak o cisim bizim evrenimizde, ancak, \u201cKara deli\u011fe d\u00fc\u015fen madde, foton art\u0131k bir ba\u015fka evrendedir\u201d betimlemesiyle, bizim evrenimizin \u201cd\u0131\u015f\u0131\u201d anlat\u0131lm\u0131yor; \u201co madde veya fotona ili\u015fkin bilgi art\u0131k bana ula\u015fmaz, ula\u015famaz! O nedenle o bilgi benim evrenimde yok!\u201d denmek isteniyor. Peki o zaman kara deliklerin varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemsel olarak nas\u0131l anlayabiliriz? Kara delik bize \u0131\u015f\u0131k, bilgi g\u00f6ndermiyorsa, metafizik bir kavram olmaktan \u00f6teye nas\u0131l ge\u00e7ebilir?<\/p>\n

E\u011fer kara delik bir \u00e7ift y\u0131ld\u0131z dizgesinin bile\u015fenlerinden birisi veya g\u00f6kadalar\u0131n \u00f6ze\u011findeyse durum biraz farkl\u0131! Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc fizik bilgimizle, en b\u00fcy\u00fck boyutlarda erkenin (enerji), \u00f6zg\u00fcr duruma ge\u00e7en \u00e7ekimsel\u00a0 potansiyel erkede yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz. Baz\u0131 \u00e7ift y\u0131ld\u0131z dizgelerinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n ve gamma \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ancak bir \u00e7ekimsel potansiyel erkenin a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131klayabiliyoruz. Bu da bizi \u00e7ok ama \u00e7ok ye\u011fin bir \u00e7ekim alan\u0131 varsay\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcyor. \u00c7ift y\u0131ld\u0131z dizgelerindeki bile\u015fenlerden birinin \u00e7evresinde \u201ctoplanma diski\u201dnin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin g\u00f6zlemler var. Bu g\u00f6zlemsel verilerden yola \u00e7\u0131karak, kara deli\u011fin yolda\u015f\u0131ndan madde kopard\u0131\u011f\u0131, kopan maddenin kara deli\u011fe d\u00fc\u015fmeden \u00f6nce bir toplanma diski olu\u015fturdu\u011funu anl\u0131yoruz. Kara deli\u011fin kendisinden olmasa da \u00e7evresindeki bu diskten bilgi derleyebiliyoruz. Benzer s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin g\u00f6kadalar\u0131n \u00f6ze\u011finde bulundu\u011fu varsay\u0131lan s\u00fcper k\u00fctleli (108 <\/sup>M\u00a4<\/sub>) kara deli\u011fin \u00e7evresinde s\u00fcregeldi\u011fine inan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu inanc\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mayan bilim insanlar\u0131 da var! \u00d6rne\u011fin, Hannes Alfven, Etkin G\u00f6kada \u00d6zeklerini (Active Galactic Nuclei – AGN) kara deliklere ba\u015fvurmaks\u0131z\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klayabiliyor. \u201cNas\u0131l?\u201d sorusunun yan\u0131t\u0131 bir ba\u015fka yaz\u0131n\u0131n konusu olabilir.<\/p>\n

\u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc\u201d ve dinsel dogmalar\u0131n fizi\u011fe s\u0131z\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eimdi biraz \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc\u201dye do\u011fru yakla\u015fal\u0131m! Termodinami\u011fin kapal\u0131 dizgeler i\u00e7in form\u00fcle edilmi\u015f olan II. \u0130lkesi, k\u00f6t\u00fcmser varolu\u015f\u00e7ular ve dinsel yazg\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n elinde yanl\u0131\u015f yorumlan\u0131yor. Onlar, evrendeki cisimlerin, y\u0131ld\u0131zlar, g\u00f6kadalar, vs. bir yandan \u201c\u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d di\u011fer yandan yeni y\u0131ld\u0131zlara madde sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rm\u00fcyorlar. Evet y\u0131ld\u0131zlar, Beyaz C\u00fcce, N\u00f6tron Y\u0131ld\u0131z veya Kara Delik olarak kimyasal evrimlerinin son duraklar\u0131na geliyorlar. Ancak bu arada, ya\u015famlar\u0131 boyunca y\u0131ld\u0131zlararas\u0131 ortama y\u0131ld\u0131z r\u00fczgarlar\u0131 yoluyla, ara s\u0131ra patlamalarla, att\u0131klar\u0131 y\u0131ld\u0131z maddesiyle yeni nesil y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n olu\u015fumunun yollar\u0131n\u0131 da haz\u0131rl\u0131yorlar. G\u00f6kadalar \u201ckafa kafaya\u201d \u00e7arp\u0131\u015f\u0131yor, i\u00e7indeki \u201c\u00f6l\u00fclerin\u201d, \u00f6rne\u011fin iki n\u00f6tron y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 sonucunda maddenin yeni bir \u00e7evrime, yeni bir ya\u015fama girece\u011fi g\u00fcn gibi a\u00e7\u0131k!\u00a0 \u201cStarburst galaxies\u201d ad\u0131 verilen bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te g\u00f6kadalardaki y\u0131ld\u0131z olu\u015fumlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcresi \u201canormal\u201d bir bi\u00e7imde k\u0131sal\u0131yor. E\u011fer bu \u201c\u00f6l\u00fcm-ya\u015fama yeniden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u201d s\u00fcrecini g\u00f6rmezseniz, evrendeki kara delik say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z. Bu kozmik yamyamlar s\u00fcrekli t\u00fcketti\u011finden, eninde sonunda birbirlerini t\u00fcketmeye ba\u015flayacaklar, b\u00fcy\u00fck olan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olan\u0131 yutacak ve evren bir tek devasa kara deli\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecek gibisinden bir senaryoyu sat\u0131n alacaks\u0131n\u0131z! Ayr\u0131ca B\u00fcy\u00fck Patlamac\u0131lar\u0131n senaryosu bu de\u011fil! \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc\u201dden onlar\u0131n anlatmak istedi\u011fi bu de\u011fil! Senaryoya a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da de\u011finmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131m, ama \u00f6nce biraz dinsel dogmalar\u0131n bilim alan\u0131na s\u0131z\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 inceleyelim.<\/p>\n

Fizik alan\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan k\u00f6t\u00fcmser dinsel ve s\u00f6ylencesel (mitolojik) temalar, ilgili d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fanan derin toplumsal ve ekonomik \u00e7alkant\u0131lar\u0131n ki\u015filerde yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kuruntu ve \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fclerin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu t\u00fcr durumlarla g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131yoruz. Ekonomide \u201cs\u0131f\u0131r b\u00fcy\u00fcme\u201d, evrenbilimde ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz (!) sonlar: \u201cBig Crunch<\/strong>\u201d<\/em> (B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc) veya \u201cBig Chill<\/strong>\u201d (B\u00fcy\u00fck Buzul) bu kuruntular\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u00e7e\u015fitlemelerindendir. Hemen belirtelim ki, Genel G\u00f6relilik ba\u011flam\u0131nda olu\u015fturulan modellerin \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc\u201d veya \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Buzul\u201d, benim de\u011fil, B\u00fcy\u00fck Patlamac\u0131lar\u0131n evreninin ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 o ilk an\u0131 izleyen mikro saniyelerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecekti! (Leon Lederman, The God Particle<\/em>, Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston 1993) Yani evrenimiz bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u201cya\u015fama\u201d ge\u00e7emeyecekti! Eh… burada oldu\u011fumuza g\u00f6re!…. \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc\u201d veya \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Buzul\u201d s\u00f6ylenceden \u00f6teye ge\u00e7emez!<\/p>\n

\u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc\u201d ve \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Buzul\u201d<\/em> olarak adland\u0131rabilece\u011fimiz bu \u201cyazg\u0131lar\u201d, Robert Frost gibi \u00fcnl\u00fc bir ozana bak\u0131n ne dizeler d\u00f6kt\u00fcrtm\u00fc\u015f!<\/p>\n

\u201cSome say the World will end in fire, \/\u00a0 Some say in ice. \/ From what I\u2019ve tasted of desire \/ I hold with those who favour fire. \/ But it had to perish twice \/ I think I know enough of hate \/ To say that for destruction ice \/ Is also great \/ And would suffice\u201d (Vistas in Astronomy, Vol. 6, 1965)<\/p>\n

Bu dizelerdeki \u201cfire\u201d yani ate\u015f \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc\u201dy\u00fc, \u201cice\u201d yani buz da \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Buzul\u201du simgeliyor. Bir \u015fiire yap\u0131lacak en b\u00fcy\u00fck haks\u0131zl\u0131k, bence, onu bir ba\u015fka dile \u00e7evirmek olurdu! Yukar\u0131daki dizelerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan o g\u00fczelim ses uyumunu T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye nas\u0131l ta\u015f\u0131yabilirim! Ozan, \u015fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi d\u00f6km\u00fc\u015f dizelerine: \u201cEvren kimine g\u00f6re ate\u015fle \/ kimine g\u00f6reyse buzla son bulacak \/ Arzuyu tatt\u0131\u011f\u0131m i\u00e7in ben ate\u015fle sona erecek diyenlerden yanay\u0131m \/ Ancak evren iki kez yok olacaksa \/ nefreti de yeterince tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131m i\u00e7in \/ buz ile mahvolmaya da var\u0131m\u201d<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 H\u0131ristiyan teologlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, maddi evrenin ge\u00e7ici olmas\u0131, bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 veya sonunun bulunmas\u0131 evrenin Tanr\u0131\u2019ya ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131n bir kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. Einstein\u2019\u0131n alan denklemleri evrenin eninde sonunda ya kendi \u00fczerine \u00e7\u00f6kece\u011fine (Big Crunch) veya tamamen da\u011f\u0131l\u0131p yok olaca\u011f\u0131na (Big Chill) i\u015faret eder! E\u011fer evren B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcyle veya B\u00fcy\u00fck Buzulla ortadan kalkacaksa insan ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n anlam\u0131 nedir? \u0130\u015fte yan\u0131t: \u201c\u0130nsan ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n anlam\u0131 ancak do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc bir yarat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcp anlamaktan ge\u00e7er\u201d! Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, ki\u015finin kendini a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lamas\u0131na davetiyeden ba\u015fka nedir!?<\/p>\n

Evren kapal\u0131 m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k m\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Papa XII. Pius, <\/em>a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 t\u00fcm dinlerin bir dogmas\u0131 olan \u201cmah\u015fer g\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d ile entropi<\/strong>nin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunan termodinamik ilkeyi a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde ili\u015fkilendirmi\u015ftir: \u201cEntropi yasas\u0131, do\u011fada s\u00fcregelen kendili\u011finden s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin \u00f6zg\u00fcr ve yararl\u0131 erkeyi daima azaltacak y\u00f6nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemektedir. Bu sonu\u00e7, kapal\u0131 dizgelerdeki b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin eninde sonunda bitece\u011fine i\u015faret etmektedir. Pozitif bilimlerin deneyinden \u00e7\u0131kan bu ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz yazg\u0131, Tanr\u0131\u2019ya olan gereksinimi \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde sergilemektedir\u201d.\u00a0 XII. Pius, <\/em>evrenin ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak bir sona gidece\u011fini, ancak daha da \u00f6nemlisi, ona ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta \u201col\u201d diyecek ve bir d\u00fczen sa\u011flayacak do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc g\u00fcc\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na gereksinimi oldu\u011funu savunmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece kapal\u0131 dizgeler i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olan bir fiziksel yasayla H\u0131ristiyan teolojisinin bir dogmas\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki kurulmu\u015f oluyor.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fte bu a\u015famada B\u00fcy\u00fck Patlama<\/strong> bir teolojik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc destekleme g\u00f6revi \u00fcstleniyor. An\u0131msanaca\u011f\u0131 gibi, B\u00fcy\u00fck Patlama\u2019n\u0131n ilk \u00e7e\u015fitlemesini form\u00fcle eden Lemaitre\u2019e teolojik esin kayna\u011f\u0131 olan \u015fey, kendi deyimiyle, \u201cGenesis\u2019in de i\u015faret etti\u011fi gibi evren \u0131\u015f\u0131kla ba\u015flad\u0131\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcd\u00fcr. Ancak, bilimsel bir kuram teolojik bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f \u00fczerinde kurulamazd\u0131. O nedenle, termodinami\u011fin II. yasas\u0131na, yararl\u0131 erkenin giderek azald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunan yasaya sar\u0131lmak zorundayd\u0131. Burada ilgili okuyucunun uyan\u0131k olmas\u0131 gerekiyor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu yasa yaln\u0131zca ve yaln\u0131zca<\/strong> \u201ckapal\u0131\u201d dizgeler, yani \u00e7evresiyle erke, madde, bilgi, vb. al\u0131\u015f veri\u015finde bulunmayan, \u00fcretti\u011fi entropinin d\u0131\u015fsat\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapamayan bu nedenle de giderek daha b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fczensizliklere u\u011frayan dizgeler i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir. Yasay\u0131 evrene uygulayabilmek i\u00e7in Lemaitre evreni \u201ckapatmak\u201d zorundayd\u0131; uzayda sonlu bir evren yaratmak zorundayd\u0131; bunun i\u00e7in bir yarat\u0131c\u0131ya gereksinimi vard\u0131. Bu k\u0131s\u0131r bir d\u00f6ng\u00fcd\u00fcr ! Bug\u00fcn biliyoruz ki, insan, t\u00fcm canl\u0131lar, insan toplumlar\u0131, G\u00fcne\u015f, y\u0131ld\u0131zlar, g\u00f6kadalar, g\u00f6kada gruplar\u0131, g\u00f6kada k\u00fcmeleri, g\u00f6kada s\u00fcper k\u00fcmeleri, k\u0131sacas\u0131 evrenin y\u00fczde 99\u2019u kapal\u0131 de\u011fil, \u201ca\u00e7\u0131k\u201d dizgelerdir. Evrende \u00e7ok ender olarak varolan kapal\u0131 dizgeler i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olan bir yasay\u0131 t\u00fcm dizgelere uydurma \u00e7abas\u0131, IQ testindeki bir \u00e7ocu\u011fun silindirik takozu \u00fc\u00e7gen deli\u011fe sokma \u00e7abas\u0131na benzer! Ayr\u0131ca evrendeki \u00f6zg\u00fcr erke \u00fczerine bir k\u0131s\u0131tlama getirmek olas\u0131 de\u011fildir. Bug\u00fcn etkin g\u00f6kada \u00e7ekirdekleri denen b\u00f6lgelerde \u201cinan\u0131lmaz\u201d boyutlarda erke \u00fcretimine tan\u0131k oluyoruz. Bunlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 hi\u00e7 de az de\u011fil. Evren tam anlam\u0131yla \u201ca\u00e7\u0131k\u201d bir dizge!<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck Patlama<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c\u00d6l\u00fcme mahkum evren\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, bir t\u00fcr dinsel dogmayla (mah\u015fer g\u00fcn\u00fc) k\u00f6t\u00fcmser varolu\u015f\u00e7u g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn ortak yan\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Evrenin ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak bir \u00f6l\u00fcme gitti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcren teolojik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler son derece k\u00f6t\u00fcmser\u00a0 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerdir ve do\u011fru de\u011fildir. Evrenin uzak bir gelecekte B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc veya B\u00fcy\u00fck Buzul gibisinden bir yazg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu sonucunu \u00e7\u0131karan B\u00fcy\u00fck Patlama da son derece k\u00f6t\u00fcmser bir varolu\u015f\u00e7u g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn B\u00fcy\u00fck Patlama ba\u011flam\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan modellerin hepsi, ba\u015fl\u0131ca 3 parametreye ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r: 1) Omega <\/strong>(), yo\u011funluk parametresi; evrenin g\u00f6zle\u00adnen yo\u011funlu\u011funun, geni\u015flemeyi durdur\u00admak i\u00e7in gerekli olan yo\u011funlu\u011fa oran\u0131d\u0131r. 2) q<\/strong>0 <\/sub><\/em>, yava\u015flama parametresi; oldu\u011fu savunulan enflasyonist bir geni\u015flemeden sonra evrenin geni\u015flemesinin nas\u0131l yava\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlar. 3) k<\/strong>, uzay\u0131n e\u011frili\u011fini verir. Bu parametrelere kendi istedi\u011fi de\u011fer\u00adleri veren bir evrenbilimci, sonsuz say\u0131da evren modelleri \u00fcretebilir!<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck Patlama ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Birle\u015fik Kuram ba\u011flam\u0131nda Omega=1 al\u0131n\u0131r; g\u00f6zlemler, Omega=0.02 oldu\u011funa i\u015faret etmesine kar\u015f\u0131n! q0 <\/sub>\u0131n t\u00fcretildi\u011fi Hubble geni\u015flemesi, g\u00f6kadalar\u0131n k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ya kayma \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerinden elde edilir. Hubble parametresi, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ya kayman\u0131n tamamen g\u00f6kada boyuna h\u0131z\u0131ndan (g\u00f6kada h\u0131z vekt\u00f6r\u00fcyle, g\u00f6zlemcinin bak\u0131\u015f do\u011frultusunun \u00e7ak\u0131\u015f\u0131k olmas\u0131) kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 varsay\u0131m\u0131yla tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck Patlama kuram\u0131na g\u00f6re, Hubble parametresinin uzayda sabit olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011finden, bu parametreye genellikle Hubble sabiti <\/strong>denir.<\/p>\n

\u015eekil 1, Hubble\u2019\u0131n Sb t\u00fcr\u00fc g\u00f6kadalar i\u00e7in elde etti\u011fi ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131y\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Yer\u2019deki g\u00f6zlemci yani Edwin Hubble ve Homo Sapiens <\/em>\u00a0x<\/em> ve y<\/em> eksenlerinin \u00e7ak\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 noktadad\u0131r. x<\/em>-ekseninde g\u00f6kadalar\u0131n dolays\u0131z olarak g\u00f6zlenen parlakl\u0131klar\u0131, y<\/em> ekseninde de yine g\u00f6kadalar\u0131n dolays\u0131z olarak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ya kaymalar\u0131n\u0131n (z<\/em>) h\u0131z cinsinden de\u011ferleri yer al\u0131r. \u015eekildeki her bir nokta bir g\u00f6kaday\u0131 simgeler. Bu noktalar\u0131n herhangi birinden x<\/em> eksenine \u00e7izilen dik do\u011frunun ekseni kesti\u011fi yerdeki de\u011feri g\u00f6kadan\u0131n parlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 verir. y<\/em> eksenine \u00e7izilen dik de ayn\u0131 g\u00f6kadan\u0131n k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ya kayma de\u011ferini (h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131) verir. Hubble, g\u00f6kadalar\u0131 simgeleyen noktalar\u0131n bir do\u011fru \u00fczerinde bulundu\u011funu varsaym\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00f6kbilimciler parlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u201cuzakl\u0131k mod\u00fcl\u00fc\u201d ad\u0131 verilen bir ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131yla uzakl\u0131\u011fa (L<\/em>) \u00e7evirirler. B\u00f6ylece, eksenlerin kesi\u015fti\u011fi noktadan ba\u015flay\u0131p x<\/em>-ekseninin pozitif y\u00f6n\u00fcne do\u011fru ilerleyen bir g\u00f6zlemci Yer\u2019den uzakla\u015f\u0131yor demektir.\u00a0 y<\/em> eksenindeki k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ya kaymalar da Doppler form\u00fcl\u00fc yard\u0131m\u0131yla h\u0131za (L \/ T<\/em>) d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Noktalar\u0131 bir do\u011fruyla g\u00f6stermenin anlam\u0131 \u015furadad\u0131r: do\u011fru \u00fczerinde al\u0131nan herhangi iki nokta, (x1<\/sub>,y1<\/sub>) ve (x2<\/sub>,y2<\/sub>), i\u00e7in (y2<\/sub> – y1<\/sub>) \/ (x2<\/sub> – x1<\/sub>) oran\u0131 sabittir. Buna do\u011frunun e\u011fimi, veya Hubble sabiti (H<\/em>) denir. \u015eimdi y<\/em> ve x<\/em> eksenindeki fiziksel niceliklerin oran\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131rsak, (L \/ T<\/em>) \/ L <\/em>, ve sadele\u015ftirirsek, elimizde 1 \/ T <\/em>kal\u0131r; yani zaman\u0131n tersi! \u0130\u015fte bu oran\u0131 ters \u00e7evirirsek, Hubble ya\u015f\u0131<\/strong>n\u0131 bulmu\u015f oluruz.<\/p>\n

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Hubble’\u0131n Sb t\u00fcr\u00fc g\u00f6kadalar i\u00e7in elde etti\u011fi ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131 (E. Hubble, The Realm of the Nebula, Yale University Press, London, 1936).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Gerek Yer konu\u015flu teleskoplarla gerekse Hubble Uzay Teleskobu\u2019yla yap\u0131lan ve bu do\u011frusal ili\u015fkiye uyan g\u00f6kadalardan t\u00fcretilen de\u011fer, H = 82 km\/s\/Mpc. <\/em>Evet, yanl\u0131\u015f okumad\u0131n\u0131z! Bu ili\u015fkiye uymayan g\u00f6kadalar\u0131 simgeleyen noktalar grafi\u011fe al\u0131nm\u0131yor (Halton Arp, Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies<\/em>, Interstellar Media, Berkeley, CA, 1987) Bunun T\u00fcrk\u00e7e me\u2019ali \u015fudur: \u201cYer\u2019deki g\u00f6zlemciyi konsay\u0131 d\u00fczene\u011fimizin (koordinat sistemi) ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131na yerle\u015ftirirsek, g\u00f6zlemciden, yani Yer\u2019den 1 Mpc\u00a0 (3.26 \u00b4 10 24<\/sup> cm) \u00f6tedeki bir g\u00f6kadan\u0131n bizden uzakla\u015fma h\u0131z\u0131, saniyede 82 km\u2019dir. 2 Mpc uzaktaki g\u00f6kadan\u0131n uzakla\u015fma h\u0131z\u0131, saniyede 2 \u00b4 82 km, vb. dir. Mpc ve km\u2019yi cm cinsinden yazarsan\u0131z, cm\u2019leri sadele\u015ftirirseniz, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan de\u011feri ters \u00e7evirirseniz evrenin ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 bulursunuz! Hadi bakal\u0131m bu \u201cev \u00f6devini\u201d herkes yaps\u0131n! Do\u011fru bulan okuyucumuza Bilim ve Gelecek<\/em> dergisi de bir \u00f6d\u00fcl versin!<\/p>\n

De\u011finmeden ge\u00e7meyelim, B\u00fcy\u00fck Patlama s\u00f6ylencesine g\u00f6re, \u201cg\u00f6kadalar varolan uzay i\u00e7inde, ondan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z uzakla\u015fm\u0131yor; s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen h\u0131z, geni\u015flemekte olan uzay\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131d\u0131r. Bu uzaya \u2018yap\u0131\u015f\u0131k\u2019 olan g\u00f6kadalar da uzay\u0131n geni\u015flemesi sonucu bizden uzakla\u015f\u0131yor\u201d. Hubble ili\u015fkisinin bu yorumu Hubble\u2019\u0131n kendi yorumu de\u011fil! Hubble, teleskop s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n bize sunaca\u011f\u0131 bilgileri tamamen t\u00fcketmeden b\u00f6ylesine genel, kozmolojik bir sonuca varman\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 defalarca vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak, dinsel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine uygun d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in bu ili\u015fkiyi evrenin geni\u015fledi\u011fi bi\u00e7iminde yorumlayan ki\u015filer Arthur Eddington ve George Lemaitre\u2019d\u0131r. \u201cNetekim\u201d Hubble uyar\u0131s\u0131nda hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131! Hubble\u2019\u0131n teleskopu belli uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6tesindeki g\u00f6kadalar\u0131 alg\u0131layamazd\u0131. Daha sonra yap\u0131lan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 teleskoplar daha s\u00f6n\u00fck, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla daha uzaktaki g\u00f6kadalar\u0131 alg\u0131lamaya ba\u015flad\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck Patlama s\u00f6ylencesine g\u00f6re de en uzaktakiler de kuazarlard\u0131. Kuazarlar\u0131n da Hubble ili\u015fkisini do\u011frulayaca\u011f\u0131 beklentisi vard\u0131. Kuazarlar\u0131n Hubble ili\u015fkisine uymad\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131k g\u00f6zlemsel bir ger\u00e7ek! (\u015eekil 2) Bu \u015fekildeki noktalar\u0131n her biri bir kuazar\u0131 simgeliyor. Bu noktalar\u0131 \u015eekil 1\u2019de oldu\u011fu gibi bir do\u011fruyla temsil edemezsiniz. Do\u011frusal ili\u015fkinin yoklu\u011fu, uzay\u0131n geni\u015fledi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r. Onunla birlikte B\u00fcy\u00fck Patlama\u2019n\u0131n kozmolojik ilkesi, \u201cuzay\u0131n her bir noktas\u0131 kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc h\u0131zla geni\u015fliyor\u201d sav\u0131 da ortadan kalkar; \u201cevrenin ex nihilo<\/em> yarat\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra geni\u015fledi\u011fi\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi de ortadan kalkar. \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc\u201d, \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Buzul\u201d senaryolar\u0131 s\u00f6ylence olur. Kuazarlar, Hubble\u2019\u0131n 1936 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sb t\u00fcr\u00fc g\u00f6kadalar i\u00e7in elde etti\u011fi (parlakl\u0131k, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ya kayma) ili\u015fkisine uymuyor! Uymas\u0131 m\u0131 bekleniyordu? Uzay\u0131n geni\u015fledi\u011finden s\u00f6z edebilmek i\u00e7in…Evet!<\/p>\n

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\u015eekil 2. Kuazarlar i\u00e7in Hubble ili\u015fkisi. Kuazarlar\u0131 simgeleyen bu noktalar\u0131 bir do\u011fru ile temsil etmek olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Nobel \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc alm\u0131\u015f olan Hannes Alfven, bu denli yanl\u0131 buldu\u011fu bu terimi, Hubble sabitini, 1981 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131, Cosmic Plasma<\/em> adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda kullan\u00admak bile istemiyor!<\/p>\n

Modellerin di\u011fer bir amac\u0131 da propagandad\u0131r. E\u011fer bir kuram do\u011fruy\u00adsa propagandaya gereksinimi yoktur. Ancak, g\u00f6zlemsel verilerle tutarl\u0131 de\u011filse, ne denli yo\u011fun propaganda yaparsan\u0131z yap\u0131n\u0131z, o kuram\u0131 kurtara\u00admazs\u0131n\u0131z. Ne yaz\u0131k ki bir kuram\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00e7ok uzun s\u00fcrer. Bu arada mo\u00addeller, o konudaki tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n can\u00adl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumas\u0131na yard\u0131m eder. Hangi \u00f6zg\u00fcn g\u00f6kbilim olay\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131rsak alal\u0131m, bu alanda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir\u00e7ok modelle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r\u0131z. Bu modellerden baz\u0131lar\u0131, di\u011ferlerinden daha az \u201colas\u0131d\u0131r\u201d. \u015eunu kesinlikle s\u00f6yleye\u00adbiliriz ki, belli bir modeli olu\u015ftururken felsefi veya dinsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerden esinlenmek hi\u00e7bir bi\u00e7imde engellenemez. \u00c7o\u011fu evrenbilimcinin ilk d\u00fcrt\u00fcleri de zaten bu iki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel alandan gelmi\u015ftir. G\u00f6zlemler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda s\u0131nan\u0131p, ge\u00e7erli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bo\u015flanabildi\u011fi s\u00fcrece, bu t\u00fcr esinlenmelerin sak\u0131ncas\u0131 olamaz. B\u00fcy\u00fck Patlama, Thomistik bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f olan ex nihilo<\/em> (yoktan varolma) dinsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinden esinlenmi\u015f, g\u00f6zlemler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli tutars\u0131z kalm\u0131\u015f, ancak ne yaz\u0131k ki, savunucu\u00adlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yads\u0131namam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Uzay veya zamanda ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 gereksinimi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hubble yasas\u0131<\/strong>, Termodinami\u011fin ikinci ilkesi<\/strong> ve Heisenberg belirsizlik ilkesi<\/strong> evrenin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131na bilimsel bir a\u00e7\u0131klama getirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n s\u0131k\u00e7a ba\u015fvurdu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7 bulgudur. \u0130lk ikisi zamana bir y\u00f6n bi\u00e7meye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece \u015fu anda izledi\u011fimiz kozmik filmi geriye sarma, evrenin \u201cba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131na\u201d gitme \u00e7abalar\u0131 hakl\u0131 g\u00f6sterilebilir duruma getiriliyor. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, yani Heisenberg belirsizlik ilkesi ise klasik nedenselli\u011fi ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131yor! Klasik nedensellikle birlikte ortadan kalkan ilke madde-erkenin korunumu ilkesi! K\u0131sacas\u0131, iki tane ilk ilke<\/strong> \u00a0ve bir tane empirik yasa<\/strong> ile \u201cba\u015flang\u0131ca\u201d gitme \u00e7abalar\u0131na bilimsellik giysisi giydiriliyor. Nas\u0131l m\u0131? \u015e\u00f6yle :<\/p>\n

\u201cHubble\u2019\u0131n empirik yasas\u0131 evrenin geni\u015fledi\u011fine i\u015faret eder\u201d yorumu yap\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra kozmik film geri sar\u0131l\u0131yor. Bunun i\u00e7in Einstein\u2019\u0131n Genel G\u00f6relilik Kuram\u0131nda geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u201calan denklemlerine\u201d ba\u015fvuruluyor. Bu denklemler evrenin dinamik tarih\u00e7esini izlemeye yarayan denklemlerdir. Evrendeki iki nokta aras\u0131ndaki R <\/em>uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n t <\/em>zaman\u0131yla nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini betimler. K\u00fcresel y\u0131ld\u0131z k\u00fcmeleri \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar evrenin ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k 19 milyar y\u0131l oldu\u011funa; Hubble yasas\u0131 da (Hubble Uzay Teleskobunun son bulgular\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda) 11 – 12 milyar y\u0131l oldu\u011funa i\u015faret etmektedir. \u201cHangisi do\u011fru ?\u201d sorusunun yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 bu yaz\u0131da ele almayaca\u011f\u0131z. \u015eimdi zamanda\u00a0 19 milyar y\u0131l (isterseniz 11 – 12 milyar y\u0131l) geriye gidelim. Rehberimiz Einstein\u2019\u0131n alan denklemleri. Bu denklemler, t = 0 <\/em>an\u0131nda, yani evrensel zaman \u201cba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda\u201d sonsuz \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6zel \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme i\u015faret ediyor. Ama her \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnde de matematiksel tekillik var. Matematiksel tekillik fiziksel belirsizlik anlam\u0131na gelir. Bu durum fizik\u00e7iler i\u00e7in korkun\u00e7 s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar yaratt\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc fizik, tan\u0131m\u0131 gere\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir niceliklerle u\u011fra\u015fan bir bilim dal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle matematiksel tekillikler bir \u201c\u015feylerin\u201d yanl\u0131\u015f gitti\u011fine i\u015faret eder. T\u00fcm bu yanl\u0131\u015f gidi\u015fe kar\u015f\u0131n B\u00fcy\u00fck Patlamac\u0131 evrenbilimciler bizi madde-erke, uzay ve zaman\u0131n t = 0 <\/em>an\u0131nda hi\u00e7 yoktan yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na, bu yetmiyormu\u015f gibi, \u201ct = 0 <\/em>an\u0131ndan \u00f6nce ne vard\u0131 ?\u201d sorusunun anlams\u0131z oldu\u011funa inand\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar. Evrendeki t\u00fcm madde-erke, uzay ve zaman\u0131n hi\u00e7 yoktan ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131, H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n 4. y\u00fczy\u0131lda geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi Ex nihilo <\/em>kavram\u0131n\u0131 and\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Ancak, fiziksel bir olay\u0131 teolojik bir kavramla a\u00e7\u0131klayabilme \u015fanslar\u0131n\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilen evrenbilimciler, ex nihilo <\/em>kavram\u0131n\u0131 bilimsel bir temele oturtacak olan Heisenberg Belirsizlik \u0130lkesi\u2019ne sar\u0131ld\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Heisenberg Belirsizlik \u0130lkesi<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"bi\u00e7iminde \u201csevimsiz\u201d bir form\u00fclle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda \u00e7o\u011fumuz, yaz\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011fduyudan, g\u00fcnl\u00fck deneyimlerimizden uzakla\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyumsar\u0131z. Hi\u00e7 de haks\u0131z say\u0131lmay\u0131z. Bu ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131n\u0131n ne anlama geldi\u011fini bilmek en do\u011fal hakk\u0131m\u0131z. Bunu bize sa\u011flayacak olan kesim bilim insanlar\u0131d\u0131r. Bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli g\u00f6revlerinden birisi, bilimsel bulgu sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 halka ta\u015f\u0131makt\u0131r. Bunu \u00e7ok iyi becerenler var ! \u015eimdi, yukar\u0131daki form\u00fcl\u00fc betimleyen a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sat\u0131rlara bir g\u00f6z atal\u0131m : \u201cKuantum kuram\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck erkelere (enerjilere) sahip olan par\u00e7ac\u0131klar hi\u00e7 yoktan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir, varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcp yine ortadan kalkabilirler. Kuantum \u00e7alkant\u0131lar\u0131 (veya virtual par\u00e7ac\u0131klar<\/strong>) olarak bilinen bu durum her an kendili\u011finden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Bu \u00e7alkant\u0131lar denek odalar\u0131nda g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir. Erkesi ne denli b\u00fcy\u00fckse, par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n ya\u015fam s\u00fcresi de o denli k\u0131sad\u0131r. Bu durumun tersine, erkesi hemen hemen s\u0131f\u0131r olan bir dizge, ilkesel olarak hi\u00e7 yoktan varolup, varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sonsuza dek s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilir. B\u00f6ylece evreni hi\u00e7 yoktan yaratma \u015fans\u0131na sahip olabiliyoruz\u201d\u00a0 (Verschuur, G. l., The Invisible Universe Revealed, Springer – Verlag, N.Y., 1987, s. 195).<\/p>\n

Evet, bu sat\u0131rlar, yukar\u0131daki \u201csevimsiz\u201d form\u00fcl\u00fcn T\u00fcrk\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131d\u0131r! Form\u00fcldeki DE, <\/em>erke \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcndeki belirsizlik; Dt<\/em>, zaman \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcndeki belirsizlik ve h <\/em>de Planck sabiti<\/strong>dir. Planck sabiti, i\u015faret etti\u011fi bir\u00e7ok fiziksel ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra esas olarak, madde-erkenin s\u00fcrekli de\u011fil, ayr\u0131k paketlerden olu\u015ftu\u011funu betimler. B\u00fcy\u00fck bilimsel bulgular\u0131 yapanlar, \u201csa\u011fduyu\u201dnun \u00f6tesine gitmekten korkmayan ki\u015filer olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Sa\u011fduyumuzu zorlayan bu senaryolar\u0131 \u201csat\u0131n al\u0131p almama\u201d konusunda herkes \u00f6zg\u00fcr! Bu senaryolar da genellikle t\u00fcmdengelimsel usa vurmalarda olu\u015fuyor! \u201cMatemati\u011fe \u015fovenizm derecesinde tutkun olanlara belki sert bir saptama olarak gelecektir ama, filozoflar, \u2018t\u00fcmdengelimsel bir y\u00f6ntem olan matemati\u011fin, g\u00f6zlemlere ve bilimin pratik uygulamas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi kay\u0131ts\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, k\u00f6le sahibinin kol eme\u011fine g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi nefret\u2019\u00a0 (Bertrand Russell, A History of Western Philosophy, Simon & Schuster, NY, 1964) oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyor\u201d.<\/p>\n

Dover Publications, Inc. yay\u0131nevinin 1923 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 The Principle of Relativity<\/em> adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda Einstein\u2019\u0131n bir dizi makalesi yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlardan, Cosmological Considerations on the General Theory of Relativity<\/em>\u00a0 ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yay\u0131nlanan bildiride Einstein, \u00e7ok ilgin\u00e7 buldu\u011fum \u015fu saptamay\u0131 yap\u0131yor: \u201cUzay\u0131n e\u011frili\u011fi, madde da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, uzay ve zamanda de\u011fi\u015fir. Ancak, uzay e\u011frili\u011fini yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak bir k\u00fcreye benzetebiliriz. Bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n mant\u0131ksal olarak tutarl\u0131 ve Genel G\u00f6relilik Kuram\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da en uygun oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum; bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz astronomi bilgisi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan usa yatk\u0131n ve savunulabilir olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 burada tart\u0131\u015fmayaca\u011f\u0131m\u201d.<\/p>\n

Einstein, evren modelini olu\u015ftururken, en b\u00fcy\u00fck uzay \u00f6l\u00e7eklerinde ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, evrendeki maddenin uzayda e\u015fit da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (homojen<\/strong>) d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu ilk ilkeden yola \u00e7\u0131kan Einstein, Genel G\u00f6relilik Kuram\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak uzay\u0131n sonlu oldu\u011fu sonucuna vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle, belli bir yo\u011funluktaki k\u00fctle ne denli b\u00fcy\u00fckse, uzay\u0131 da o denli \u00e7ok e\u011fecektir. E\u011fer yo\u011funluk yeterince b\u00fcy\u00fckse, uzay, kendi \u00fczerine tamamen kapanacak bi\u00e7imde e\u011frilecektir. K\u0131sacas\u0131, e\u011fer evrendeki maddenin yo\u011funlu\u011fu her yerde e\u015fit olacak bi\u00e7imde e\u015fda\u011f\u0131l\u0131m g\u00f6steriyorsa, evren sonlu olmak zorun\u00addayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ancak, 1919 y\u0131l\u0131nda, evrenin e\u015fda\u011f\u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin yeterince \u00e7ok say\u0131da kan\u0131t vard\u0131. Newton zaman\u0131nda bilim insanlar\u0131, evrendeki hemen t\u00fcm maddenin birbirinden dev uzakl\u0131klarla ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u00adda topland\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yordu. Newton’\u2019dan sonra yap\u0131lan g\u00f6zlemler (Ein\u00adstein\u2019dan \u00f6nce yap\u0131lan g\u00f6zlemlerdir) yak\u0131n kom\u015fulu\u011fumuzdaki y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n Samanyolu g\u00f6kadas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. 1850 y\u0131llar\u0131nda g\u00f6kbi\u00adlimciler, sarmal kollu bulutsular\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyorlard\u0131. \u00c7o\u011fu g\u00f6kbi\u00adlimci, hakl\u0131 olarak bu bulutsular\u0131n ba\u015fka g\u00f6kadalar oldu\u011funu savunuyordu. Yine bu sarmal kollu bulutsular\u0131n g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcnde geni\u015f bir bantta topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015fti. Bug\u00fcn bu olu\u015fumlara\u00a0 g\u00f6kada s\u00fcper k\u00fcmeleri<\/strong> ad\u0131 verilir (\u015eekil 3).<\/p>\n

K\u0131sacas\u0131 Einstein, hangi \u00f6l\u00e7eklerde al\u0131n\u0131rsa al\u0131ns\u0131n, g\u00f6zlemlerin evrenin e\u015fda\u011f\u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret etti\u011fini biliyordu! Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, salt felsefi ve estetik neden\u00adlerle, e\u015fda\u011f\u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 bir evren modeli \u00f6nerdi. Oysa ki, bir se\u00e7enek olarak, e\u015fda\u011f\u0131l\u0131ms\u0131z bir evren modelini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek, uzay\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck oylumlar\u0131n\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011fu, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcklerin yo\u011funlu\u011fundan daha az oldu\u011fundan, evrenin bir k\u00fcre gibi kendi \u00fczerine kapanmas\u0131na gerek kalmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Einstein\u2019\u0131n e\u015fda\u011f\u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 evren varsay\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n evrenbilim \u00fczerinde \u00fc\u00e7 olumsuz etkisi olmu\u015ftur: Birincisi<\/strong>, \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemlerde sa\u00e7ma ve bilimin antitezi olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f olan orta\u00e7a\u011f sonlu evren kavram\u0131n\u0131 hortlat\u00adm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130kincisi<\/strong>, e\u015fda\u011f\u0131l\u0131m varsay\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n estetik basitli\u011fi Einstein\u2019\u0131n bilimsel sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla birle\u015fince, bu varsay\u0131m\u0131n t\u00fcm di\u011fer relativistik evren modellerinde de kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc<\/strong> ve belki de en \u00f6nemlisi, gelecekte yap\u0131lacak g\u00f6zlemlerin e\u015fda\u011f\u0131l\u0131m varsay\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulayaca\u011f\u0131 beklentisinden yola \u00e7\u0131karak, g\u00f6zlemlerle \u00e7eli\u015fen var\u00adsay\u0131mlar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131na izin vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Konuyu Einstein\u2019\u0131n evren modeli ba\u011flam\u0131nda incelersek, Einstein, evrenin, g\u00f6kada k\u00fcmelerinden ve g\u00f6kada s\u00fcper k\u00fcmelerinden daha b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7eklerde e\u015fda\u011f\u0131\u00adl\u0131ml\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n beklentisi i\u00e7indey\u00addi. Ancak g\u00f6zlemler bu beklentiyi y\u0131kt\u0131 (\u015eekil 3).<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u015eekil 3. G\u00f6zlemci \u015feklin \u00f6ze\u011finde, “buradas\u0131n\u0131z” yaz\u0131l\u0131 yerdedir. Her bir nokta bir g\u00f6kaday\u0131 simgelemektedir. G\u00f6kadalar\u0131n hangi \u00f6l\u00e7ekte al\u0131n\u0131rsa al\u0131ns\u0131n da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m g\u00f6stermedi\u011fine dikkat ediniz.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

E\u011fer, evrendeki \u00f6zdek e\u015fda\u011f\u0131l\u0131m g\u00f6stermiyorsa, \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc\u201d yok, \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Buzul\u201d yok! \u201cmah\u015fer g\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d yok! \u201cNe k\u0131rk kat\u0131r ne de k\u0131rk sat\u0131r var!\u201d<\/p>\n

\u00d6zel g\u00f6relilik kuram\u0131 bir formalizmin yorumudur. Bu formalizmi Einstein \u00d6zel G\u00f6relilik Kuram\u0131nda kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc yorumlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 formalizmi bir de Lorentz yorumlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Lorentz, mutlak uzay ve zaman\u0131n varoldu\u011funu ancak formalizmin sergiledi\u011fi nedenlerden dolay\u0131 alg\u0131layamayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 savundu. Einstein\u2019\u0131n yorumuyla \u00d6zel G\u00f6relilik Kuram\u0131, mutlak anlamda e\u015fzamanl\u0131l\u0131ktan s\u00f6z edilemeyece\u011fini s\u00f6yler. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle, e\u011fer mutlak uzay ve zaman\u0131 alg\u0131laman\u0131n yolu yoksa (yani formalizm alg\u0131lamay\u0131 d\u0131\u015fl\u0131yorsa) o zaman varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 varsayman\u0131n da anlam\u0131 yoktur.<\/p>\n

Lorentz\u2019in yorumuna ele\u015ftiri getirirken Einstein\u2019\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 noktan\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcnde, alg\u0131lanmas\u0131 formalizmce olas\u0131 olmayan \u201c\u015feylerin\u201d varsay\u0131lmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi yat\u0131yor. Bu ele\u015ftiriyi ya da \u00f6neriyi, kuram\u0131n di\u011fer bile\u015fenlerine de uygulaman\u0131n yolu veya mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 var m\u0131? \u00d6rne\u011fin, kuram\u0131n bir \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn alg\u0131lan\u0131p alg\u0131lanamayaca\u011f\u0131na nas\u0131l karar verebiliriz? Einstein, Genel G\u00f6relilik Kuram\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131nanabilece\u011fi en uygun ortam\u0131, evrenin t\u00fcm\u00fc olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc ve kuram\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc \u015f\u00f6yle form\u00fcle etti: \u201cE\u011fer evrendeki madde, en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7eklerde ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda e\u015fda\u011f\u0131l\u0131m g\u00f6steriyorsa ve bu maddenin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 etkile\u015fimi i\u00e7in tek bask\u0131n kuvvet \u00e7ekim kuvvetiyse, evren tek bir noktadan (matematiksel tekillikten) geni\u015flemeye ba\u015flayacak veya tek bir noktaya \u00e7\u00f6kecek: B\u00fcy\u00fck Buzul\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>veya B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc <\/strong>\u201d. \u015eimdi bu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcye bir g\u00f6z atal\u0131m. Yukar\u0131da s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fimiz varsay\u0131mlar\u0131n her ikisi de, 1) evrendeki maddenin en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7eklerde e\u015fda\u011f\u0131l\u0131m g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ve 2) \u00e7ekim kuvvetinin tek bask\u0131n kuvvet oldu\u011fu, son g\u00f6zlemlerle\u00a0 \u201chakl\u0131 g\u00f6sterilemez varsay\u0131mlar\u201d durumuna d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu ger\u00e7ek bir yana! Einstein\u2019\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fc, B\u00fcy\u00fck Buzul\u00a0 veya B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc diyor. E\u011fer evrenin \u201cyazg\u0131s\u0131\u201d B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc ise, uzay\u0131n kendi \u00fczerine kapal\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z ederiz; t\u0131pk\u0131 bir k\u00fcre y\u00fczeyi gibi. Madde, erke, uzay, zaman, her \u015fey k\u00fcre i\u00e7inde, k\u00fcrenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u201chi\u00e7bir \u015fey\u201d yok! Evren, ilk\u00e7a\u011flar\u0131n be\u015finci boyutu i\u00e7ine b\u00fcy\u00fcyor! Bu durum nas\u0131l alg\u0131lan\u0131r? Uzay e\u011frili\u011finin evren boyutlar\u0131ndaki de\u011feri, e\u011frilik yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131, e\u011frilik \u00f6ze\u011fi (merkezi) nas\u0131l alg\u0131lanabilir? Uzay e\u011frili\u011finin etkilerini yerel olarak alg\u0131layabiliyoruz. Ardalandaki bir kuazardan gelip G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr diskini \u201cs\u0131y\u0131r\u0131p\u201d ge\u00e7en radyo dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n izledi\u011fi yolun do\u011frultusunun b\u00fck\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6zlemsel bir ger\u00e7ektir. Ancak, maddenin uzaya kazand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u011frili\u011fin \u201cmant\u0131ksal\u201d sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 evren boyutlar\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131man\u0131n bilimsel y\u00f6ntem ve bilimin geli\u015fmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yararlar\u0131 nedir? Benzer sorun, B\u00fcy\u00fck Buzul\u00a0 i\u00e7in de \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc korumaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u015eimdi, Einstein\u2019\u0131n bir varsay\u0131m i\u00e7in sordu\u011fu soruyu bir \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fc i\u00e7in sormam\u0131z gerekirse: \u201cAlg\u0131lanmas\u0131 olas\u0131 olmayan bir evren e\u011frili\u011fi<\/strong> \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131na sunman\u0131n anlam\u0131 nedir?\u201d. Ku\u015fkusuz, en az\u0131ndan entelekt\u00fcel doyumdur. Anlams\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve sak\u0131ncalar\u0131 konusunda ise \u00e7ok \u015fey s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Son s\u00f6z\u00fc, N\u00f6trino bulgusunu yaparak Fizik dal\u0131nda Nobel \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc alan Leon Lederman\u2019a b\u0131rakal\u0131m: \u201cKritik k\u00fctlenin, \u2018d\u00fcz evren\u2019 (flat universe) \u00fcretmesi i\u00e7in ni\u00e7in o de\u011ferde olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini anlamam\u0131\u015f olsak da kritik de\u011ferde oldu\u011fundan eminiz. Do\u011fa, evrenini yaratmak i\u00e7in olas\u0131 k\u00fctle de\u011ferleri aras\u0131ndan (kritik k\u00fctlenin 106<\/sup> kat\u0131 veya kritik k\u00fctlenin 10 – 16<\/sup> kat\u0131) hemen hemen d\u00fcz evren \u00fcretecek k\u00fctleyi se\u00e7ti. Asl\u0131nda durum daha da k\u00f6t\u00fc! Evrenin, iki z\u0131t yazg\u0131 aras\u0131nda (B\u00fcy\u00fck Patlamay\u0131 izleyen mikrosaniyelerde ans\u0131z\u0131n buzul\u00a0 veya ans\u0131z\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc) 15 milyar y\u0131ld\u0131r varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor olmas\u0131 bir mucize gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Hesaplamalar, evrenin 1 saniye ya\u015f\u0131ndaykenki \u2018d\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn kusursuz olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine i\u015faret ediyor. E\u011fer kritik k\u00fctle \u2018d\u00fcz evren\u2019 i\u00e7in gerekli olan de\u011ferden \u00e7ok az da olsa b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fere do\u011fru sapm\u0131\u015f olsayd\u0131, daha hen\u00fcz bir atom \u00e7ekirde\u011fi \u00fcretemeden \u2018B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc\u2019ye u\u011frayacakt\u0131; e\u011fer sapma di\u011fer y\u00f6ne do\u011fru olsayd\u0131, yine derhal buz gibi \u00f6l\u00fc bir evrene d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecekti. Yine bir mucize!… \u2018D\u00fcz\u2019l\u00fck sorunu b\u00fcy\u00fck bir mucize ve biz \u2018d\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019 do\u011fal yapmak i\u00e7in nedenler ar\u0131yoruz\u201d.<\/p>\n

Hay\u0131r…hay\u0131r! Son s\u00f6z yine benim! Evrenin \u201cba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131na\u201d veya \u201csonuna\u201d ili\u015fkin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcler metafizik \u00f6neriler olmaktan \u00f6teye ge\u00e7emiyor. Evrenin ister \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Buzul\u201d, ister \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc\u201d isterse de \u201cD\u00fcz\u201d yazg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131n, hepsi bilim kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. Hele \u201cd\u00fcz evren\u201d modeli insan \u00f6zekli d\u00fcnya<\/strong> g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn (Antrophic Principle) canl\u0131 tutulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in uydurulmu\u015f bir senaryodan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fil!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Evrenin \u201cba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131na\u201d veya \u201csonuna\u201d ili\u015fkin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcler metafizik \u00f6neriler olmaktan \u00f6teye ge\u00e7emiyor. Evrenin ister \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Buzul\u201d, ister \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc\u201d isterse de \u201cD\u00fcz\u201d yazg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131n, hepsi bilim kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. Hele \u201cd\u00fcz evren\u201d modeli insan \u00f6zekli d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn (Antrophic Principle) canl\u0131 tutulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in uydurulmu\u015f bir senaryodan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fil! Sevgili Ender Helvac\u0131o\u011flu\u2019nun, \u201cKara delik kavram\u0131, t\u0131pk\u0131 biyolojideki gen […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":475,"featured_media":20318,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50,30,1464,26],"tags":[248,264,657,288,302,1844,766],"class_list":["post-20317","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-12-sayi","category-astronomi","category-dosya","category-fizik","tag-astronomi","tag-buyuk-patlama","tag-evren","tag-fizik","tag-heisenberg","tag-hubble","tag-kara-delik"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t