{"id":20324,"date":"2006-06-01T12:41:30","date_gmt":"2006-06-01T09:41:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=20324"},"modified":"2018-03-04T16:57:53","modified_gmt":"2018-03-04T13:57:53","slug":"bati-uygarligi-buyuk-suclar-isleyecegi-amerikaya-onunla-ayak-basti-araniyor-kristof-kolomb","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2006\/06\/01\/bati-uygarligi-buyuk-suclar-isleyecegi-amerikaya-onunla-ayak-basti-araniyor-kristof-kolomb","title":{"rendered":"Bat\u0131 Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck su\u00e7lar i\u015fleyece\u011fi Amerika\u2019ya onunla ayak bast\u0131:\u00a0KR\u0130STOF KOLOMB"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u201ckahraman\u0131\u201d, Amerikan yerlilerinin \u201csu\u00e7lusu\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

1992\u2019de, Amerika\u2019n\u0131n \u201cke\u015ffedili\u015finin\u201d 500. y\u0131l\u0131 kutlamalar\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r; Kolomb y\u0131l\u0131 ilan edilen bu y\u0131l\u0131, Bat\u0131 Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u201ckahraman\u201d Kolomb\u2019un kahramanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6vg\u00fcyle anlatan filmler, kitaplar, paneller, sergilerle kar\u015f\u0131larken; Amerikan yerlileri, \u201csu\u00e7lu\u201d Kolomb\u2019un su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ABD\u2019nin New Mexico eyaletinde ast\u0131klar\u0131 afi\u015fle (1) b\u00f6yle anlat\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

K\u0131ta yerlileri bu d\u00f6nemde, \u201cke\u015fif\u201din ve \u201cKolomb\u201dun kendileri i\u00e7in ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131 d\u00fcnyaya duyurmak i\u00e7in, bir dizi toplant\u0131 d\u00fczenledi. 1987\u2019de Ekvator\u2019da toplanan Amerika K\u0131talar\u0131 aras\u0131 Konferans\u0131\u2019n\u0131, yine ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Bogota\u2019da, 1990\u2019da Brezilya\u2019da, 1991\u2019de Guatemala\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bulu\u015fmalar izledi. Bolivya yerlileri, \u201c500 Y\u0131ll\u0131k Direni\u015f\u201d slogan\u0131n\u0131 benimsemi\u015flerdi. Meksika\u2019da, 23 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla 500 Y\u0131ll\u0131k Yerli ve Halk Direni\u015fi Meksika Konseyi kuruluyordu. Guatemala\u2019da ise, Maya Yeni Uyan\u0131\u015f Koordinasyonu olu\u015fuyordu (2).<\/p>\n

Amerika k\u0131talar\u0131 yerlilerinin tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin do\u011fal ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7inde, binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 bu topraklarda 500 y\u0131l \u00f6nce olan neydi? Kolomb ile birlikte k\u0131taya ayak basan Bat\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan, tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine m\u00fcdahale edilmi\u015f; kapitalizmin e\u015fi\u011findeki \u201cBat\u0131 tarihine\u201d dahil edilmi\u015fler, \u201ck\u00fcreselle\u015ftirilmi\u015fler\u201ddi. Bat\u0131 Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u201cke\u015ffedilmenin\u201d bedeli a\u011f\u0131r olmu\u015ftu: T\u00fcm varl\u0131klar\u0131yla yok olu\u015f. Topraklar\u0131n\u0131, do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini, k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini ve milyonlarcas\u0131 i\u00e7in ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 yitiri\u015f\u2026 Kanl\u0131 \u201cke\u015fif\u201d iki do\u011fuma yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131: Sonraki 500 y\u0131l boyunca d\u00fcnyaya egemen olacak kapitalist \u00fcretim sistemin do\u011fumu i\u00e7in gerekli ilk sermaye birikimi, \u00f6nemli oranda Amerika k\u0131talar\u0131ndaki talan ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcyle olu\u015fuyordu. \u00d6te yandan, k\u0131tan\u0131n kuzeyindeki topraklarda, Avrupa\u2019dan g\u00f6\u00e7enlerle, Bat\u0131 Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ifrazat\u0131 ABD do\u011fuyordu. Do\u011fumlar\u0131ndaki k\u0131y\u0131m, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ve zorbal\u0131k, her ikisinin de k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcndeki bask\u0131n karakter olacakt\u0131\u2026<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131l\u0131 tarih\u00e7ilere sorarsan\u0131z, Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n temsil etti\u011fi \u201cileri k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u201d, \u201cuygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u201d, Amerika k\u0131talar\u0131ndaki \u201cilkellere\u201d g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmesiydi olan biten. ABD\u2019de ve Avrupa\u2019da okutulan ders kitaplar\u0131 b\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yordu. Hakt\u0131, sahip olduklar\u0131n\u0131 hak etmeyen \u201cilkellerin\u201d her \u015feyini ele ge\u00e7irmek; \u201cke\u015ffetmek\u201dti bunun ad\u0131. Ama 500 y\u0131l gibi, uygarl\u0131k tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda pek uzun say\u0131lmayacak bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 sonunda, \u201ctarih\u201d de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flayacakt\u0131. Amerikan yerlileri, 500 y\u0131ll\u0131k ke\u015fif tarihini, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc tarihi olarak yeniden yazmaya ba\u015fl\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Venez\u00fcella Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Hugo Chavez, 2002\u2019de Kolomb\u2019un k\u0131taya ayak basmas\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc olarak kutlanan 12 Ekim\u2019i, 500 y\u0131l boyunca s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeciler taraf\u0131ndan katledilen milyonlarca yerli i\u00e7in \u201cDireni\u015f G\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d ilan etti. Art\u0131k 12 Ekim\u2019de Venez\u00fcella\u2019da kutlanacak olan k\u0131tan\u0131n ke\u015ffi de\u011fil, yerlilerin \u201ck\u00e2\u015fiflerine\u201d direni\u015fiydi.<\/p>\n

12 Ekim 2004 ise, tarihte ezilenler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan heyecan verici bir ba\u015fka d\u00f6nemeci i\u015faretliyordu. Bu g\u00fcn, yerli halk\u0131n Kolomb\u2019la birlikte k\u0131taya ayak basan Bat\u0131 Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile sembolik hesapla\u015fmas\u0131na sahne olacakt\u0131: Venez\u00fcellal\u0131lar, \u201cke\u015ffin\u201d y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcnde, ba\u015fkentleri Caracas\u2019taki Kolomb heykelini y\u0131k\u0131yor, kaidesine \u201cKolomb=Bush defol!\u201d sloganlar\u0131 yazd\u0131klar\u0131 heykeli Chavez\u2019in konu\u015fma yapaca\u011f\u0131 alana s\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fcyor; \u201cKolomb\u2019a \u00f6l\u00fcm\u201d hayk\u0131r\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla bir a\u011faca as\u0131yorlard\u0131\u2026<\/p>\n

Kolomb, 1492\u2019de G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fusundaki adalara ayak bast\u0131\u011f\u0131 yolculuktan 14 y\u0131l sonra, 20 May\u0131s 1506\u2019da \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihten tam 500 y\u0131l \u00f6nce. Amerika k\u0131talar\u0131n\u0131n \u201cke\u015fif tarihinin\u201d de\u011fi\u015fmesi i\u00e7in nas\u0131l 500 y\u0131l ge\u00e7mesi gerektiyse; \u201cuygarl\u0131k ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck kahraman\u201d Kolomb sembol\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011fi\u015fmesi i\u00e7in de 500 y\u0131l ge\u00e7mesi gerekecekti. Art\u0131k Kolomb, \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k, soyk\u0131r\u0131m, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn yok olu\u015funu ba\u015flatma, tecav\u00fcz, i\u015fkence ve yerli halk\u0131 sakat b\u0131rakma, b\u00fcy\u00fck yalan\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtma\u201d su\u00e7lar\u0131ndan mahk\u00fbm edilmi\u015f ve Bat\u0131 Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar, onun ifrazat\u0131 ABD ve Bush\u2019u da temsil eden bir su\u00e7luydu\u2026<\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131, Kolomb\u2019un ve temsil etti\u011fi Bat\u0131 Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Amerika k\u0131talar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irme s\u00fcrecindeki su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zetleyen bir iddianame olarak da okunabilir. 1492 Nisan\u2019\u0131nda, Kolomb\u2019un ke\u015fif yolculu\u011funa onay veren Katolik Krallar\u2019\u0131n, kendi imzalar\u0131yla mahkemelere ilettikleri, \u201cHepinize ve her birinize duyururuz ki, Colomb nam ki\u015fi ile birlikte i\u015fbu karavellerle yola \u00e7\u0131kan ki\u015filer, hi\u00e7bir su\u00e7 nedeniyle mahkemelerinizce ve duru\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131zda yarg\u0131lanmayacaklard\u0131r\u201d yaz\u0131l\u0131 Emirname\u2019yi (3), 500 y\u0131l sonra y\u0131rt\u0131p atman\u0131n vakti gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Kolomb\u2019un ya\u015fam\u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc: \u00f6zet<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kristof Kolomb (1451-20 May\u0131s 1506), Cenoval\u0131 denizci ve \u201ck\u00e2\u015fif\u201d. 1492\u2019de Atlantik Okyanusu\u2019nu a\u015farak Kuzey Amerika\u2019ya ula\u015fan ilk Avrupal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu yolculu\u011funu \u0130spanyol bayra\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Amerika\u2019y\u0131 ke\u015ffetmeden \u00f6nce, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti dahil, t\u00fcm g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devletlerden yard\u0131m istemi\u015ftir, sonunda \u0130spanya, Kolomb\u2019a yard\u0131m etmeyi kabul etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Kristof Kolomb, Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131n Bat\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bulunmas\u0131na ve Avrupa\u2019ya a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti. Bununla birlikte yeni k\u0131ta ad\u0131n\u0131 Kolomb\u2019la ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f ve 1497 ya da 1499\u2019da G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019ya ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan Amerigo Vespucci ad\u0131nda bir \u0130talyan\u2019dan ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 ve Fenikeli denizciler, Viking denizcisi K\u0131z\u0131l Erik (Leif Eriksson) ve Zeng He y\u00f6netimindeki \u00c7in gemileri de, Kolomb\u2019dan \u00f6nce k\u0131taya ayak basm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ama \u201cBat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihte\u201d Amerika\u2019y\u0131 ke\u015ffeden Kolomb\u2019dur. Ne var ki, Kolomb yepyeni bir k\u0131ta ke\u015ffetmi\u015f oldu\u011funun fark\u0131na varamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Amac\u0131 do\u011fudaki baharat ve ipek gibi de\u011ferli mallar\u0131n bat\u0131ya getirilebilece\u011fi g\u00fcvenli bir ticaret yolu bulmakt\u0131. 12 Ekim 1492\u2019de Antil Adalar\u0131\u2019ndan birine \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f oldu\u011funu sand\u0131. Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131 bulan Kolomb, yepyeni bir k\u0131ta ke\u015ffetti\u011finin fark\u0131na varamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kolomb \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n Cenova liman\u0131nda ya\u015fayan yoksul bir dokumac\u0131n\u0131n o\u011flu olarak d\u00fcnyaya geldi. Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n en i\u015flek limanlar\u0131ndan biri olan Cenova\u2019da t\u00fcccarlar \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerle ticaret yap\u0131yor, karayoluyla Hindistan\u2019dan ve Uzakdo\u011fu\u2019dan gelen pamuk, kuma\u015f ve baharattan ba\u015fka \u0130ngiltere a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131nda avlanan bal\u0131klar\u0131 da kurutulmu\u015f ve tuzlanm\u0131\u015f olarak sat\u0131n al\u0131yorlard\u0131. Kolomb, \u0130lk\u00e7a\u011f ve Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n belli ba\u015fl\u0131 gezginlerinin, co\u011frafyac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 okumu\u015f, o g\u00fcne dek \u00e7izilmi\u015f haritalar\u0131 incelemi\u015fti. Gen\u00e7li\u011finde Akdeniz\u2019in do\u011fusuna bir deniz yolculu\u011funa \u00e7\u0131kan Kolomb, baharat ve ipek ticaretinin nas\u0131l yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenme olana\u011f\u0131 bulmu\u015ftu. Daha sonra 1476\u2019da kuzeyde \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye ve \u0130zlanda\u2019ya kadar gitti\u011fi san\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu yolculuktan d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde Portekiz\u2019in ba\u015fkenti Lizbon\u2019a ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. O \u00e7a\u011fda bile h\u00e2l\u00e2 D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n d\u00fcmd\u00fcz oldu\u011funa inanan bir\u00e7ok insan vard\u0131. Kolomb ise D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n k\u00fcre bi\u00e7iminde oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesindeydi. Kolomb \u00e7e\u015fitli D\u00fcnya haritalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7izimine yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu. Bu harita ve \u00e7izimlerde D\u00fcnya ger\u00e7ekte oldu\u011fundan \u00e7ok daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, Asya ise \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6steriliyordu. Kolomb Asya\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fuya do\u011fru \u00e7ok fazla uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bu y\u00fczden de \u0130spanya\u2019dan yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p bat\u0131ya do\u011fru yol alarak olduk\u00e7a k\u0131sa bir zamanda Hindistan\u2019a varabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmekteydi. Hindistan\u2019\u0131n uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da hesaplad\u0131; Hindistan\u2019\u0131n bulundu\u011funu sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 Amerika\u2019n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yere denk geliyordu.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6yle bir yolculu\u011fu tasarlayan ilk insan Kolomb de\u011fildi, ne var ki, o zamanki gemilerin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve yeterli donan\u0131ma sahip olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden b\u00f6ylesine uzun ve tehlikeli bir yolculu\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kmay\u0131 kimse g\u00f6ze alam\u0131yordu. 1480\u2019de art\u0131k deneyimli ve kendine g\u00fcvenli bir denizci olan Kolomb ise Hindistan\u2019a k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede ula\u015fabilece\u011fini kan\u0131tlayacak bir ke\u015fif gezisine \u00f6nderlik edebilece\u011fine inan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Bu yolculuk i\u00e7in gerekli gemileri ve paray\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in Kolomb ilk \u00f6nce Portekiz Kral\u0131 2 Joao\u2019ya ba\u015fvurduysa da, \u00f6nerisi reddedildi. \u0130spanya\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Magripliler\u2019in alt\u0131ndayken tahta \u00e7\u0131kan Fernando ve Isabella ise, \u00fclkenin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu karga\u015fa y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ona yard\u0131mc\u0131 olamad\u0131lar. Kolomb haritac\u0131l\u0131k yapan karde\u015fi Bartolomeo\u2019yla birlikte \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa krallar\u0131na ba\u015fvurdu. Ama bu iki kraldan da yard\u0131m alamad\u0131. Sonunda ilk ba\u015fvurudan yedi y\u0131l sonra bankac\u0131lar, tacirler ve zengin armat\u00f6rlerin de \u00f6nayak olmas\u0131yla, \u0130spanya Krali\u00e7esi Isabella, Kolomb\u2019a yard\u0131m etmeyi kabul edecekti.<\/p>\n

Antil Adalar\u0131\u2019na ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 11 Ekim 1492\u2019den sonra Kolomb, 4 kez daha Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131na sefer d\u00fczenledi. Bu arada \u0130spanyol ve Portekiz limanlar\u0131ndan yola \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7ok say\u0131da gemi, Bat\u0131 Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 har\u0131l har\u0131l k\u0131taya ta\u015f\u0131maktayd\u0131. Kolomb, Amerika\u2019daki son yolculu\u011fundan d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden 2 y\u0131l sonra, 1506\u2019da \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) http:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org<\/p>\n

2) Kristof Kolomb, Seyir Defterleri, \u00c7ev. Sait Maden, \u00c7ekirdek Yay\u0131nlar, 1999, 234 s.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

DO\u011eUYA BATIDAN ULA\u015eMA D\u00dc\u015e\u00dcNCES\u0130N\u0130N YE\u015eERD\u0130\u011e\u0130 ORTAM<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Kolomb\u2019u destekleyenler: T\u00fcccarlar, bankerler ve mutlak monar\u015fi<\/strong><\/p>\n

14. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren Bat\u0131 Avrupal\u0131lar, \u00f6nce Portekiz ve daha sonra \u0130spanya \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, okyanuslara a\u00e7\u0131lmaya ba\u015flar. Denizcilik teknolojisini geli\u015ftiren ve ke\u015fif yolculuklar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatan, yeni palazlanan t\u00fcccar s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n itkileridir. Osmanl\u0131lar, \u0130stanbul\u2019u alarak ve Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019de h\u00e2kimiyet kurarak, Do\u011fu\u2019nun zenginliklerine ula\u015fan kara yolunu kapam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kristof Kolomb\u2019un, bat\u0131ya giderek, do\u011fuya ula\u015f\u0131labilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, b\u00f6yle bir ortamda ye\u015ferir. Kolomb, \u0130lk\u00e7a\u011f ve Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n belli ba\u015fl\u0131 gezginlerinin, co\u011frafyac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 okumu\u015f, o g\u00fcne dek \u00e7izilmi\u015f haritalar\u0131 incelemi\u015ftir. Kimi kez ticaret amac\u0131yla, kimi kez korsanl\u0131k i\u00e7in Akdeniz\u2019in bir\u00e7ok yerine, Bat\u0131 Afrika Gine\u2019sine, \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye, \u0130zlanda\u2019ya d\u00fczenlenen seferlere kat\u0131larak ustala\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir denizcidir. Y\u0131llarca kafas\u0131nda evire \u00e7evire iyice i\u015fledi\u011fi, do\u011fuya bat\u0131dan ula\u015fmak d\u00fc\u015fencesine uzun s\u00fcre destek aram\u0131\u015f, ba\u015fvurdu\u011fu Portekiz saray\u0131ndan geri \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir. \u0130spanya saray\u0131ndan yan\u0131t alabilmek i\u00e7inse, y\u0131llarca beklemesi gerekecektir.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde \u0130spanya uzun s\u00fcredir sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Araplar\u2019\u0131 yenerek, topraklar\u0131ndan atm\u0131\u015f; ticareti ellerinde tutan Yahudiler\u2019i de s\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131\u015f\u0131 etmi\u015f; Katolik Kilisesi\u2019ne ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f ve birli\u011fini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fransa, \u0130ngiltere ve Portekiz gibi yeni modern-devletlerden biri olma yolundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130spanya n\u00fcfusunun \u00e7o\u011fu fakir k\u00f6yl\u00fclerden olu\u015fuyordur ve bunlar topra\u011f\u0131n y\u00fczde 95\u2019ini elinde tutan, n\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde 2\u2019sini olu\u015fturan asiller i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131r. \u0130spanya mutlak monar\u015fisi de, zenginli\u011fin yeni simgesi haline gelen ve her \u015feyi sat\u0131n alabildi\u011fi i\u00e7in topraktan daha yararl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flanan alt\u0131n\u0131n pe\u015findedir. Kolomb\u2019un okyanusu ge\u00e7me d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini desteklemeye karar verirler. Bu karar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nda, saraydan, Sevilla ve Aragon\u2019un bankac\u0131lar\u0131, tacirleri ve zengin armat\u00f6rleriyle ili\u015fki i\u00e7indeki ki\u015filerin b\u00fcy\u00fck etkileri olur.<\/p>\n

Kristof Kolomb, 1492\u2019de bat\u0131ya, bilinmezli\u011fe a\u00e7\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce, Krali\u00e7e \u0130sabelle ile bir anla\u015fma imzalayacakt\u0131r. Bu anla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re, Kolomb, getirdi\u011fi alt\u0131n ve baharattan elde edilecek k\u00e2r\u0131n y\u00fczde 10\u2019unu, yeni topraklar\u0131n valili\u011fini ve \u201cOkyanus Denizlerinin Amirali\u201d unvanlar\u0131n\u0131 almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

VE ESK\u0130 D\u00dcNYA, YEN\u0130 D\u00dcNYAYA ULA\u015eTI\u2026<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Daha fazla alt\u0131n, daha fazla k\u00f6le\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kolomb y\u00f6netiminde, Santa Maria, Pinta ve Nina adl\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 gemi ve 90 ki\u015filik m\u00fcrettebatla yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131ktan 70 g\u00fcn sonra, \u201ck\u00e2\u015fiflerin\u201d ilk ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 kara par\u00e7as\u0131 Karayipler Denizi\u2019ndeki Antil Adalar\u0131\u2019ndan biridir. Karay\u0131 ilk g\u00f6rene ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca y\u0131lda 10 bin \u0130spanyol alt\u0131n liras\u0131 vaat edilmi\u015ftir. Karay\u0131 uzaktan se\u00e7en, Trianal\u0131 Rodrigo adl\u0131 bir tayfa olur. Ama Rodrigo bu paray\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman alamaz; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Amiral Kolomb bir gece \u00f6nce kara y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u0131\u015f\u0131klar fark etti\u011fini, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla karay\u0131 ilk g\u00f6renin kendisi oldu\u011funu iddia edecektir.<\/p>\n

Kolomb ve adamlar\u0131 daha ayak basmadan, uzaktan g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri kara par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 verirler: San Salvador. Ve karaya iner inmez de, bu topraklara Kastilya Katolik Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131na el koyarlar. Kolomb, Hint Adalar\u0131\u2019na ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201c\u0130ndian\u201d (Hintli) dedi\u011fi ada yerlileriyle (Arawaklar\u2019la) kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve ilk izlenimlerini seyir defterinde \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131yor:<\/p>\n

\u201cBize \u2026 papa\u011fanlar, pamuk kozalar\u0131, m\u0131zraklar ve daha bir\u00e7ok \u015fey getirip bunlar\u0131 cam boncuklar ve \u00e7\u0131ng\u0131raklarla de\u011fi\u015f toku\u015f ettiler. Sahip olduklar\u0131 her \u015feyi de\u011fi\u015fmeye haz\u0131rlar\u2026 Geli\u015fmi\u015f ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 v\u00fccutlar\u0131, yak\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131 y\u00fczleri var\u2026 Silahs\u0131zlar ve silah\u0131 tan\u0131m\u0131yorlar. Onlara bir k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 g\u00f6sterdi\u011fimde keskin kenar\u0131ndan acemice tutup kendilerini kestiler. Demiri kullanm\u0131yorlar. M\u0131zraklar\u0131n\u0131 kam\u0131\u015ftan yap\u0131yorlar. \u2026 Bunlardan iyi k\u00f6leler olabilir. Elli ki\u015fiyle bunlar\u0131n hepsine boyun e\u011fdirebilir, istediklerimizi yapt\u0131rabiliriz\u201d (4).<\/p>\n

Bu anlat\u0131mlarda, Kolomb\u2019un zihniyeti t\u00fcm berrakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u00e7\u0131kar: Ada yerlileri onun i\u00e7in, \u201ckolayl\u0131kla boyun e\u011fdirilebilecek, her istenilenin yapt\u0131r\u0131labilece\u011fi, iyi k\u00f6leler\u201ddir.<\/p>\n

Ama asl\u0131nda Amiral, zihnini olas\u0131 k\u00f6lelerden \u00e7ok daha fazla me\u015fgul eden ba\u015fka bir \u015feyin pe\u015findedir. Kolomb, ilk yolculuk da dahil, 1492-1502 aras\u0131nda Amerika k\u0131talar\u0131na yapaca\u011f\u0131 toplam d\u00f6rt yolculu\u011fun her biri i\u00e7in, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde saraya sunmak \u00fczere ayr\u0131 birer seyir defteri tutmu\u015ftur. \u0130lk yolculu\u011fu anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 seyir defterinin, karaya ayak bast\u0131ktan sonraki iki haftay\u0131 i\u00e7eren k\u0131sm\u0131nda tam 75 kez ayn\u0131 s\u00f6zc\u00fck tekrarlan\u0131r: Alt\u0131n (5).<\/p>\n

Antil Adalar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n halk\u0131, Arawak yerlileridir. Bat\u0131l\u0131lar topraklar\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, yar\u0131 yerle\u015fik bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrmektedirler. Avc\u0131l\u0131k-toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k yan\u0131nda; ilkel bir tar\u0131m yapmakta; m\u0131s\u0131r, yerelmas\u0131 ve tapyoka yeti\u015ftirmektedirler. \u0130\u015f hayvanlar\u0131 yoktur, demiri tan\u0131m\u0131yorlard\u0131r; ama y\u00fcn e\u011firmeyi, dokumac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve alt\u0131n\u0131 i\u015flemeyi geli\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

\u201cHint Adalar\u0131\u2019na gelir gelmez \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131m ilk adada zor kullanarak baz\u0131 yerlileri tutuklay\u0131p, burada neler olup bittiklerini anlatmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve beni bilgilendirmelerini istedim\u201d (6). Kolomb\u2019un ilk andan itibaren \u00f6\u011frenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, yerlilerin tak\u0131lar\u0131ndaki alt\u0131n\u0131n as\u0131l kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Daha sonra k\u00e2\u015fifler, K\u00fcba\u2019ya ve bug\u00fcn Haiti ve Dominik Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin bulundu\u011fu, Hispanolia ad\u0131n\u0131 verecekleri adaya ge\u00e7erler. Yerli bir kabile reisinin arma\u011fan etti\u011fi alt\u0131n mask ve nehir yataklar\u0131nda g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclebilen alt\u0131n par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131, Kolomb ve yan\u0131ndakilere alt\u0131n tarlalar\u0131 hayalleri ya\u015fat\u0131r. Kolomb, Hispanoila\u2019da karaya oturan Santa Maria gemisinin tahtalar\u0131ndan, bir kale in\u015fa ettirir. Bu kale, Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Amerikan k\u0131tas\u0131ndaki ilk askeri \u00fcss\u00fc say\u0131labilir. Bu arada ada yerlileriyle aralar\u0131nda sava\u015f \u00e7\u0131kar; yerliler Kolomb ve adamlar\u0131n\u0131n istedi\u011fi say\u0131da ok ve yay vermeyi reddedince, iki tanesi k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irilir. Kolomb ve adamlar\u0131 iki gemiye doldurduklar\u0131 yerli k\u00f6lelerle, \u0130spanya\u2019ya do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131karlar. 39 tayfa alt\u0131n bulup stoklamalar\u0131 i\u00e7in kalede b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ama Kolomb, tekrar d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde tayfalar\u0131n hi\u00e7birini sa\u011f bulamayacakt\u0131r. Alt\u0131n bulmak i\u00e7in yerlilere eziyet edip, kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 seks ve i\u015f k\u00f6leleri haline getirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131nca, yerliler taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Kolomb, \u0130spanya\u2019ya vard\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, yanlar\u0131nda \u00e7ok az yerli kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; yolculuk s\u0131ras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen hava ko\u015fullar\u0131na uyum sa\u011flayamayan yerliler birer birer \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Kolomb verdi\u011fi raporda, Asya\u2019ya ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve buran\u0131n alt\u0131n madenleri, baharatlar ve metallerle dolu mucizevi bir yer oldu\u011funu abartarak anlat\u0131r. Ve \u201cistedikleri kadar alt\u0131n ve k\u00f6le getirece\u011fi\u201d vaadiyle, ikinci yolculu\u011fu i\u00e7in yard\u0131m talep eder. Vaat sonu\u00e7 verir; kendisine bir sonraki sefer i\u00e7in 17 gemi ve 1200\u2019den fazla tayfa sunulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Bu ikinci yolculukta, 1500 Arawak yerlisi yakalan\u0131r, i\u00e7lerinden sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnen 500\u2019\u00fc \u0130spanya\u2019ya g\u00f6nderilir. Bunlar\u0131n 200 kadar\u0131 yolda \u00f6l\u00fcr, kalanlar \u0130spanya\u2019da vaftiz edildikten sonra sat\u0131\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r. Kolomb, daha sonra seyir defterine \u015f\u00f6yle yazacakt\u0131r: \u201cBuradan kutsal \u00fc\u00e7leme (Baba-O\u011ful-Kutsal Ruh) ad\u0131na, Avrupa\u2019da ne kadar sat\u0131labilecekse, o kadar k\u00f6le g\u00f6ndermeye devam edelim\u201d (7).<\/p>\n

Ancak yakaland\u0131ktan sonra yerli k\u00f6lelerin \u00e7o\u011fu \u00f6lmektedir. Yolculu\u011funa yat\u0131r\u0131m yapanlar\u0131n pay\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6deyememe kayg\u0131s\u0131 duymaya ba\u015flayan Kolomb, gemileri alt\u0131nla doldurma \u00e7abas\u0131na girer. Hispanoiala\u2019da geni\u015f alt\u0131n yataklar\u0131 oldu\u011funu sand\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, yerlilere \u00fc\u00e7 ayda bir belli miktarda alt\u0131n getirmelerini emreder. Alt\u0131n getirenlerin boyunlar\u0131na birer bak\u0131r marka as\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bak\u0131r markas\u0131 olmayan yerlilerin elleri kesilmekte ve kan kayb\u0131ndan \u00f6lmeye terk edilmektedirler. Fakat \u00e7evrede bulunan tek alt\u0131n derelerin y\u0131\u011fd\u0131klar\u0131 oldu\u011fundan, zamanla t\u00fckenir ve yerliler \u00e7areyi ka\u00e7makta bulur. Ka\u00e7anlar k\u00f6peklerle takip edilip, yakalan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Arawaklar birle\u015ferek Kolomb ve adamlar\u0131na direnmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar; ancak k\u00e2\u015fiflerin kendilerindekilere benzemeyen silahlar\u0131 ve zalimlikleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u015fanslar\u0131 yoktur; tutsak edilir, yak\u0131l\u0131r, \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrler. Aralar\u0131nda toplu intiharlar ba\u015flar. \u0130spanyol zulm\u00fcnden kurtarmak i\u00e7in \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrenler vard\u0131r. Hispanoila\u2019n\u0131n Kolomb \u00f6ncesi 250 bin oldu\u011fu tahmin edilen n\u00fcfusunun, iki y\u0131l i\u00e7inde katliam ve intiharlarla, yar\u0131s\u0131 yok olur.<\/p>\n

Kolomb\u2019u izleyerek k\u0131taya s\u00f6k\u00fcn eden Bat\u0131l\u0131lar, Antil Adalar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 her a\u00e7\u0131dan s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcrler. \u0130stenilen miktarda alt\u0131n bulunamay\u0131nca, yerliler k\u00f6le olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaya ba\u015flan\u0131r. Geni\u015f pamuk \u00e7iftlikleri kurulur. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 korkun\u00e7tur, binlerce Arawak yerlisi bu ko\u015fullara dayanamayarak \u00f6l\u00fcr. Kolomb\u2019un geli\u015finden yaln\u0131zca on y\u0131l sonra Hispanoila Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n n\u00fcfusu 50 bine d\u00fc\u015fer. 1550 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki bir kayda g\u00f6re, 500 Arawak yerlisi kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; 1650 y\u0131l\u0131nda haz\u0131rlanan bir raporda ise, Arawaklar ve torunlar\u0131ndan hi\u00e7bir iz kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilmektedir (8).<\/p>\n

Beyazlar, tarlalar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmek i\u00e7in tropik ormanlar\u0131 kestiklerinden, art\u0131k r\u00fczg\u00e2rlar\u0131 kesecek engel yoktur; tarlalar\u0131n \u00fczeri kum y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131yla kaplan\u0131r. Kolomb aday\u0131 ilk g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, \u201c\u00c7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck ve \u00e7ok d\u00fcz, a\u011fa\u00e7lar yemye\u015fil\u2026 \u00d6yle bir ye\u015fillik uzan\u0131p gidiyor ki, seyretmesi, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zevk veriyor insana\u201d diye betimlemi\u015ftir; ama \u201cistilay\u0131\u201d takip eden birka\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131l i\u00e7inde, Bat\u0131l\u0131lar buray\u0131 \u00e7orak topraklara \u00e7evirdikten sonra terk edeceklerdir.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u201cyeni d\u00fcnya\u201dya yerle\u015fme hareketlerinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olan Kolomb\u2019un Hispanoila Adas\u0131\u2019na el koyu\u015fuyla, buradaki yerli ya\u015fant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zla \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc ve adalar\u0131n t\u00fcm do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131yla \u201ct\u00fckeni\u015fini\u201d, Amerika anakaras\u0131nda sonraki y\u0131llarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015feceklerin girizg\u00e2h\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Avrupal\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n yerlilere yapt\u0131klar\u0131na isyan eden papaz: Las Casas<\/strong><\/p>\n

Las Casas (1474-1566), H\u0131ristiyan Dominik tarikat\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 bir rahiptir. Yeni ke\u015ffedilen topraklar\u0131n yerli halklar\u0131n\u0131 H\u0131ristiyanla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in Kolomb\u2019dan birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra Amerika\u2019ya gelir ve Hispaniola ve yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki adalarda 40 y\u0131l kadar kal\u0131r. \u00d6nceleri topraktan ve yerli k\u00f6lelerden pay\u0131na d\u00fc\u015feni almaya teredd\u00fct etmez; ama \u0130spanyollar\u2019\u0131n yerlilere uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 vah\u015fet ve k\u0131y\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6rmezden, yerlilerin \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 duymazdan gelemez ve vicdan\u0131yla hesapla\u015f\u0131r. Radikal bir kararla k\u00f6lelerini serbest b\u0131rak\u0131r ve \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc yerlilerin haklar\u0131n\u0131 korumaya adar.<\/p>\n

Bu y\u00f6nde kalemiyle de m\u00fccadele y\u00fcr\u00fcten Las Casas\u2019\u0131n en \u00fcnl\u00fc eseri, 1542\u2019de yay\u0131mlanan, \u0130spanya Prensi II. Philip\u2019e hitaben yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131, Yerlilerin Yok Edili\u015fi \u00dczerine K\u0131sa Bir Rapor<\/em> adl\u0131 olan\u0131d\u0131r. Las Casas, eserin Philip\u2019e hitaben yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00d6ns\u00f6z\u2019\u00fcnde, idarecinin Tanr\u0131 vergisi ahlak\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, krall\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yanl\u0131\u015f giden \u015feyleri bilmesinin, onlar\u0131 d\u00fczeltmesi i\u00e7in yeterli olaca\u011f\u0131na inand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirterek, raporu yazmaktaki \u201ciyi niyetini\u201d ortaya koyar. H\u0131rstan g\u00f6z\u00fc d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f \u0130spanyollar\u2019\u0131 durdurabilmek, en az\u0131ndan hukuksuz, ilkesiz, vah\u015fi davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 dizginleyebilmek i\u00e7in, \u201ckrala \u015fikayet\u201d etmeyi \u00e7are olarak g\u00f6rmektedir.<\/p>\n

Las Casas eserinde, G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019n\u0131n farkl\u0131 kumandanlar y\u00f6netiminde b\u00f6lge b\u00f6lge ke\u015ffedili\u015fini ve bu ele ge\u00e7irme s\u0131ras\u0131nda ya\u015fan\u0131lan \u201cen karanl\u0131k r\u00fcyalarda g\u00f6r\u00fclenin \u00e7ok \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7en\u201d vah\u015feti tek tek anlat\u0131r. Gariptir: Bir di\u011ferine i\u015fkence yapmay\u0131 kendinde \u201chak\u201d g\u00f6ren, giderek canavarla\u015f\u0131r. Dur durak bilmez, hi\u00e7bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc tan\u0131maz hale gelir.<\/p>\n

Las Casas\u2019\u0131n anlatt\u0131klar\u0131nda da bunu g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. \u0130spanyollar \u201cg\u00fcbre muamelesi\u201d yapt\u0131klar\u0131 yerliler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, giderek insanl\u0131ktan uzakla\u015f\u0131r ve bir zul\u00fcm makinesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrler. \u00d6nceleri k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irdikleri, kolayca ve bazen sebepsiz \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fckleri yerlilere, giderek daha sistemli ve daha \u201cyarat\u0131c\u0131\u201d i\u015fkenceler uygulamaya ba\u015flarlar. Izgaralar \u00fcst\u00fcnde alttan verdikleri ate\u015flerle a\u011f\u0131r a\u011f\u0131r pi\u015firerek \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek, kaz\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7irmek, \u00e7e\u015fitli uzuvlar\u0131n\u0131 kesmek, etoburla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 k\u00f6peklerin \u00f6n\u00fcnde yerlileri ko\u015fturarak adeta av s\u00fcrmek, annelerinin kucaklar\u0131ndan kopard\u0131klar\u0131 bebekleri tek hamleyle ikiye ay\u0131rmak ve daha nicesi\u2026<\/p>\n

Las Casas inan\u0131lmas\u0131 zor \u015feyler anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, ya\u015fananlara tan\u0131k olmayan, sadece okuyan birinin bu ak\u0131l almaz vah\u015fete \u015f\u00fcpheyle yakla\u015fabilece\u011finin bilincindedir. O nedenle s\u0131k s\u0131k anlatt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frulu\u011funu vurgular ve ya\u015fan\u0131lan zulm\u00fc \u201chi\u00e7bir tarihi kayd\u0131n hakk\u0131yla anlatamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d, yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fan\u0131lanlar\u0131n sadece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc oldu\u011funu belirtir.<\/p>\n

Las Casas\u2019\u0131n anlatt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015fka g\u00f6rg\u00fc tan\u0131klar\u0131 da do\u011frulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir grup papaz, 1519\u2019da \u0130spanya Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na mektup yazarak, yerli \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n askerlerce k\u00f6peklere yedirildi\u011fini, tutsak edilen kad\u0131nlar\u0131n yeni do\u011furduklar\u0131 bebeklerin \u00f6lmeleri i\u00e7in ormana f\u0131rlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve yap\u0131lan ba\u015fka zul\u00fcmleri dile getirir.<\/p>\n

Las Casas, \u0130spanyollar geldikleri s\u0131rada ya\u015fayan ve sistemli k\u0131y\u0131mlardan sonra kalan n\u00fcfus konusunda da bilgiler verir. Her bir b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan y\u00fcz binlerce yerlinin 10-15 y\u0131lda nas\u0131l 100-150 yerliye d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne tan\u0131kl\u0131k ederiz. B\u00f6ylelikle koca bir k\u0131tan\u0131n birka\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131l gibi k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre\u00e7te, k\u0131tada Bat\u0131l\u0131lar\u2019a yer a\u00e7\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in nas\u0131l yerli halk\u0131ndan temizlenebildi\u011fini anlar\u0131z. Las Casas\u2019\u0131n raporu, g\u00fcn\u00fcn Avrupas\u0131\u2019nda etki yaratm\u0131\u015f, bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede defalarca bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130spanyol y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6neten Latin Amerikal\u0131 devrimci Simon Bolivar\u2019\u0131n Las Casas\u2019\u0131n kitab\u0131n\u0131 elinden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmedi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenir.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

KE\u015eFETMEN\u0130N \u0130DEOLOJ\u0130S\u0130<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Ha\u00e7lar ve dara\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kolomb, kimi zaman g\u00fcnl\u00fck niteli\u011fi de kazanan seyir defterlerinde s\u0131k s\u0131k yerlileri H\u0131ristiyanla\u015ft\u0131rmak y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki iste\u011finden s\u00f6z eder. Kastilya Katolik Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131na el koydu\u011fu Antil Adalar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131na ha\u00e7lar dikmi\u015ftir. Ama ayn\u0131 zamanda 1500 y\u0131l\u0131na dek, 340 tane de dara\u011fac\u0131 in\u015fa ettirmi\u015ftir (9).<\/p>\n

Ha\u00e7lar ve dara\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131\u2026 Ger\u00e7ekten de bu iki ara\u00e7, Amerika k\u0131talar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcmden ele ge\u00e7irili\u015fi boyunca birbirinden ayr\u0131lmayacakt\u0131r. Ke\u015fif boyunca ha\u00e7lar, yerlilerin salland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 dara\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131ran bir rol oynar.<\/p>\n

16. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda Antil Adalar\u0131\u2019nda \u0130spanya\u2019n\u0131n resmi tarih\u00e7ili\u011fini yapan Fernandez de Oviedo (1478-1557), conquistadores<\/em>lar (\u0130spanyolca\u2019da \u201cfetih kuvvetleri\u201d kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131) taraf\u0131ndan yerli halka yap\u0131lanlar\u0131, \u201cY\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 kadar \u00e7ok, pek \u00e7ok ac\u0131mas\u0131z cinayet i\u015flendi\u201d diye anlat\u0131r. Ama Oviedo olup bitenleri gerekli bulmaktad\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u201cputperestlere kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131lan barut, Tanr\u0131 i\u00e7in t\u00fcts\u00fc say\u0131l\u0131r\u201d (10).<\/p>\n

\u0130spanyol \u201cfatihlerin\u201d b\u00fct\u00fcn ke\u015fif gezilerinde, kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 \u201ck\u00e2firleri\u201d H\u0131ristiyan yapmak i\u00e7in bir rahip bulunmaktad\u0131r. Her ge\u00e7tikleri yerde tap\u0131naklar\u0131 y\u0131kmakta, Tanr\u0131 ve Tanr\u0131\u00e7a heykellerini par\u00e7alamakta, yerine kuca\u011f\u0131nda bir bebek tutan beyaz kad\u0131n\u0131n heykelini b\u0131rakmaktad\u0131rlar. Bat\u0131 Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bu ve bundan sonraki di\u011fer b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirme etkinliklerinde oldu\u011fu gibi, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131k, fiziksel yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7an, engelleri d\u00fczleyen bir i\u015flev \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir. Yeni d\u00fcnyada dinsel yay\u0131lma, fethe gerek\u00e7e sa\u011flaman\u0131n yan\u0131nda, yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 uzun vadeli etkilerle Bat\u0131 Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcyle bu topraklara yerle\u015fmesini ve kal\u0131c\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 da sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Amerika\u2019ya g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclen hizmet yan\u0131nda, su\u00e7lar\u0131n laf\u0131 m\u0131 olur\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bat\u0131l\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeciler, uygulad\u0131klar\u0131 ya\u011fma ve zulm\u00fc; ideolojik k\u0131l\u0131flarla \u201chizmet\u201d olarak g\u00f6rmeye ve g\u00f6stermeye, Amerika k\u0131talar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fgallerinden itibaren ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Tanr\u0131tan\u0131maz putperest zavall\u0131lara y\u00fcce H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k ger\u00e7e\u011fini a\u015f\u0131lamak \u201chizmeti\u201d yan\u0131nda, onlara \u201cuygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n her t\u00fcrl\u00fc nimetini\u201d de g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fckleri iddias\u0131ndad\u0131rlar. Bat\u0131 Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, i\u015fledi\u011fi su\u00e7lar\u0131 nas\u0131l da me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren ilk teorik metinlerden birisi, Hernando de Cortez\u2019in Aztekler\u2019in \u00fclkesini ele ge\u00e7iri\u015fine tan\u0131kl\u0131k eden, bir ba\u015fka \u0130spanyol tarih\u00e7isi, Lopez de Gomara\u2019n\u0131n (1511-1566) yazd\u0131klar\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\u201cDaha \u00f6nce s\u00f6yledi\u011fim gibi, 60 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir fetih hareketi boyunca, \u0130spanyollar b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda topra\u011f\u0131 ke\u015ffetmi\u015f, kat etmi\u015f ve halklar\u0131n\u0131 H\u0131ristiyan yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hi\u00e7bir kral, hi\u00e7bir ulus, bizim yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z gibi, bunca k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede bunca yeri boyunduruk alt\u0131na alamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; ne de bizim insanlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n silahla, gemiyle, \u0130ncil\u2019in rehberli\u011fiyle ve putperestlerin H\u0131ristiyanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ve hak ettikleri \u015feyleri yapm\u0131\u015f ya da hak etmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u015fte tam da bu nedenle \u0130spanyollar \u00f6v\u00fclmeye lay\u0131kt\u0131rlar. Onlara bu beceri ve g\u00fcc\u00fc veren Tanr\u0131ya \u015f\u00fck\u00fcrler olsun. Ne y\u00fcce zafer ve onurdur ki, krallar\u0131m\u0131z ve \u0130spanyollar K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u2019e tek bir Tanr\u0131y\u0131, tek bir inanc\u0131 ve tek bir vaftizi kabul ettirmi\u015flerdir, ya\u015famlar\u0131ndan putperestli\u011fi, insan kurban\u0131n\u0131, insan eti yemeyi, sap\u0131k ili\u015fkileri ve Tanr\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n nefret edip cezaland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha pek \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck ve korkun\u00e7 g\u00fcnah\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kartm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, b\u00fct\u00fcn bu \u015fehvetli erkeklerin eski bir al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve zevki olan \u00e7oke\u015flilik de ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Onlara alfabeyi \u00f6\u011frettik, ki bunsuz insanlar\u0131n hayvanlardan fark\u0131 kalmaz. \u0130nsan i\u00e7in vazge\u00e7ilmez olan demiri kullanmas\u0131n\u0131 da \u00f6\u011frettik. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar -ve hatta bunlar\u0131n her biri onlardan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z t\u00fcylerden, incilerden, alt\u0131ndan daha de\u011ferlidir; zaten onlar da bu metalleri para yerine kullanm\u0131yorlard\u0131- oysa bunlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve bunlardan en iyi \u015fekilde yararlanman\u0131n yolu paraya \u00e7evrilmeleridir. Bu, K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u2019in ellerinden hi\u00e7bir \u015feyi almay\u0131p, yaln\u0131zca madenlerden, \u0131rmaklardan ve mezarlardan \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131zla yetinmek ye\u011flenseydi dahi, b\u00f6yledir. K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u2019in denizden ve topraktan \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131 60 milyon pezonun \u00fczerinde de\u011fere sahip alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, inciler ve z\u00fcmr\u00fctler, yerlilerin ellerinde bulunmu\u015f olan alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ften \u00e7ok daha fazlad\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu say\u0131lanlarda k\u00f6t\u00fc bir yan varsa, o da onlar\u0131 madenlerde, inci avc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve ta\u015f\u0131malarda fazlaca \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olmam\u0131zd\u0131r\u201d (11).<\/p>\n

KOLOMB\u2019UN TAK\u0130P\u00c7\u0130LER\u0130 ANAKARAYA YERLE\u015e\u0130YOR<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Aztek-Maya Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerle bir ediliyor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kolomb\u2019un Antil Adalar\u0131\u2019nda Arawaklar\u2019a yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, Hernando de Cortez Meksika\u2019da Aztekler ve Mayalar\u2019a, Pizarro Peru\u2019da \u0130nkalar\u2019a; Portekizliler Brezilya\u2019daki, \u0130ngiliz, Frans\u0131z ve Hollandal\u0131 koloniciler de Kuzey Amerika\u2019daki yerli topluluklar\u0131na uygularlar.<\/p>\n

Adalardan sonra anakaraya y\u00f6nelen \u0130spanyollar, burada adalarda rastlad\u0131klar\u0131 ilkel kabilelere g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha geli\u015fmi\u015f uygarl\u0131klar bulurlar. \u00d6zellikle Aztek ve \u0130nka Uygarl\u0131klar\u0131, yo\u011fun n\u00fcfuslu, halk\u0131 topra\u011fa yerle\u015fik, tar\u0131mla beslenen kentleri olan, siyasi \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fcl\u00fck a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da devlet hatta imparatorluk d\u00fczeyine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f uygarl\u0131klard\u0131r. \u0130spanyollar taraf\u0131ndan \u201cyok edilmeden\u201d \u00f6nce, g\u00f6rkemli tap\u0131naklar\u0131nda ve planl\u0131 kentlerinde kendini g\u00f6steren olgun mimarileri, olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 yaz\u0131 sistemi, sanat, matematik ve astronomileriyle, k\u0131ta i\u00e7i dinamiklerle geli\u015fmelerine devam etmektedirler. Ama y\u00fczy\u0131l gibi bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde Bat\u0131l\u0131lar, \u201cdaha fazla k\u00e2r u\u011fruna\u201d bu uygarl\u0131k merkezlerinin \u00fczerinden silindir gibi ge\u00e7ecektir. G\u00fcney ve Orta Amerika\u2019n\u0131n kanl\u0131 ke\u015ffi, adalardaki girizg\u00e2htan sonra, anakarada giderek daha da \u00e7\u0131\u011fr\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan, \u015fiddet dozu artan bir zul\u00fcmle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.<\/p>\n

Hernando Cortez, 1519\u2019da 11 gemi, 100 denizci, 600 asker, 10 top, 16 at ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da tabancayla Meksika\u2019ya ayak basar (12). Yolculuk masraflar\u0131 t\u00fcccarlar ve toprak sahipleri taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f, Tanr\u0131n\u0131n vekilleri taraf\u0131ndan kutsanm\u0131\u015f, hepsinin h\u0131rsla pe\u015finde oldu\u011fu ama\u00e7la anakaraya u\u011furlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Alt\u0131n bulmak.<\/p>\n

Cortez, bir yerle\u015fmeden di\u011ferine \u00f6l\u00fcm y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne ba\u015flar. Aztek Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Tenoctitlan\u2019a (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Mexico City\u2019e) do\u011fru, \u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kan yerle\u015fmeleri, yerli halklar\u0131 birbirine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrerek k\u0131rd\u0131rma, b\u00fct\u00fcn bir n\u00fcfusun iradesini ani ve korkun\u00e7 katliamlarla fel\u00e7 etme gibi taktiklerle d\u00fczleyerek, ya\u011fmalayarak ilerler. Bu ilerleyi\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Aztekler\u2019in a\u011f\u0131r vergi y\u00fck\u00fcnden bunalm\u0131\u015f kimi Maya yerle\u015fmeleriyle ittifaklar yaparak, 600 askerinin yan\u0131na, 6000 tane daha katacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Aztek \u0130mparatoru II. Montezuma, \u00fclkesinin i\u00e7i ve d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki bilinen halklara hi\u00e7 benzemeyen, \u201cdev geyiklere binmi\u015f\u201d (13), tehditk\u00e2r silahlar\u0131, oklar\u0131n i\u015flemedi\u011fi giysileri (z\u0131rhlar\u0131) olan ve yerle\u015fik davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ve kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda davranan bu yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n ilerleyi\u015finin haberlerini g\u00fcn be g\u00fcn almaktad\u0131r. Aztekler tarihin d\u00f6ng\u00fcsel oldu\u011funa inanmakta, ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 olaylar\u0131 s\u00f6ylencesel \u00f6yk\u00fcleriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar. \u0130\u015fgalciler, sular\u0131n anas\u0131ndan (okyanustan) ve geleneksel otorite y\u00f6n\u00fc olan do\u011fudan gelmi\u015flerdir. Kozmolojik Aztek takvimine g\u00f6re dikkate de\u011fer bir y\u0131lda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131 de\u011ferlendiren II. Montezuma ve dan\u0131\u015fman heyeti, yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n niyetlerinin k\u00f6t\u00fc oldu\u011fu a\u015fik\u00e2rsa da, de\u011ferli bir heyet olarak \u00f6nemsenmelerini ve onurland\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Cortez ve adamlar\u0131 Tenoctitlan\u2019a ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131nda, onlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layan \u0130mparator II. Montezuma, denizler \u00f6tesindeki krallar\u0131na vergi \u00f6demeyi kabul edece\u011fini bildirir. Alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ften arma\u011fanlar sunulan \u0130spanyollar, aylarca Tenoctitlan\u2019da kal\u0131r. \u0130mparator II. Montezuma \u0130spanyollar\u2019\u0131n adeta tutsa\u011f\u0131d\u0131r; Cortez onun \u00fczerinden Aztekler\u2019e h\u00fckmetmektedir. Bu aylar boyunca, Aztekler\u2019e ba\u011fl\u0131 kentlerden vergi olarak 600 bin pesoluk alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f toplanm\u0131\u015f, be\u015fte biri \u0130spanya Kral\u0131 V. Carlos\u2019a g\u00f6nderilmi\u015f, geri kalan ise i\u015fgalciler aras\u0131nda pay edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u0130mparatorlar\u0131ndan umudu kesen Aztek halk\u0131, Montezuma\u2019n\u0131n karde\u015fi Cuitlahuac \u00f6nderli\u011finde isyan ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tenoctitlan, Tetzcoca G\u00f6l\u00fc \u00fczerindeki bir adaya kurulmu\u015f, anakaraya \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 yolla ba\u011flanan, 13 km2 y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc olan, 250-300 bin n\u00fcfuslu bir ba\u015fkenttir (14). \u0130syan ba\u015flad\u0131ktan sonra kent d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ka\u00e7an \u0130spanyollar, kenti karaya ba\u011flayan ge\u00e7itlerin ba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 tutarlar. Su kemerlerini de kapayarak, kenti haftalarca s\u00fcren bir ku\u015fatmayla a\u00e7l\u0131k ve susuzlu\u011fa mahk\u00fbm ederler. 50 bin Aztek a\u00e7l\u0131k ve hastal\u0131ktan, 67 bin Aztek de sava\u015f\u0131rken \u00f6l\u00fcr (15). \u0130ki taraf\u0131n silah teknolojisindeki b\u00fcy\u00fck fark da, sava\u015f\u0131n yazg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 belirleyecektir: Yerlilerin silahlar\u0131, yani ta\u015f, bronz ya da tahta sopalar, topuzlar ve baltalar, ok ve yaylar \u0130spanyollar\u2019\u0131 ve atlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6vmeye ve yaralamaya yar\u0131yor; \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye pek yetmiyordur. Oysa \u0130spanyollar\u2019\u0131n \u00e7elik k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131, z\u0131rhlar\u0131, t\u00fcfekleri ve bombalar\u0131 az s\u00fcrede \u00e7ok can almaktad\u0131r. Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda ve kent d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fckten sonra \u0130spanyollar, tap\u0131naklar\u0131, k\u00f6pr\u00fcleri, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yap\u0131y\u0131 yerle bir ederler. Tenoctitlan\u2019daki imparatorluk saray\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu yerde, bug\u00fcn Latin Amerika\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck katedrali olan Santiago, temelindeki vah\u015fet kadar ha\u015fmetli bir bi\u00e7imde y\u00fckselmektedir.<\/p>\n

Aztek \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ba\u015fkentinin yerle bir edilmesinden sonra da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131ysa da, \u0130spanyollar\u2019\u0131n 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca, b\u00f6lgedeki Maya yerlilerinin direni\u015fleriyle u\u011fra\u015fmas\u0131 gerekecektir. Kar\u015f\u0131lar\u0131nda bir hamlede ele ge\u00e7irebilecekleri tek bir otorite kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; \u00fcstelik Mayalar, pusu ve tuzaklar kurarak, geceleri sald\u0131r\u0131yor, gerilla taktikleriyle sava\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131r. \u0130spanyollar\u2019\u0131n b\u00f6lgeye ayak basmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce 25 milyon olan n\u00fcfus, 1550\u2019de 6 milyona, 1600\u2019de de 1 milyona d\u00fc\u015fer (16). Yerlilerin direni\u015fine ra\u011fmen, k\u0131tan\u0131n binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k ge\u00e7mi\u015fi \u00fczerinde y\u00fckselen Aztek-Maya Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, toplumsal ya\u015fam bi\u00e7iminin \u00e7\u00f6kertilmesine ve u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 n\u00fcfus kayb\u0131na dayanamayarak, y\u00fczy\u0131l sonunda tarihe kar\u0131\u015facakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bir Aztek\u2019in Tenoctitlan\u2019\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden 7 y\u0131l sonra yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 san\u0131lan, Latin harfleriyle kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f K\u0131r\u0131k M\u0131zrak<\/em> adl\u0131 \u015fiir, \u00e7\u00f6ken Maya-Aztek Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na bir a\u011f\u0131tt\u0131r: \u201cYollara sa\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u0131r\u0131k m\u0131zraklar vard\u0131 \/ Y\u0131pranm\u0131\u015f sa\u00e7lar gibiydi kederimiz \/ Evler \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131z, duvars\u0131z \/ Ve kanla k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131yd\u0131 \/ Caddelerde ve saraylarda kurt\u00e7uklar geziniyordu \/ Ve duvarlar kana bulanm\u0131\u015f \/ K\u0131z\u0131l ak\u0131yordu sular sanki boyanm\u0131\u015f \/ Yudumlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda tuz tad\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131yordu \/ Avuzlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 umutsuzca dayad\u0131k \/ Tu\u011fla duvarlara \/ Miras\u0131m\u0131z ve kentimiz i\u00e7in kay\u0131p ve \u00f6l\u00fc \/ Kalkanlar\u0131 vard\u0131 sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n oysa \/ Ama bizi koruyamad\u0131<\/em>\u201d (17).<\/p>\n

\u0130nka halk\u0131, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f u\u011fruna maden ocaklar\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n

Francisco Pizarro, \u0130spanya Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019ndan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yetkiyle 1532\u2019de Peru seferine ba\u015flar. Pizarro\u2019nun \u0130nka \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 ve geli\u015fen olaylar, \u015fa\u015f\u0131lacak derecede Aztek \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun ele ge\u00e7irili\u015fi ve yok edili\u015fine benzemektedir. Pizarro, iki karde\u015f olan Huascar ve Atahualpa aras\u0131ndaki iktidar sava\u015f\u0131ndan \u0130spanyollar lehine yararlanacak, iktidardaki Atahualpa\u2019y\u0131 esir alacakt\u0131r. \u0130mparatoru rehin olarak elinde tuttu\u011fu 8 ay boyunca, \u0130nka topraklar\u0131ndan Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n 50 y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00fcretimine e\u015fde\u011fer miktarda alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f elde eder (18).<\/p>\n

Atahualpa\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve ba\u015fkent Cuzco\u2019nun ele ge\u00e7irilmesinden sonra, t\u0131pk\u0131 Aztekler\u2019de oldu\u011fu gibi merkezi otorite da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, imparatorluk kolayca y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r. Ama zaman zaman \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc bir nitelik de kazanan yerli direni\u015fi 40 y\u0131l boyunca devam edecektir.<\/p>\n

Peru, Bolivya ve Kolombiya, G\u00fcney Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca madencilik b\u00f6lgeleridir. Buralarda alt\u0131n da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ise daha boldur. \u0130spanyol Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci \u0130spanyollar\u2019a, belirli say\u0131da yerli \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma hakk\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan haklar vermektedir, b\u00f6ylece binlerce yerli \u0130spanya Taht\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcr vassalar\u0131\u201d olarak kaydedilir. \u0130spanyollar \u0130nka yerlilerini, And Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019ndaki 3600 m y\u00fckseklikteki Potosi\u2019de bulunan g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f madenlerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rlar. Yerliler bir hafta boyunca hi\u00e7 yukar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmadan yeralt\u0131nda kalmaya zorlanmaktad\u0131r. Madenin i\u015flenmesinde, insan i\u00e7in son derece zehirli olan c\u0131van\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 nedeniyle, yeterli yiyecek de verilmeyen yerliler sap\u0131r sap\u0131r \u00f6l\u00fcr. Potosi g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f madeni, ke\u015ffi ile y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131 aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7en 300 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde, 8 milyon yerliye mezar olur. \u0130nka halk\u0131, d\u00fcnya g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f \u00fcretiminin y\u00fczde 70\u2019inin kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 u\u011fruna, maden oca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dehlizlerine g\u00f6m\u00fclecektir.<\/p>\n

Hem Meksika, hem Peru\u2019daki yerli k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, yaln\u0131zca daha fazla s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc u\u011fruna yok edilmi\u015ftir. Aztek ve \u0130nkalar\u2019\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck hazinelerinin hemen hepsi eritilir ve madenlerde a\u011f\u0131r ko\u015fullarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan yerlilerin \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131yla birlikte Avrupa\u2019ya g\u00f6nderilir. \u0130spanyollar 1500-1660 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Amerika k\u0131talar\u0131ndan toplam 181,5 ton alt\u0131n ve 17.000 ton kadar g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ithal ederler (19).<\/p>\n

Tesad\u00fcfi bir biyolojik silah: Vir\u00fcsler<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bir teze g\u00f6re, Avrupal\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar yaratacak vir\u00fcslere, evcil hayvanlarla nicedir i\u00e7li d\u0131\u015fl\u0131 olduklar\u0131ndan do\u011fal ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k geli\u015ftirmi\u015f olmalar\u0131 ve bu vir\u00fcsleri, evcil hayvan say\u0131lar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 oldu\u011fundan pek \u00e7ok vir\u00fcse do\u011fal ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k geli\u015ftirememi\u015f Amerikan yerlilerine bula\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, k\u0131tan\u0131n toplu yerli \u00f6l\u00fcmleriyle n\u00fcfus olarak zay\u0131flamas\u0131na yol a\u00e7arak Amerika\u2019n\u0131n Bat\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirilmesinde \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (20).<\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7ekten Aztek \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na \u0130spanyol i\u015fgalinin daha ba\u015f\u0131nda, 1920\u2019de; \u0130nka \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na ise \u0130spanyollar gelmeden \u00f6nce, 1525-26 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ula\u015fan \u00e7i\u00e7ek vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 salg\u0131nlar, milyonlarca yerlinin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne neden olmu\u015f; imparatorluklar\u0131n zay\u0131flamas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yine Bat\u0131l\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131taya getirilen k\u0131zam\u0131k vir\u00fcs\u00fc 1530-31 y\u0131llar\u0131nda, tif\u00fcs vir\u00fcs\u00fc 1546\u2019da ve grip vir\u00fcs\u00fc ise 1558-59 aras\u0131nda yayg\u0131n ve y\u00fcz binlerce can kayb\u0131na neden olan salg\u0131nlara yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bat\u0131l\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeciler, \u201cke\u015fiflerini\u201d kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran bu tesad\u00fcfi biyolojik silah\u0131, Kuzey Amerika\u2019y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmeleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda bu kez bilin\u00e7le kullanacaklard\u0131r. Birle\u015fik Devletler, rezervasyonlara hapsetti\u011fi K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u2019e \u00e7i\u00e7ek vir\u00fcs\u00fc bula\u015fm\u0131\u015f battaniyeleri yollamay\u0131 reva g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Portekizliler ve Hollandal\u0131lar da, \u0130spanyollar gibi Kolomb\u2019un miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130spanyollar\u2019\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, 1500\u2019lerden itibaren Portekizliler de G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019ya gelmeye ba\u015flarlar ve Brezilya topraklar\u0131n\u0131 kolonile\u015ftirirler. \u0130spanyollar gibi, k\u0131tan\u0131n do\u011fal zenginliklerini s\u00f6m\u00fcrmek h\u0131rs\u0131yla g\u00f6zleri d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f olan Portekizliler, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca \u00e7ok yerliyi yakalay\u0131p k\u00f6lele\u015ftirir ve alt\u0131n madenlerinde, \u015feker kam\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015fletmelerinde ve s\u0131\u011f\u0131r yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finde, a\u011f\u0131r ko\u015fullarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rlar. Portekizliler\u2019in geli\u015finden hemen \u00f6nce say\u0131lar\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 2,5 milyon olan Brezilya b\u00f6lgesi yerli n\u00fcfusu, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde 200 binden azd\u0131r (21). Yerli halk\u0131n, istilac\u0131lar\u0131n zul\u00fcmlerinden ka\u00e7arak i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6\u00e7 etmesi, Portekizliler\u2019in yeni i\u015fg\u00fc\u00e7leri kazanabilmek i\u00e7in i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelere k\u00f6le bulma ke\u015fifleri d\u00fczenlemelerine yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Hollandal\u0131lar, 1630\u2019larda Kuzeybat\u0131 Brezilya\u2019y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdiklerinde, bo\u015falm\u0131\u015f topraklar bulurlar. Y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6ncesinde y\u00fcz binlerce yerlinin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 1300 km uzunlu\u011fundaki k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde, bug\u00fcn yaln\u0131zca 9 bin yerli kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (22).<\/p>\n

ABD, BATI\u2019NIN SU\u00c7LARIYLA MAYALANARAK DO\u011eUYOR<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Kuzey Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131nda s\u00fcreklili\u011fi olan \u0130ngiliz yerle\u015fimlerinin kurulmas\u0131, 1607\u2019de Virginia\u2019da ba\u015flar. 200 y\u0131l gibi bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde, Bat\u0131l\u0131lar b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgalar\u0131yla \u00e7ekirgeler gibi \u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrler Kuzey Amerika\u2019ya. Gelenler Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nin temelini att\u0131klar\u0131ndan, sonradan \u201c\u00f6nc\u00fcler\u201d ilan edileceklerdir. Ger\u00e7ekten de, yeni geldikleri bu topraklarda yap\u0131p edecekleriyle, istedi\u011fi \u00fclkenin topraklar\u0131na gidip yerle\u015fme, kaynaklar\u0131na el koyma, y\u00f6netimlerine m\u00fcdahale etme, halklar\u0131n\u0131n kaderiyle oynama, hatta onlar\u0131 soyk\u0131r\u0131m \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde yok etme hakk\u0131n\u0131 kendinde g\u00f6rebilen ABD\u2019nin \u201c\u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcrler\u201d. Bat\u0131 Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n insanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck su\u00e7lar i\u015flemeye devam eden uzant\u0131s\u0131 ABD\u2019yi, \u00f6nc\u00fcleri \u201csu\u00e7 batakl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d haline getirecekleri bu topraklarda mayalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6\u00e7menler, bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6deyemedikleri i\u00e7in rehin al\u0131n\u0131p buralara \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaya getirilenler, topraktan kopar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirilmi\u015f, yeni kurulan kentlerde a\u00e7l\u0131\u011fa ve sefalete mahk\u00fbm edilmi\u015f yoksullar, dinsel ve siyasal bask\u0131lardan bunal\u0131p ka\u00e7anlar, \u00fctopyac\u0131lar, macerac\u0131lar, kolay yoldan k\u00f6\u015feyi d\u00f6nmek isteyenler, hapishane ka\u00e7k\u0131nlar\u0131, cezalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in g\u00f6nderilen m\u00e2hkumlardan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Geni\u015f topraklar\u0131, do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131, zenginlikleriyle b\u00fcy\u00fck olanaklar sunan yeni d\u00fcnyaya, yepyeni bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 umuduyla gelenler, \u00f6nceleri Atlantik k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndaki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckl\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc k\u00f6rfezlere yerle\u015firler; k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede 15 koloni kurulur. Yerle\u015fme \u00e7abalar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda zaman zaman K\u0131z\u0131lderili kabileleriyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya geleceklerdir. Yay\u0131lmac\u0131 Bat\u0131 Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00f6n\u00fcndeki engelleri d\u00fczlemek i\u00e7in giri\u015feceklerine \u201cideolojik k\u0131l\u0131flar\u201d \u00fcretmekte ge\u00e7 kalmaz. Massachusetts K\u00f6rfezi S\u00f6m\u00fcrge Valisi John Wintrop (1588-1649), K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u2019in ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131tay\u0131 \u201cbo\u015f topraklar\u201d ilan eder. Ona g\u00f6re, madem ki K\u0131z\u0131lderililer bu topraklar\u0131 fethedip egemenlikleri alt\u0131na almam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r; \u00f6yleyse bu topraklarda \u201cyasal\u201d de\u011fil, \u201cdo\u011fal\u201d haklar\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u201cDo\u011fal\u201d haklar\u0131n ise yasal dayana\u011f\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, bu topraklara g\u00f6n\u00fcl rahatl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla el konulabilir. S\u00f6m\u00fcrge valisinin \u201cbo\u015f topraklar\u201d dedi\u011fi Kuzey Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131nda, Bat\u0131 Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fgalinden \u00f6nce, 300 ayr\u0131 dil konu\u015fan, binlerce kabileden olu\u015fan yerli n\u00fcfusunun, 25 milyon oldu\u011fu tahmin edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu durumda, topraklar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekecektir. K\u0131z\u0131lderililer i\u00e7in, \u201cbeyazlar\u201d\u0131n geldi\u011fi y\u00f6nden, k\u0131y\u0131m ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

Tanr\u0131 yine K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u2019i katleden Bat\u0131l\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131nda\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n

Topraklar\u0131n\u0131 yava\u015f yava\u015f geni\u015fleten koloniciler i\u00e7in bir s\u00fcre sonra K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u2019le \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmak ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazla\u015facakt\u0131r. Ama \u201cTanr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131\u201d da yanlar\u0131na alarak, \u201cyasal haklar\u0131\u201dn\u0131 yerlilerden s\u00f6ke s\u00f6ke alacaklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

New England ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri topraklara yerle\u015fmi\u015f Bat\u0131l\u0131 koloniciler, Conneticut ve Rhode Island olarak bilinen b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan Pequot kabilesini, kendilerine engel olarak g\u00f6rmektedir. Yerlileri ka\u00e7\u0131rarak k\u00f6lele\u015ftiren bir beyaz t\u00fcccar\u0131n K\u0131z\u0131lderililer taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesini bahane ederek, 1639\u2019da Pequotlar\u2019a sava\u015f a\u00e7arlar.<\/p>\n

Beyaz birli\u011fini y\u00f6neten Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 John Manson, yerli sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131larla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelecekleri bir sava\u015f yerine, Pequot k\u00f6ylerini basarak yap\u0131lacak katliamlar\u0131n, d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 daha az riskle daha etkili bir bi\u00e7imde y\u0131ld\u0131raca\u011f\u0131na karar verir. Gece ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen bask\u0131nda yerlilerin baz\u0131lar\u0131 ka\u00e7ar, baz\u0131lar\u0131 saklan\u0131r, kimileri kar\u015f\u0131 koymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r; bunun \u00fczerine Manson \u00e7ad\u0131rlar\u0131 yakma emri verir. Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131, Tanr\u0131n\u0131n bu katliam\u0131 onaylad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir: \u201cGer\u00e7ekten Kadiri Mutlak Tanr\u0131, ruhlar\u0131na \u00f6yle deh\u015fetle bir korku sald\u0131 ki, bizden ka\u00e7arken, alevlerin aras\u0131na dal\u0131yorlard\u0131; \u00e7o\u011fu b\u00f6yle \u00f6ld\u00fc\u2026 (Ve) onlar\u0131 k\u0131zg\u0131n bir f\u0131r\u0131n gibi yaparak, kendisine inananlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131na a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lamayla g\u00fclen Tanr\u0131 \u00fczerlerindeydi. Son uykular\u0131n\u0131 uyuyan yi\u011fitler b\u00f6yle darmada\u011f\u0131n oldular\u2026 Tanr\u0131, oray\u0131 cesetlerle doldurarak, k\u00e2firlere kar\u015f\u0131 h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc verdi\u2026\u201d (23).<\/p>\n

Bir siyasi y\u00f6neticinin ve bir din adam\u0131n\u0131n da, Pequot k\u00f6y\u00fc bask\u0131n\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131nda, y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131yla g\u00f6sterdikleri ortakl\u0131k dikkate de\u011ferdir. Pylmouth Kolonisi Valisi William Bradford bask\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131r: \u201cOnlar\u0131 b\u00f6yle ate\u015fte k\u0131zar\u0131rken ve bu ate\u015fi s\u00f6nd\u00fcren kan g\u00f6l\u00fcnde g\u00f6rmek korkun\u00e7 bir manzarayd\u0131; \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcyen cesetler ve bunlardan yay\u0131lan koku berbatt\u0131; fakat zafer tatl\u0131 bir fedak\u00e2rl\u0131k gibiydi; kendilerine ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yard\u0131mlarda bulunarak bu kadar gururlu ve kibirli bir d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 ellerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcren, bu kadar \u00e7abuk bir zafer bah\u015feden Tanr\u0131ya bunun i\u00e7in \u015f\u00fckranlar\u0131n\u0131 sundular\u201d (24).<\/p>\n

H\u0131ristiyan din bilgini Cotton Mather ise, Magnalia Christi Americana<\/em> adl\u0131 eserinde \u00f6len Pequotlar i\u00e7in, \u201cBir saatten biraz uzun bir s\u00fcrede, bu barbarlar\u0131n 500-600 tanesi y\u00fck olduklar\u0131 d\u00fcnyadan kovuldular\u201d diyecektir (25).<\/p>\n

O gece Pequot k\u00f6y\u00fcnde uygulanan k\u0131y\u0131m, Bat\u0131l\u0131lar k\u0131taya yay\u0131l\u0131rken pek \u00e7ok K\u0131z\u0131lderili kabilesine kar\u015f\u0131 tekrarlanacakt\u0131r. Ku\u015fkusuz \u015fiddet \u015fiddeti do\u011furur, K\u0131z\u0131lderililer de yer yer vah\u015fete vah\u015fetle kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verirler.<\/p>\n

K\u0131y\u0131daki ovan\u0131n gerisinde y\u00fckselen Appalachian S\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131, kolonicilerin k\u0131tan\u0131n i\u00e7lerine yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in engeller. K\u0131y\u0131 n\u00fcfusu s\u00fcrekli g\u00f6\u00e7lerle kalabal\u0131kla\u015f\u0131nca, yay\u0131lma kendini dayat\u0131r. Koloniciler, bat\u0131ya do\u011fru ilerlediklerinde, da\u011flar\u0131n \u00f6tesinde, u\u00e7suz bucaks\u0131z bir havza bulurlar. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc ABD topraklar\u0131n\u0131n hemen yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan Mississippi Havzas\u0131, tamamen d\u00fcz ve engebesizdir; b\u00fcy\u00fck ovalardan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.
\nYay\u0131lma b\u00fcy\u00fck ovalar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na geldi\u011finde, i\u015fler iyice sertle\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ovalar kuzeyden g\u00fcneye sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 K\u0131z\u0131lderili kabileleriyle kapl\u0131d\u0131r. Kuzeyde Kanada s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 do\u011fru Siouxlar, hemen g\u00fcneyde Cheyenne-Arapaho ittifak\u0131, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da Teksas b\u00f6lgesinde Kiowa-Comanche grubu, Arizona\u2019da Navajo ve Apacheler ge\u00e7ilmez duvarlar olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Beyaz koloniciler ilerledik\u00e7e ve daha geni\u015f toprak par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmeye ba\u015flad\u0131k\u00e7a, K\u0131z\u0131lderililer direni\u015f i\u00e7in geni\u015f kabile ittifaklar\u0131 kurmaya ba\u015flarlar. \u00d6rne\u011fin Kuzey Carolina kolonicileri, Tuscarora Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda, G\u00fcney Carolina g\u00f6\u00e7menleri Yamassee Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda buna benzer ittifaklarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r. Geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ciddi \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalar olur; beyazlar da mal ve can bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli kay\u0131plara u\u011frarlar. Kuzey Amerika\u2019n\u0131n i\u015fgali i\u00e7in kozlar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015fan Bat\u0131l\u0131 yay\u0131lmac\u0131lar, \u0130ngilizler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Frans\u0131zlar, \u0130spanyollar ve Hollandal\u0131lar da yerlilerle sava\u015fmak yan\u0131nda, zaman zaman K\u0131z\u0131lderili kabilelerle ittifaklar yaparak, kabileleri birbirlerine k\u0131rd\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar, K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u2019e uymayacaklar\u0131 s\u00f6zler vermeye ba\u015fl\u0131yor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kuzey Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131na iyice yerle\u015fmi\u015f \u0130ngiliz kolonileri, \u00fczerlerindeki ekonomik ve yasal denetimini ve yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 giderek art\u0131ran \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 1775\u2019de Amerikan Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131rlar. 1776\u2019da Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Bildirgesi ilan edilir; \u0130ngiltere 1783\u2019de Amerika\u2019n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mak zorunda kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu \u0130ngilizler\u2019in yan\u0131nda sava\u015f\u0131r. George Washington, koloni birli\u011finin s\u0131n\u0131r boylar\u0131nda sava\u015fan K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u2019le ba\u015f edemeyince, uzla\u015fma politikas\u0131 uygulamaya ba\u015flar. Birli\u011fin Sava\u015f Bakan\u0131, Henry Knox, \u201cDaha \u00f6nceki sakinler olarak toprak K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u2019in hakk\u0131d\u0131r\u201d der (26).<\/p>\n

Birle\u015fik Devletler Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Thomas Jefferson ise, 1791\u2019deki bir konu\u015fmas\u0131nda, herhangi bir eyaletin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayan K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u2019e m\u00fcdahale edilmemesini ister ve onlar\u0131n haklar\u0131na tecav\u00fcze yeltenen beyazlar\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan bulunduklar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir (27).<\/p>\n

Ancak Jefferson\u2019un devlet ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 1800\u2019de, \u00fclkenin bat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na y\u0131\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f 700 binlik beyaz n\u00fcfusun h\u00fck\u00fcmet \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131s\u0131 artar. Jefferson art\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcmetini, K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u2019in baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in ikna etmeye u\u011fra\u015fmaktad\u0131r. K\u0131z\u0131lderilililer\u2019in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck araziler \u00fczerine yerle\u015ftirilerek \u00e7ift\u00e7ilik yapmalar\u0131 ve beyazlara bor\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131larak, onlarla ticarete zorlanmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir. Bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 daha sonra topraklar\u0131n\u0131 satarak \u00f6deyebilirler. Jefferson\u2019a g\u00f6re, K\u0131z\u0131lderililer avc\u0131l\u0131ktan mutlaka uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r, ancak bu takdirde tar\u0131ma, \u00fcretime ve uygarl\u0131\u011fa ula\u015facaklard\u0131r (28).<\/p>\n

\u0130ngilizler\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 Kuzey Carolina\u2019da Birli\u011fin yan\u0131nda sava\u015fm\u0131\u015f Chickasawalar ile topraklar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvencede oldu\u011funa dair bir anla\u015fma imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ama \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden Chivkasawlar\u2019\u0131n topraklar\u0131 sat\u0131\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r. Toprak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcnden sorumlu devlet g\u00f6revlisi John Donelson, b\u00f6lgede 80 bin d\u00f6n\u00fcmden fazla topra\u011fa el koyar.<\/p>\n

Muhalif bir Amerikal\u0131 olan akt\u00f6r Marlon Brando \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor: \u201cH\u00fck\u00fcmetimiz K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u2019le neredeyse 400 anla\u015fma yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve hepsini teker teker \u00e7i\u011fnemi\u015fti. Yap\u0131lan bu anla\u015fmalar\u0131n hemen her metninde \u015fu ifadeler yer al\u0131yordu. \u2018Irmaklar akt\u0131k\u00e7a, g\u00fcne\u015f tepemizde parlad\u0131k\u00e7a ve \u00e7imenler ye\u015ferdik\u00e7e, bu topraklar sizindir ve sizin izniniz olmad\u0131k\u00e7a da, ne elinizden al\u0131nabilir, ne de sat\u0131labilir\u201d. Evet, b\u00fct\u00fcn bu anla\u015fmalar, y\u00fcce mahkemelerimizin takdis ve takdiriyle birer birer \u00e7i\u011fnenmi\u015fti\u201d (29).<\/p>\n

K\u0131z\u0131lderili katili Jackson ba\u015fkan olunca, yerlilere \u201cG\u00f6zya\u015f\u0131 Patikalar\u0131\u201d g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcr <\/strong><\/p>\n

Birle\u015fik Devletler\u2019in kurulu\u015f a\u015famas\u0131ndan sonra da k\u0131tasal geni\u015flemesi s\u00fcrer. Amerikan yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, 1800\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llar boyunca K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u2019in \u00fczerine \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Yerliler katledilecek, bazen hileyle, bazen zorbal\u0131kla, bazen parayla, bazen \u201cyasal\u201d k\u0131l\u0131flar bulunarak, ama sistemli bir bi\u00e7imde tehcire zorlanacak, topraklar\u0131 ellerinden al\u0131nacak, s\u00fcrekli giderek daha da daralan alanlara s\u00fcr\u00fclecekler, do\u011fal yiyecek ve bar\u0131nak kaynaklar\u0131 yok edilecek, ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imleri ve inan\u00e7lar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lacak; yoksulluk ve alkolizme mahk\u00fbm edilecekler; b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlara direnmeye kalkt\u0131klar\u0131nda da \u201cilkel vah\u015filer\u201d olarak damgalanacaklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Birle\u015fik Devletler\u2019in ilk d\u00f6nem ba\u015fkanlar\u0131ndan John Quiny Adams\u2019a (1825-29) g\u00f6re, K\u0131z\u0131lderililer \u201cbir \u0131rk olarak korunmaya de\u011fmeyen\u201d, \u201ct\u00fckenmeye mahk\u00fbm\u201d bir g\u00fcruhtur ve \u201c\u0131slah edilebilir bir soy de\u011fildir\u201d. Bu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u0131rktan insanlar\u0131 \u201ck\u0131tadan temizlemek son derece \u015ferefli bir i\u015ftir\u201d (30).<\/p>\n

1829\u2019da, K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u2019in \u201ckeskin b\u0131\u00e7ak\u201d dedikleri Andrew Jackson, Birle\u015fik Devletler Ba\u015fkan\u0131 olur. Jackson, 1813-14 y\u0131llar\u0131nda, K\u0131z\u0131lderili b\u00f6lgeleri s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda g\u00f6revliyken Creekler\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Jackson ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 800 kadar Creek\u2019i ablukaya alm\u0131\u015f; kad\u0131nlar ve \u00e7ocuklar dahil hepsini \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u201c\u00d6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u2019in kafa derilerini saklamakla\u201d \u00f6v\u00fcnen Jackson, askerleri yerli cesetlerinden uzun \u015feritler keserek dizginler yaparken ve \u00f6l\u00fc say\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in cesetlerin burunlar\u0131n\u0131n ucunu keserken de yanlar\u0131ndad\u0131r (31).<\/p>\n

K\u0131z\u0131lderili d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 Jackson, ayn\u0131 zamanda bir toprak spek\u00fclat\u00f6r\u00fc ve k\u00f6le t\u00fcccar\u0131d\u0131r. Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u2019in Mississippi Nehri\u2019nin bat\u0131s\u0131na, kal\u0131c\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde yerle\u015ftirilmelerini \u00f6nerir; bu tehcir \u00f6nerisi 1830\u2019da yasala\u015f\u0131r. Bu yasayla \u201cKal\u0131c\u0131 K\u0131z\u0131lderili S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131\u201d kurulduktan sonra, g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgelerindeki pamuk ekimine engel olu\u015fturan 90 bin K\u0131z\u0131lderili\u2019nin b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc ba\u015flar. 1831\u2019de Choctaw kabilesi zorla s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Alabama\u2019daki Creekler, ordu onlara 1836\u2019da bask\u0131 uygulayana dek direnirler. Bir y\u0131l ge\u00e7meden, Chickasawlar da onlar\u0131 takip edecektir.<\/p>\n

Cherookeler s\u00fcrg\u00fcn yasas\u0131yla, mahkeme yoluyla m\u00fccadele etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. Ancak topraklar\u0131nda alt\u0131n bulunmas\u0131, \u00fczerlerindeki bask\u0131y\u0131 daha da art\u0131r\u0131r. S\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fckleri topraklara gitmenin varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmek i\u00e7in tek \u015fans oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle, durumu kabul ederler. \u0130\u00e7lerine sinmeden ald\u0131klar\u0131 bu karardan, 1838\u2019de hareket zaman\u0131 geldi\u011finde vazge\u00e7mi\u015flerdir. Bunun \u00fczerine h\u00fck\u00fcmet asker g\u00f6ndererek, 20 bin Cherooke\u2019yi ablukaya ald\u0131r\u0131r; asker e\u015fli\u011finde zorbal\u0131kla Oklahoma\u2019ya y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcrler. G\u00f6\u00e7 ettirilen 90 bin yerlinin yakla\u015f\u0131k 30 bini (32) hastal\u0131klardan ve yorgunluktan \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in bu zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7, yerliler aras\u0131nda \u201cG\u00f6zya\u015f\u0131 Patikalar\u0131\u201d olarak an\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yeni topraklara ula\u015fabilen yerliler, a\u011f\u0131r bedeller \u00f6demeye devam eder. Ya\u015famlar\u0131nda ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck yeri olan topraklar\u0131yla ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015flerdir. Geldikleri yerlerdeki hayvan ve bitkileri tan\u0131m\u0131yorlard\u0131r. Bu topraklarda \u00f6teden beri ya\u015fayan di\u011fer K\u0131z\u0131lderili kabileleriyle, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 do\u011fal kaynaklar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya girmeleri ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazla\u015f\u0131r. Tar\u0131m yapmay\u0131 bilmediklerinden, ge\u00e7imlerini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in h\u00fck\u00fcmetin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6demelere ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale gelirler. Ama hen\u00fcz yeni topraklar\u0131na uyum sa\u011flamaya vakit bulamadan yine s\u00fcr\u00fcleceklerdir.<\/p>\n

Beyazlar\u0131n ayak basmad\u0131klar yer kalmayana dek, hi\u00e7 bitmeyecek bir s\u00fcrg\u00fcnd\u00fcr bu; yerle\u015ftirildikleri topraklarda de\u011ferli madenler ya da petrol bulunduk\u00e7a, ya da artan beyaz n\u00fcfus kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda giderek k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclen ve daha verimsiz, \u00e7orak alanlara g\u00f6\u00e7e zorlan\u0131rlar. \u201cKal\u0131c\u0131\u201d K\u0131z\u0131lderili s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131, hi\u00e7bir zaman kal\u0131c\u0131la\u015fmaz. \u00d6rne\u011fin Winnebago kabilesi, 1829-1966 aras\u0131nda alt\u0131 kez daha bat\u0131ya gitmeye zorlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir K\u0131z\u0131lderili reisi, \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Baba\u2019n\u0131n bir daha yerlerinden s\u00fcr\u00fclmeyeceklerine dair s\u00f6z veri\u015finden beri be\u015f kez s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcklerini\u201d s\u00f6yledikten sonra ironiyle eklemi\u015ftir: \u201cBana kal\u0131rsa K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u2019e tekerlek tak\u0131n; b\u00f6ylece istedi\u011finizde kolayl\u0131kla s\u00fcr\u00fcp g\u00f6t\u00fcrebilirsiniz\u201d (33).<\/p>\n

Yurtlar\u0131ndan kopar\u0131l\u0131p Amerika\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131nan yedek \u201ci\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc\u201d: Kara derililer<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hem kuzey, hem de G\u00fcney Amerika k\u0131talar\u0131na gelen Bat\u0131l\u0131lar, yerlileri i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc olarak da s\u00f6m\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in k\u00f6lele\u015ftirdiler. Bir\u00e7ok Amerikan yerli kabilesi, avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011fa dayal\u0131 bir ya\u015fam y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ihtiya\u00e7 duymuyordu. Ama madenlerde ve b\u00fcy\u00fck tar\u0131m i\u015fletmelerinde zorla \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131lar. 1542\u2019den sonra, \u0130spanyol Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda yerli k\u00f6leli\u011finin yasaklanmas\u0131 \u00f6nleyici olmad\u0131. K\u00f6lelik Amerika topraklar\u0131nda y\u00fczy\u0131llarca devam etti. G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019da 18. y\u00fczy\u0131la, Kuzey Amerika\u2019da ise 19. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar yerliler k\u00f6le olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Yerli n\u00fcfusunun k\u0131y\u0131m ve hastal\u0131klarla h\u0131zla azalmas\u0131, Bat\u0131l\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc i\u00e7in ba\u015fka b\u00f6lgelere y\u00f6nelmesini zorunlu k\u0131ld\u0131. Ama katliamlarla ve Avrupa hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6lgeye ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 sonucunda yerli n\u00fcfusun b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ve h\u0131zla azalmas\u0131, yeni kol eme\u011fi g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc gereksindiriyordu. K\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde, hem \u0130spanyollar hem de Portekizliler, Afrika\u2019dan k\u00f6le getirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

16. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan 17. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar, kara derili insan ticareti, en kazan\u00e7l\u0131 ticaret dallar\u0131ndan biri oldu. Bat\u0131 Afrika t\u00fcm\u00fcyle bir k\u00f6le deposu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Afrikal\u0131 k\u00f6le ticareti iyice yerle\u015fti. Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131nda, tar\u0131m\u0131n talepleri artt\u0131k\u00e7a, Afrika ve Amerika aras\u0131ndaki ticaret de artt\u0131. 1600\u2019de her y\u0131l yakla\u015f\u0131k 5 bin Afrikal\u0131 k\u00f6lele\u015ftiriliyordu, ama y\u00fczy\u0131l sonra bu rakam y\u0131lda 30 bine y\u00fckselmi\u015fti. Ticaretin en yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu 1800 y\u0131llar\u0131nda her y\u0131l 75 bin Afrikal\u0131 k\u00f6lele\u015ftiriliyordu.<\/p>\n

Afrika ile Brezilya topraklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda zenci ticareti Portekizliler\u2019in elindeydi. Afrika\u2019daki sava\u015f esirleri aras\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilerek sat\u0131n al\u0131nan ya da d\u00fcped\u00fcz avlanarak gemilere istif edilen kara derili insanlar, Amerika\u2019da \u00f6nceleri a\u011fa\u00e7 kesimi gibi i\u015flerde, K\u0131z\u0131lderili insanlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda yard\u0131mc\u0131 bir i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Ama \u015feker kam\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015fletmelerinin kurulmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131ndan sonra, Afrika\u2019dan Amerika\u2019ya kol g\u00fcc\u00fc ihracat\u0131 \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yo\u011funlu\u011fu ula\u015ft\u0131. K\u00f6le eme\u011fi k\u0131sa bir zamanda Brezilya\u2019y\u0131 Avrupa ba\u015fkentlerine ta\u015f\u0131nan \u015fekerin anavatan\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6le ticaretinin ilk a\u015famalar\u0131na Portekiz, Hollanda ve \u0130spanya egemendi ama, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131la gelindi\u011finde, Amerika k\u0131talar\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclen Afrikal\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k d\u00f6rtte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye aitti.<\/p>\n

\u0130ngilizler\u2019e ait Jamaika Barbados Adalar\u0131\u2019nda geni\u015f araziler bulunuyordu. 1680\u2019de Barbados\u2019un yar\u0131s\u0131, toplam arazi sahiplerinin yaln\u0131zca y\u00fczde 6\u2019s\u0131na aitti ve en \u00fcst konumdaki 19 \u00fcreticiden her birinin 200\u2019den fazlas\u0131 k\u00f6lesi vard\u0131. 1713\u2019de Jamaika\u2019da her beyaz yerle\u015fimcinin, ortalama 8 zenci k\u00f6lesi bulunuyordu. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ise, \u00fcretim merkezleri k\u00f6leli\u011fin h\u00e2l\u00e2 artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve toprak veriminin hen\u00fcz t\u00fckenmedi\u011fi \u0130spanyol K\u00fcba ve Porto Riko Adalar\u0131 oldu. 1800\u2019de K\u00fcba\u2019da yaln\u0131zca 44 bin k\u00f6le vard\u0131 ama 1810-1870 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda sanayiyi geli\u015ftirebilmek i\u00e7in Afrika\u2019dan yar\u0131m milyon daha k\u00f6le getirildi (1).<\/p>\n

400 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde 12 milyon Afrikal\u0131 Amerika\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u00f6lelik Afrika\u2019da y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r yayg\u0131n olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, Avrupa ticaretinin yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n toplumsal etkileri korkun\u00e7tu. K\u00f6le yakalamak i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fccadelelere giriliyordu. K\u00f6le ticareti nedeniyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan toplumsal huzursuzluk, mahvolan ya\u015famlar ve erken \u00f6l\u00fcmler bi\u00e7iminde kendini g\u00f6steren korkun\u00e7 ac\u0131lar\u0131n boyutunu tahmin edebilmek g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

1500 y\u0131l\u0131 ile \u0130ngilizler\u2019in k\u00f6le ticaretini kald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 milyon Afrikal\u0131 Avrupal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan k\u00f6lele\u015ftirildi ve Amerika k\u0131talar\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda k\u00f6leli\u011fin kesin olarak kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce, Amerika k\u0131talar\u0131na 2 milyon Afrikal\u0131 daha ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131 (2).<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla her 5 k\u00f6leden biri, Atlas Okyanusu boyunca yap\u0131lan yolculuk s\u0131ras\u0131nda korkun\u00e7 ko\u015fullarda \u00f6l\u00fcyordu. Bir\u00e7o\u011fu da ailelerinden, toplumsal geleneklerinden zorla kopar\u0131larak getirildikleri, k\u00f6t\u00fc muamele, yetersiz beslenme ve yeni hastal\u0131klara maruz kald\u0131klar\u0131 bu garip \u00fclkelere geldikten k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 yitiriyorlard\u0131. \u00d6l\u00fcm oran\u0131 \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fundan i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc koruyabilmek i\u00e7in \u00e7ok say\u0131da k\u00f6le getiriliyordu.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6lelik uygulamas\u0131, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na kadar bir\u00e7ok ekonomini \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Karaderili insan\u0131n kol g\u00fcc\u00fc, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda ABD\u2019yi d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u00fcn \u00fcreticisi konumuna y\u00fckseltti, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de de tekstil sanayisinin dev boyutlarda geli\u015fmesine temel haz\u0131rlad\u0131. K\u00f6lelik 1833\u2019de \u0130ngiltere topraklar\u0131nda, 1863\u2019de Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nde, 1886\u2019da K\u00fcba\u2019da ve 1888\u2019de Brezilya\u2019da kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Clive Ponting, D\u00fcnyan\u0131n Ye\u015fil Tarihi -\u00c7evre ve Uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc-, \u00c7ev. Ay\u015fe Ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131 Sander, Sabanc\u0131 \u00dcniversitesi, 2000, s.182.<\/p>\n

2) Age, s.174.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u201cEn iyi K\u0131z\u0131lderili \u00f6l\u00fc bir K\u0131z\u0131lderilidir\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u0131tan\u0131n en bat\u0131s\u0131na beyaz g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc 1848\u2019de ba\u015flar. Oregon\u2019un Birle\u015fik Devletler topraklar\u0131na kat\u0131lmas\u0131, Kaliforniya\u2019da alt\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 ve 1860\u2019da k\u0131tay\u0131 bir u\u00e7tan di\u011ferine kat eden demiryolunun tamamlanmas\u0131; bu b\u00f6lgelere beyaz yerle\u015fimini h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r. K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u2019e yine yeni rezervasyonlar\u0131n yollar\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00fckecektir.<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn bu uygulamalara direnen, rezervasyonlara gitmeyi kabul etmeyen ya da g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fckleri rezervasyonlardan ka\u00e7an yerli \u00e7eteleri vard\u0131r. Bunlarla y\u00fczlerce ac\u0131mas\u0131z sava\u015f y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr. Kabaca 1860-1890 aras\u0131na tarihlenebilecek bir d\u00f6nemde \u201cVah\u015fi Bat\u0131\u201dn\u0131n t\u00fcm b\u00fcy\u00fck efsaneleri sahneye \u00e7\u0131kar. Oturan Bo\u011fa, \u00c7\u0131lg\u0131n At, Geronimo, Gaga Burun gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar, K\u0131z\u0131l Bulut, Benekli Kuyruk, Yaln\u0131z Kurt gibi bilge politikac\u0131lar, Wovoka gibi mesihler yerli direni\u015flerinin sembolleridir.<\/p>\n

Bir Amerikan \u00f6zdeyi\u015fi haline gelen, \u201c\u0130yi bir K\u0131z\u0131lderili, \u00f6l\u00fc bir K\u0131z\u0131lderilidir\u201d c\u00fcmlesi bu d\u00f6nemde s\u00f6ylenir. Bu, Comanche \u00e7etesini General Sheridan\u2019a teslim eden \u201ci\u015fbirlik\u00e7i yerli\u201d Tosawi\u2019nin General\u2019e, \u201cTosawi, \u0130yi K\u0131z\u0131lderili\u201d dedi\u011finde ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yan\u0131tt\u0131r (34).<\/p>\n

S\u0131rf K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u2019le sava\u015fmak amac\u0131yla kurulan 3. m\u00fcfrezenin komutan\u0131 Albay Chivington, askerleri bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u2019e sald\u0131rmak istemeyince \u00e7ok \u00f6fkelenir: \u201cLanet olsun K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u2019e yak\u0131nl\u0131k duyanlara! Ben buraya K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u2019i \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye geldim ve Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6\u011f\u00fc alt\u0131nda K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u2019i \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yola ba\u015fvurman\u0131n do\u011fru ve \u015ferefli bir i\u015f oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yorum!\u201d diye hayk\u0131r\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekten g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fabilen s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 yerli n\u00fcfusu, ba\u015fvurulan yollarda hi\u00e7 teredd\u00fct ya\u015fanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bufalo s\u00fcr\u00fclerinin yok edilmesi de, K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u2019i ve ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imlerini yok etme m\u00fccadelesinde yer yer bir strateji halini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1867\u2019de bir subay, avc\u0131lara \u015f\u00f6yle demektedir: \u201c\u00d6ld\u00fcrebilece\u011finiz kadar bufalo \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcn. Her bufalo ile bir K\u0131z\u0131lderili de yok olacakt\u0131r\u201d (36). K\u0131tan\u0131n oval\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerinde yayg\u0131n olarak bulunan bufalolar\u0131, s\u00fcr\u00fclerin kendilerini yenilemesine engel olmayacak bi\u00e7imde avlayarak ya\u015fayan Siux, Lakota, Karaayak, Crow, Cheyenne, Comanche, Pawnee, Kiowa gibi K\u0131z\u0131lderili kabileleri; beyazlar\u0131n \u201ck\u00e2r sistemi\u201dnin bufalo s\u00fcr\u00fclerini neredeyse tamamen yok etmesiyle, ya\u015fam kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 da kaybederler. 1872-74 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen 4 milyona yak\u0131n bufalodan yaln\u0131zca 150 binini K\u0131z\u0131lderililer vurmu\u015ftur (35).<\/p>\n

K\u00f6klerine kibrit suyu d\u00f6kemiyorsan, kendine benzet!<\/strong><\/p>\n

19. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonunda ve 20.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ABD ve Kanada h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerinin uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 resmi \u201cuygarla\u015ft\u0131rma\u201d politikalar\u0131n\u0131n ana hedefi K\u0131z\u0131lderili geleneklerini ve kabile ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmakt\u0131r. Asimilasyon politikalar\u0131 d\u00f6rt noktada y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u0130lki, Jefferson\u2019un da hararetle \u00f6nerdi\u011fi gibi tar\u0131ma d\u00f6n\u00fck ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imini oturtarak, K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u2019in avc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa dayal\u0131, g\u00f6\u00e7ebe ve m\u00fclkiyet kavram\u0131 olmayan ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imini silmektir. \u0130kincisi geleneksel yerli giyim tarz\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmak, onlar\u0131 beyazlar gibi giyinmeye zorlamakt\u0131r. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilerin en \u00e7ok ba\u015fvurdu\u011fu yol olan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, H\u0131ristiyanla\u015ft\u0131rmak yoluyla K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u2019in geleneksel inan\u00e7lar\u0131ndan koparmakt\u0131r. D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc ve en etkili olan\u0131 da, K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u2019i k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckl\u00fckten itibaren \u201cBat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcyle\u201d e\u011fitmenin ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 yaratmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kurulan K\u0131z\u0131lderili okullar\u0131, yoksul K\u0131z\u0131lderili halk\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na iyi bir e\u011fitim sa\u011flamak amac\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00f6ylemine s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131r. Aslen subay olan Richard Henry Pratt taraf\u0131ndan Pennsylvania\u2019da kurulan Carlisle K\u0131z\u0131lderili Okulu, daha sonra a\u00e7\u0131lacak K\u0131z\u0131lderili okullar\u0131na model olu\u015fturacakt\u0131r. 1879\u2019da \u00fclkenin d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndan gelen K\u0131z\u0131lderili \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmeye ba\u015flayan okulun, \u201crezervasyonlardan\u201d m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca uzak olmas\u0131na dikkat edilmi\u015ftir. 1886\u2019da \u00fcnl\u00fc K\u0131z\u0131lderili \u015eefi Geronimo\u2019nun teslim olmas\u0131ndan sonra, pek \u00e7ok Apache \u00e7ocu\u011fu Carlisle\u2019a g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde bak\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve k\u00f6t\u00fc muameleden en az 50 \u00e7ocuk hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybeder (37).<\/p>\n

Bir Sioux olan Luther Standing Bear (Dinelen Ay\u0131), 1931\u2019de bas\u0131lan otobiyografik eseri, K\u0131z\u0131lderili \u00c7ocuklu\u011fum<\/em>\u2019da Carlisle\u2019deki bu okula gidi\u015f maceras\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131r: \u201cBeyazlar\u0131n K\u0131z\u0131lderili \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ne yapmak istediklerini bilemiyordum, bir okulun ne oldu\u011fu konusunda hi\u00e7bir fikrim yoktu. Do\u011fu\u2019ya \u00f6lmeye gitti\u011fimi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcm\u2026 Trende b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7ocuklar cesaret vermek i\u00e7in kahramanl\u0131k \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131 s\u00f6ylediler\u201d (38).<\/p>\n

\u00c7ocuklar\u0131n \u201cuygarla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131\u201d d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015flerinden ba\u015flar. Sa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kesilmesi Dinelen Ay\u0131\u2019da \u015f\u00f6yle yer etmi\u015ftir: \u201cSa\u00e7\u0131m kesildikten sonra akl\u0131ma yeni bir \u015fey geldi. Art\u0131k K\u0131z\u0131lderili olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131, beyaz adam\u0131n taklidi oldu\u011fumu hissettim\u201d (39). Beyazlar\u0131n giysileri i\u00e7inde kendilerini rahat hissetmeseler de, bunlar\u0131 giymeye zorlan\u0131rlar. \u00c7ocuklar\u0131n sadece giysileri ve d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fleri de\u011fil, adlar\u0131 da \u201cbeyazla\u015f\u201dt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130ngiliz kral ve krali\u00e7elerinin adlar\u0131yla, \u0130ncil<\/em>\u2019de ge\u00e7en ad ve soyadlar\u0131 al\u0131rlar. Kendi dillerini kullanmalar\u0131 yasaklan\u0131r. Ziyaretlerine gelen akrabalar\u0131yla ancak \u00f6zel izin alarak kendi dillerinde konu\u015fabilirler.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsanlar\u0131 sakatlamak, soymak ve yoksulla\u015ft\u0131rmak uygarl\u0131k m\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c\u2026 Beyaz adam\u0131n bir\u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fiklikler getirdi\u011fi yalan de\u011fil. Ne var ki onun uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n iyi boyanm\u0131\u015f ve \u00e7ekici g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, hastal\u0131k yap\u0131c\u0131 ve \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc. \u0130nsanlar\u0131 sakatlamak, soymak ve yoksulla\u015ft\u0131rmak uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ise, geli\u015fme bunun neresinde? Ben derim ki, ilkel \u00e7ad\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde, topra\u011f\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne oturup ya\u015fam\u0131 ve ya\u015faman\u0131n anlam\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen, yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki b\u00fct\u00fcn yarat\u0131klar\u0131n birbirleriyle h\u0131s\u0131m olduklar\u0131n\u0131 kabul eden ve kendisinin evrenle bir b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck halinde bulundu\u011funu alg\u0131layan bir ki\u015fi, \u00f6z benli\u011fine ger\u00e7ek uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n katk\u0131s\u0131z cevherini a\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015f olur\u201d.<\/p>\n

Reis Luther Standing Bear<\/p>\n

Katliam, rezervasyon ya da s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cAyr\u0131l\u0131rken, i\u00e7imde s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir yaln\u0131zl\u0131k duygusu vard\u0131. Kocam \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f, arkada\u015flar\u0131m g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ya da esir al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sahip oldu\u011fum her \u015feyi terk etti\u011fimi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordum; a\u011flamad\u0131m ama. Hasta olan akrabalar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 ya da arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 kaybetti\u011finiz zaman neler hissedilir bilirsiniz. \u00d6l\u00fcm. O an \u00f6lmenin bile sizin i\u00e7in bir \u00f6nemi yoktur. Bizim i\u00e7inse, her \u015fey daha zordu. \u00d6ld\u00fcr\u00fclenler, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc erkekler, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 kad\u0131nlar ve \u00e7ocuklard\u0131. Bu \u015fekilde \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmeyi hak edecek hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yapmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Biz yaln\u0131zca kendi evimizde \u2013atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n evinde- kalmay\u0131 istedik. Giderken, kalplerimiz b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fcyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015f\u0131yor, ruhlar\u0131m\u0131z par\u00e7alan\u0131yordu. Ama \u00f6zg\u00fcr olacakt\u0131k\u2026 Her \u015fey yitip gitmi\u015fti ve biz sessizce, karl\u0131 geceye do\u011fru y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fck\u201d\u2026<\/p>\n

Reis Joseph\u2019in erkek karde\u015fi Ollakut\u2019un kar\u0131s\u0131, Wetatnomi<\/p>\n

Halk\u0131m nerede?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cNerede bug\u00fcn Pequotlar? Narragansettler, Mohawklar, Pokanoketler ve halk\u0131m\u0131n bir zamanlar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olan di\u011fer kabileleri nerede? Yaz g\u00fcne\u015finin alt\u0131nda eriyip giden kar gibi, beyaz adam\u0131n a\u00e7g\u00f6zl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve bask\u0131s\u0131yla yok oldular\u201d.<\/p>\n

Shawne Reisi Tecumseh<\/p>\n

Beyaz adam\u0131n dokundu\u011fu her yer ac\u0131yor\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cBeyazlar, hi\u00e7bir zaman topra\u011fa ya da geyiklere ya da ay\u0131lara ald\u0131rmad\u0131lar. Biz K\u0131z\u0131lderililer bir hayvan\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz zaman, onun b\u00fct\u00fcn etini yiyoruz. K\u00f6kleri kazd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ukurlar a\u00e7\u0131yoruz. Ev yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ukurlar a\u00e7\u0131yoruz. Biz \u00e7ekirgeler i\u00e7in otlar\u0131 yakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, hi\u00e7bir \u015feyi mahvetmiyoruz. Biz me\u015fe palamutlar\u0131n\u0131 ve f\u0131st\u0131klar\u0131 sallayarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcyoruz. A\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 baltalay\u0131p devirmiyoruz. Biz yaln\u0131zca kurumu\u015f a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 kullan\u0131yoruz. Ama beyazlar topra\u011f\u0131 de\u015fiyorlar, a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 s\u00f6k\u00fcyorlar, her \u015feyi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcyorlar. A\u011fa\u00e7 diyor ki, \u2018Yapma. Ac\u0131yor. Can\u0131m\u0131 yakma.\u2019 Ama onlar, onu baltalay\u0131p kesiyorlar. Topra\u011f\u0131n ruhu, onlardan nefret ediyor\u2026 K\u0131z\u0131lderililer asla bir \u015feyin can\u0131n\u0131 yakmaz, ama beyazlar her \u015feye zarar veriyorlar\u2026 Ama beyazlar hi\u00e7 umursam\u0131yor\u2026 Beyaz adam\u0131n ona dokundu\u011fu her yer ac\u0131yor\u201d.<\/p>\n

Ya\u015fl\u0131 bir Wintu kad\u0131n\u0131<\/p>\n

Atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ruhlar\u0131 bu topraklar\u0131 terk etmeyecek<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cSon K\u0131z\u0131lderili de yok oldu\u011funda ve kabilemin an\u0131s\u0131 beyaz adam i\u00e7in yaln\u0131zca bir efsane olarak kald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bu k\u0131y\u0131lar halk\u0131m\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen \u00f6l\u00fcleriyle dolu olacak ve sizin \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131, k\u0131rda, \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131da, d\u00fckk\u00e2nda ya da yolu olmayan ormanlar\u0131n sessizli\u011finde kendilerini yaln\u0131z hissettikleri zaman, asl\u0131nda yaln\u0131z olmayacaklar\u2026 Geceleri, \u015fehirlerinizin ya da kasabalar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n sokaklar\u0131 sessizken ve siz onlar\u0131n terk edilmi\u015f oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrken, asl\u0131nda o sokaklar, bir zamanlar oralarda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan ve h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u00e7ok sevdikleri bu g\u00fczel topraklara geri d\u00f6nen eski sahipleriyle dolu olacak. Beyaz adam hi\u00e7bir zaman yaln\u0131z olmayacak\u201d.<\/p>\n

Reis Seattle, 1855.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Bat\u0131 art\u0131k \u201cvah\u015fi\u201d de\u011fildir\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n

1888\u2019de asimilasyon politikalar\u0131na tepki olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Wovoka ad\u0131ndaki bir K\u0131z\u0131lderili, mesih oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrer ve Hayalet Dans\u0131 ad\u0131nda bir dini yaymaya ba\u015flar. Yerlilerin son umudu olan Wovoka, atalar\u0131n\u0131n geri d\u00f6nece\u011fini, Bat\u0131l\u0131lar gelmeden \u00f6nceki ya\u015famlar\u0131na kavu\u015facaklar\u0131n\u0131, beyazlar\u0131n yok olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemektedir. Bu de\u011fi\u015fimi h\u0131zland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in K\u0131z\u0131lderililer el ele tutu\u015fup, 5 g\u00fcn boyunca dans etmelidir. Siuxlar yerlileri bir isyan ba\u015flat\u0131rlar. Hayalet Dans\u0131 dininin trajik sonu, 1890\u2019da Yaral\u0131 Diz katliam\u0131 olur. Y\u00fczlerce K\u0131z\u0131lderili, kad\u0131n, erkek, \u00e7ocuk demeden katledilir.<\/p>\n

Avrupal\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn bu uygulamalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n hayatta kalmay\u0131 ba\u015farabilmi\u015f yerliler i\u00e7in, yeni ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imine teslim olmaktan ba\u015fka se\u00e7enek kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bat\u0131 art\u0131k \u201cvah\u015fi\u201d de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Su\u00e7lu, aya\u011fa kalk!<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kolomb\u2019un ki\u015fili\u011finde Amerika k\u0131talar\u0131na ayak basan Bat\u0131 Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, insanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 -burada pek az\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131na girebildi\u011fimiz- b\u00fcy\u00fck su\u00e7lar i\u015fledi.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131l\u0131lar, t\u00fcm gaddarl\u0131klar\u0131 ve pervas\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131yla su\u00e7 i\u015flerken, dillerinden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmedikleri Tanr\u0131lar\u0131, asl\u0131nda g\u00f6z\u00fc hi\u00e7 doymayan \u201ckapitalist k\u00e2r sistemleriydi\u201d. Kolomb ve takip\u00e7ileri s\u00f6k\u00fcn etmeden \u00f6nce, Kuzey ve G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019n\u0131n geni\u015f topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerine yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f 75 milyon yerli n\u00fcfusunu (40) i\u00e7eren ya\u015fam, Bat\u0131l\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n daha fazla toprak ve daha fazla zenginlik isteyen Tanr\u0131lar\u0131 u\u011fruna tarihe g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc. Yerliler, topraklar\u0131n\u0131, do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini, k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini ve hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 yitirdiler. \u00dcstelik, Bat\u0131 Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bu topraklarda i\u015fledi\u011fi su\u00e7larla mayalanan ifrazat\u0131 ABD, ayn\u0131 h\u0131rslarla ve yine \u201cTanr\u0131n\u0131n\u201d dilini ad\u0131ndan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeyerek, insanl\u0131\u011fa sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekte. Bizce su\u00e7lar\u0131 sabittir, mahk\u00fbmiyetlerini istiyoruz…<\/p>\n

S\u00f6z savunman\u0131n<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cHer y\u0131l say\u0131lar\u0131 milyonlarla artan insanlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrce geli\u015febilmesi i\u00e7in k\u0131tan\u0131n her taraf\u0131na yay\u0131lmam\u0131z aln\u0131m\u0131za yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir takdiri ilahidir… (Manifest Destiny-A\u015fik\u00e2r Yazg\u0131). A\u015fik\u00e2r yazg\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n (kaderimizin) hakk\u0131, \u00fczerimize d\u00fc\u015fen b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck deneyimi ve federatif kendi kendini y\u00f6netmeyi geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in Yaradan taraf\u0131ndan bize bah\u015fedilen k\u0131tada yay\u0131lmak ve onun tamam\u0131na sahip olmakt\u0131r. Bu, bir a\u011fac\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcme yazg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in gerekli toprak ve havaya sahip olma hakk\u0131 gibi bir hakt\u0131r\u201d.<\/p>\n

1845\u2019te US Magazine and Democratic Review\u2019un edit\u00f6r\u00fc
\nJohn O\u2019Sullivan\u2019\u0131n form\u00fcle etti\u011fi Manifest Destiny \u201cKader Bildirisi\u201dnden (41).<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Meldan Tanr\u0131sal, \u201cKolomb\u2019dan Wovoka\u2019ya K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u201d, Do\u011fu Bat\u0131, S.32: Bir Zamanlar Amerika, May\u0131s-Temmuz 2005, s.14.<\/p>\n

2) Sibel \u00d6zbudun, \u201cLatin Amerika Yerlileri: Yeniden!\u201d, Latin Amerika Yerlileri i\u00e7inde, Anahtar Kitaplar Yay\u0131nevi, Mart 2006, s.261.<\/p>\n

3) Veli Y\u0131lmaz, \u201c\u0130yi Bir K\u0131z\u0131lderili \u00d6l\u00fc Bir K\u0131z\u0131lderilidir\u201d, Fatihler Yarg\u0131lan\u0131yor i\u00e7inde, T\u00fcm Zamanlar Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, Ekim 1992, s.11.<\/p>\n

4) Howard Zinn, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri Halklar\u0131n\u0131n Tarihi, \u0130mge Kitabevi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Nisan 2005, s.7.<\/p>\n

5) Howard Zinn, \u201cColumbus, K\u0131z\u0131lderililer ve \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Geli\u015fmesi\u201d, Fatihler Yarg\u0131lan\u0131yor i\u00e7inde, s.58.<\/p>\n

6) Zinn, Nisan 2005, s.7.<\/p>\n

7) Zinn, Ekim 1992, s.59.<\/p>\n

8) Zinn, Nisan 2005, s.10.<\/p>\n

9) Zinn, Ekim 1992, s.58.<\/p>\n

10) Age, s.73.<\/p>\n

11) Marc Ferro, S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik Tarihi \u2013Fetihlerden Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Hareketlerine-, \u00c7ev. Muna Cedden, \u0130mge Kitabevi, Kas\u0131m 2002, s.64.<\/p>\n

12) Age, s.67.<\/p>\n

13) Amerika\u2019ya at, \u0130spanyollar taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

14) Richard F. Townsend, Aztekler, \u00c7ev. Meltem \u00d6zdemir, Arkada\u015f Yay\u0131nevi, 2001, s.25.<\/p>\n

15) Ferro, s.67.<\/p>\n

16) Clive Ponting, D\u00fcnyan\u0131n Ye\u015fil Tarihi \u2013\u00c7evre ve Uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc-, \u00c7ev. Ay\u015fe Ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131 Sander, Sabanc\u0131 \u00dcniversitesi, 2000, s.16.<\/p>\n

17) \u00d6zcan Y\u00fcksek, \u201cAztekler \u2013\u0130ki D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00c7arp\u0131\u015fmas\u0131-\u201d; Atlas, S.120, Mart 2003, s.66.<\/p>\n

18) Ferro, s.72.<\/p>\n

19) Carlo M. Cipolla; Fatihler, Korsanlar ve T\u00fcccarlar; \u00c7ev. T\u00fclin Alt\u0131nova, Tarih Vakf\u0131 Yurt Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ocak 2003, s.19.<\/p>\n

20) Jared Diamond; T\u00fcfek, Mikrop ve \u00c7elik \u2013\u0130nsan Topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n Yazg\u0131lar\u0131-; \u00c7ev. \u00dclker \u0130nce, T\u00dcB\u0130TAK Pop\u00fcler Bilim Kitaplar\u0131, Ekim 2002, s.251-276.<\/p>\n

21) Clive Ponting, s.117.<\/p>\n

22) Age, s.117.<\/p>\n

23) David Stannard\u2019dan aktaran Meldan Tanr\u0131sal, \u201cKolomb\u2019dan Wovoka\u2019ya K\u0131z\u0131lderililer\u201d, Do\u011fu Bat\u0131, S.32: Bir Zamanlar Amerika, May\u0131s-Temmuz 2005, s.16.<\/p>\n

24) Age, s.16.<\/p>\n

25) Age. s.16.<\/p>\n

26) Howard Zinn\u2019den aktaran Melda Tanr\u0131sal, s.17.<\/p>\n

27) Age, s.17<\/p>\n

28) Age, s.17.<\/p>\n

29) Aktaran Ta\u015fk\u0131n Tak\u0131\u015f, \u201cAmerikay\u0131 Yeniden Ke\u015ffedelim\u201d; Do\u011fu Bat\u0131, S.32: Bir Zamanlar Amerika, May\u0131s-Temmuz 2005, s.8.<\/p>\n

30) Aktaran Haluk Gerger, Kan Tad\u0131: Belgelerle ABD\u2019nin Kara Kitab\u0131, Ceylan Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130kinci bask\u0131 Ocak 2004, s.35.<\/p>\n

31) Tanr\u0131sal, 2005, s.18.<\/p>\n

32) Ponting, s.119.<\/p>\n

33) Tanr\u0131sal, 2005, s.20.<\/p>\n

34) Age, s.24.<\/p>\n

35) Age, s.24.<\/p>\n

36) Age, s.25.<\/p>\n

37) Ahmet K\u00f6ksal, \u201c\u00c7al\u0131nan ruh: Asimilasyon\u201d, Atlas Dergisi, s.69.<\/p>\n

38) Age, s.69.<\/p>\n

39) Tanr\u0131sal, 2005, s.29<\/p>\n

40) Zinn, Nisan 2005, s.24.<\/p>\n

41) Aktaran Gerger, Ocak 2004, s.87<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) AnaBritannica Ansiklopedisi, 1993 T\u00fcrk\u00e7e bask\u0131s\u0131, 2. Cilt, \u201cAmerika\u201d maddesi.<\/p>\n

2) Bir Zamanlar Amerika dosyas\u0131, Do\u011fu-Bat\u0131 dergisi, S.32, May\u0131s-Temmuz 2005, 287 s.<\/p>\n

3) Kolektif, Latin Amerika Yerlileri, Anahtar Kitaplar Yay\u0131nevi, Mart 2006, 368 s.<\/p>\n

4) Carlo M. Cipolla; Fatihler, Korsanlar ve T\u00fcccarlar; \u00c7ev. T\u00fclin Alt\u0131nova, Tarih Vakf\u0131 Yurt Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ocak 2003, s.19.<\/p>\n

5) Michael D. Coe, Mayalar, \u00c7ev. Meltem \u00d6zdemir, Arkada\u015f Yay\u0131nevi, Nisan 2002, 256 s.<\/p>\n

6) Jared Diamond; T\u00fcfek, Mikrop ve \u00c7elik \u2013\u0130nsan Topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n Yazg\u0131lar\u0131-; \u00c7ev. \u00dclker \u0130nce, T\u00dcB\u0130TAK Pop\u00fcler Bilim Kitaplar\u0131, Ekim 2002, 610 s.<\/p>\n

7) Marc Ferro, S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik Tarihi \u2013Fetihlerden Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Hareketlerine-, \u00c7ev. Muna Cedden, \u0130mge Kitabevi, Kas\u0131m 2002, 673 s.<\/p>\n

8) Haluk Gerger, Kan Tad\u0131: Belgelerle ABD\u2019nin Kara Kitab\u0131, Ceylan Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130kinci bask\u0131 Ocak 2004, 542 s.<\/p>\n

9) Kristof Kolomb, Seyir Defterleri, \u00c7ev. Sait Maden, \u00c7ekirdek Yay\u0131nlar, 1999, 234 s.<\/p>\n

10) Bartoleme de Las Casas, K\u0131z\u0131lderili Katliam\u0131, \u00c7ev. \u00d6mer Faruk Birp\u0131nar, Bab\u0131ali K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, Ocak 2005, 134 s.<\/p>\n

11) Allan Nevins, Henry Steele Commager; ABD Tarihi, \u00c7ev. Halil \u0130nalc\u0131k, Do\u011fu Bat\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Nisan 2005, 453 s.<\/p>\n

12) Clive Ponting, D\u00fcnyan\u0131n Ye\u015fil Tarihi \u2013\u00c7evre ve Uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc-, \u00c7ev. Ay\u015fe Ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131 Sander, Sabanc\u0131 \u00dcniversitesi, 2000, 388 s.<\/p>\n

13) Richard F. Townsend, Aztekler, \u00c7ev. Meltem \u00d6zdemir, Arkada\u015f Yay\u0131nevi, 2001, 232 s.<\/p>\n

14) \u00d6zcan Y\u00fcksek, \u201cAztekler \u2013\u0130ki D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00c7arp\u0131\u015fmas\u0131-\u201d, Atlas, S.120, Mart 2003, s.32-66.<\/p>\n

15) Howard Zinn, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri Halklar\u0131n\u0131n Tarihi, \u0130mge Kitabevi, \u00c7ev. Sevin\u00e7 Sayan \u00d6zer, Nisan 2005, 745 s.<\/p>\n

16) Howard Zinn, Manning Marable, Mike Davis, Veli Y\u0131lmaz; Fatihler Yarg\u0131lan\u0131yor -500. Y\u0131l\u0131nda Kar\u015f\u0131 Amerika-, T\u00fcm Zamanlar Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, Ekim 1992, 180 s.+ resimler.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u201ckahraman\u0131\u201d, Amerikan yerlilerinin \u201csu\u00e7lusu\u201d 1992\u2019de, Amerika\u2019n\u0131n \u201cke\u015ffedili\u015finin\u201d 500. y\u0131l\u0131 kutlamalar\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r; Kolomb y\u0131l\u0131 ilan edilen bu y\u0131l\u0131, Bat\u0131 Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u201ckahraman\u201d Kolomb\u2019un kahramanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6vg\u00fcyle anlatan filmler, kitaplar, paneller, sergilerle kar\u015f\u0131larken; Amerikan yerlileri, \u201csu\u00e7lu\u201d Kolomb\u2019un su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ABD\u2019nin New Mexico eyaletinde ast\u0131klar\u0131 afi\u015fle (1) b\u00f6yle anlat\u0131yorlard\u0131. K\u0131ta yerlileri bu d\u00f6nemde, \u201cke\u015fif\u201din ve \u201cKolomb\u201dun kendileri i\u00e7in ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":470,"featured_media":20325,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[66,1464,222,29],"tags":[474,2433,238],"class_list":["post-20324","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-28-sayi","category-dosya","category-tarih","category-toplum","tag-cografi-kesifler","tag-kristof-kolomb","tag-tarih"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t