{"id":20519,"date":"2018-03-01T11:41:51","date_gmt":"2018-03-01T08:41:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=20519"},"modified":"2018-03-01T12:19:08","modified_gmt":"2018-03-01T09:19:08","slug":"doga-felsefesi-yeniden-sekillenirken-ibn-i-heysem-isiga-yolculuk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/03\/01\/doga-felsefesi-yeniden-sekillenirken-ibn-i-heysem-isiga-yolculuk","title":{"rendered":"Do\u011fa felsefesi yeniden \u015fekillenirken\u00a0\u0130bn-i Heysem: I\u015f\u0131\u011fa yolculuk"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>\u0130bn-i Heysem (965 \u2013 1040?) \u0131\u015f\u0131kla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 deneyler neticesinde, antik Yunan\u2019dan beri \u0131\u015f\u0131k hakk\u0131nda ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f b\u00fct\u00fcn yanl\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri tersy\u00fcz etti. G\u00f6zlem, inceleme ve deneye dayal\u0131 bilimsel bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla \u00fcretti\u011fi arg\u00fcmanlar, d\u00f6neminin \u0130slam \u00e2leminde ciddiye al\u0131nmad\u0131. \u0130bn-i Sina ve El Biruni d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda. Onlar ise, g\u00f6z ve g\u00f6rmenin t\u0131bbi boyutlar\u0131yla ilgili ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na dair \u00fcst \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapt\u0131lar. Optik alan\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131ymeti, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Bat\u0131l\u0131larca ke\u015ffedili\u015finden sonra anla\u015f\u0131lmaya ba\u015flayacakt\u0131.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>10. y\u00fczy\u0131l, Ortado\u011fu\u2026 \u0130slam medeniyetinin bilimden edebiyata sanattan mimariye kadar her alanda, bilinen d\u00fcnyaya liderlik etti\u011fi y\u0131llar\u2026 D\u00fczensiz \u015fehir devletlerinden i\u015fleyen bir devlet y\u00f6netimine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen Ortado\u011fu\u2019nun sosyal yap\u0131s\u0131, askeri fetihler sayesinde gelen zenginliklerle birlikte farkl\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Devlet liderleri \u00f6zg\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyle sava\u015fm\u0131yor, aksine farkl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen insanlar\u0131 saraylar\u0131na davet edip onlarla tart\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. \u00d6zellikle liderlerin bu tavr\u0131yla \u0130slam medeniyetinin zenginle\u015fmesi birle\u015fince, antik Yunan\u2019dan beri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f \u015feyler ya\u015fanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Elbette liderlerin kendi bask\u0131n fikirleri vard\u0131; krallar, aristokratlar, elitler her diyarda bulunmaktayd\u0131. Fakat 10. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n Mezopotamya\u2019s\u0131, End\u00fcl\u00fcs\u2019\u00fc ve Arabistan\u2019\u0131, d\u00f6nemin merkez Avrupa\u2019s\u0131 ve \u00c7in\u2019i ile k\u0131yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, d\u00fcnyadaki en \u00f6zg\u00fcr yerlerdi.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015fte b\u00f6yle bir zamanda, Basra Kenti\u2019nde do\u011fdu \u0130bn-i Heysem (965 \u2013 1040?). Parlak bir deha oldu\u011funu daha gen\u00e7li\u011finden itibaren g\u00f6steren Heysem, Basra\u2019daki Eyyubi Emiri\u2019nin vezirlerinden biri olmaya hak kazand\u0131. \u00d6zellikle uygulamal\u0131 matematik alan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapan Heysem, \u00fcn kazanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Uygulamal\u0131 matematik, k\u00f6pr\u00fc ve baraj yap\u0131m\u0131 gibi d\u00f6nemin kolay olmayan m\u00fchendislik projelerinde de kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan bir aland\u0131 ve bu y\u00fczden bir uygulamal\u0131 matematik\u00e7iyi devlet y\u00f6netiminde bulundurmak ak\u0131l k\u00e2r\u0131 bir karar olmaktayd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca kom\u015fu devletlerin sorunlar\u0131 oldu\u011funda g\u00f6nderebilece\u011finiz bir m\u00fchendisiniz de olmu\u015f oluyordu. Ortada tek bir sorun vard\u0131, \u0130bn-i Heysem ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir m\u00fchendisten \u00e7ok, neyi merak ederse onun \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan biliminsan\u0131 ruhlu biriydi ve bu t\u00fcr projelerin alt\u0131ndan kalkamazd\u0131. Basra\u2019dan Kahire\u2019ye gitti\u011finde de bu durum ba\u015f\u0131na dert a\u00e7acakt\u0131.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Delilik taklidiyle gelen ev hapsi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Nil Nehri deltas\u0131, ilk medeniyetlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131ndan beri insanlar\u0131n yerle\u015fimler kurdu\u011fu ve hi\u00e7 terk etmedi\u011fi bir b\u00f6lgedir. \u00d6nce tarih\u00f6ncesi insanlar, sonra M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar, sonra \u0130skender, Roma, Bizans ve \u0130slam Devleti&#8230; Y\u00fczy\u0131llar ge\u00e7mi\u015fti, fakat halen ortada bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclemeyen bir sorun vard\u0131: Nil Nehri\u2019nin ta\u015fmas\u0131. Do\u011fa, insanlar\u0131n kurdu\u011fu evlerle saraylarla uyumlu de\u011fildi elbette ve y\u0131l\u0131n belirli aral\u0131klar\u0131nda Nil Nehri y\u00fckselip al\u00e7almaktayd\u0131. Bu de\u011fi\u015fim, mal sahiplerinin arazilerinin miktar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011finden vergilendirmeyi g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015ftiriyordu. Ayr\u0131ca tarlalarda ekinleri heba ediyor, kimi zaman insanlar\u0131n can\u0131n\u0131 da al\u0131yordu. Antik Medeniyetler, bu sorunun sebebinin tanr\u0131lar\u0131n mutsuzlu\u011fu oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlard\u0131 ve bundan dolay\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n belli g\u00fcnlerinde elde edilen ekinler tanr\u0131lara kurban edilirdi. Orta\u00e7a\u011fda ise, Fat\u0131mi Hanedan\u0131\u2019ndan Halife Al-H\u00e2kim, \u0130slam topraklar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131na Nil Nehri\u2019nin \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerine su y\u00fcksekli\u011fini kontrol alt\u0131nda tutmak amac\u0131yla bir baraj in\u015fa etmek i\u00e7in m\u00fchendisler arad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 haber etti. \u0130bn-i Heysem de bu do\u011frultuda Fat\u0131mi Devleti ba\u015fkenti Kahire\u2019ye davet edildi. Akl\u0131nda, Nil Nehri\u2019ne sulama kanallar\u0131 a\u00e7mak ve barajlar in\u015fa etmek gibi fikirler vard\u0131. Fakat arazi gezileri s\u0131ras\u0131nda, b\u00f6yle bir i\u015fi ge\u00e7erli teknolojiyle yapabilmenin imk\u00e2ns\u0131z olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark etti. \u00dczerine ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revi reddetme olana\u011f\u0131 yoktu, halife taraf\u0131ndan verilen g\u00f6revi reddeden ki\u015finin kellesi giderdi. Hayat\u0131n\u0131 kurtarmak i\u00e7in ne yapmal\u0131yd\u0131? Deliymi\u015f gibi yapman\u0131n en uygun ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f y\u00f6ntemi oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p>Bir meczuptan b\u00f6yle bir g\u00f6revi tamamlamas\u0131n\u0131 beklemek bir i\u015fe yaramayacakt\u0131. Deli bir adam\u0131 i\u015fini yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in idam da edemezdiniz. \u0130bn-i Heysem kellesini kurtarm\u0131\u015f, fakat \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden olmu\u015ftu. Halife, Heysem\u2019in ev hapsinde kalmas\u0131n\u0131 emretti. Heysem Halifenin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kadar ev hapsinde kald\u0131.<sup>(1) \u00a0<\/sup>Bir biliminsan\u0131 i\u00e7in ev hapsi \u00e7ok da k\u00f6t\u00fc bir \u015fey de\u011fildir. Zaten ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 okuyarak ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak ge\u00e7ece\u011finden, evde kalmak zorunda olmak, ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak ekipmanlar bulundu\u011fu m\u00fcddet\u00e7e, bir do\u011fa felsefecisi i\u00e7in \u00f6d\u00fcl bile olabilir! \u0130bn-i Heysem i\u00e7in de \u00f6yle olmu\u015f olmal\u0131 ki, hayat\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli eserlerini bu esir oldu\u011fu y\u0131llarda yazd\u0131. Yeni bir ilgi alan\u0131 vard\u0131 art\u0131k: I\u015f\u0131k.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Empedokles\u2019den El Kind\u00ee\u2019ye ayn\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce: I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 insan\u0131n g\u00f6zbebe\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0130nsanlar, tarihin ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc izlediler. G\u00f6kten d\u00fc\u015fen y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mlara bakt\u0131lar, ate\u015f yakt\u0131lar. Bunlar\u0131n hepsinden \u00e7ok daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015feye daha bakt\u0131lar: G\u00fcne\u015f&#8230; I\u015f\u0131k ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir \u015feydi. I\u015f\u0131\u011fa sahip olmak, hayatta kalman\u0131n yeg\u00e2ne yollar\u0131ndan biriydi ve \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n ne oldu\u011fu on binlerce y\u0131l boyunca gizemini korudu. Tanr\u0131lar\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcne zuhur etme bi\u00e7imi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc \u0131\u015f\u0131k huzmeleri. \u0130\u015fi tanr\u0131larla ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131p mant\u0131k \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde cevaplar aramaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, Sicilya\u2019da bir antik Yunan kolonisi olan Agrigentum Kenti\u2019nden bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcn yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131, klasik d\u00fcnyay\u0131 t\u00fcm\u00fcyle etkisi alt\u0131na alacakt\u0131. Kentin otoriter liderini babas\u0131yla birlikte bir isyana liderlik ederek devirmi\u015fler, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda halk\u0131n ileri gelenleri de Empedokles\u2019e liderlik teklif etmi\u015f; fakat o, \u00f6zg\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin daha demokratik bir ortamda ye\u015ferece\u011fine inand\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bu taht\u0131 reddetmi\u015fti. Onun i\u00e7in do\u011fadan elde edilen bilgi, insanlar\u0131n do\u011fay\u0131 anlamas\u0131 i\u00e7in tek kaynakt\u0131. Do\u011fadan elde edilecek bilgilerle Hades diyar\u0131ndan \u00f6l\u00fcleri bile geri getirece\u011fini, hatta \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fc\u011fe eri\u015febilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen Empedokles, simyan\u0131n da temellerini atm\u0131\u015f oldu. Empedokles\u2019e g\u00f6re do\u011fada d\u00f6rt element vard\u0131 ve evrendeki her \u015fey bu d\u00f6rt elementin belirli miktarlardaki kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131ndan meydana geliyordu: Ate\u015f, su, toprak, hava&#8230;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20523\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20523\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20523\" src=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/ibn-i-heysem-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"290\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20523\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n insan g\u00f6z\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 resmeden bir erken d\u00f6nem orta\u00e7a\u011f eseri.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Empedokles\u2019e g\u00f6re insan g\u00f6zbebe\u011finin i\u00e7inde hi\u00e7 s\u00f6nmeyen bir ate\u015f vard\u0131 ve bu ate\u015ften \u00e7\u0131kan \u0131\u015f\u0131k, etraf\u0131 g\u00f6rmemizi sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. G\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc kapatt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda da ate\u015f \u00e7\u0131kamad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan g\u00f6remiyorduk. \u00dcretti\u011fi bu fikir o kadar etkili olmu\u015ftu ki, sonras\u0131nda gelen felsefeciler, bu fikir \u00fczerine kendi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 in\u015fa ettiler. \u00d6zellikle \u00d6klid, Empedokles\u2019in g\u00f6zlerden yay\u0131lan \u0131\u015f\u0131k fikri \u00fcst\u00fcne geometri ve matematik de katarak, tarihteki ilk optik teorisini in\u015fa etti. Bu teoriye g\u00f6re \u0131\u015f\u0131k, insan g\u00f6zbebe\u011finden bir koni \u015feklinde \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor ve koniye ait t\u00fcm geometrik \u00f6zellikler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa da uygulanabiliyordu. Ard\u0131ndan Batlamyus, \u00d6klid\u2019in modeline renklerin olu\u015fumu ve g\u00f6zden \u00e7\u0131kan \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131n sudan yans\u0131ma yapmalar\u0131n\u0131 da ekledi. I\u015f\u0131k, koni \u015feklinde yay\u0131l\u0131yordu, ancak d\u00fcz \u00e7izgiler \u015feklindeydi (light ray, yani \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131). \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131na bu belgeler ula\u015f\u0131p terc\u00fcme edildikten sonra, El-Kind\u00ee, insan g\u00f6z\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131kan \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n koni de\u011fil, k\u00fcresel bir bi\u00e7imde her y\u00f6ne do\u011fru \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar \u015feklinde yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya att\u0131. Optikle ilgili b\u00fct\u00fcn modellerin temel varsay\u0131m\u0131, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n insan g\u00f6z\u00fc oldu\u011fuydu. Fakat bilimin bu alan\u0131nda, insan\u0131n egosu k\u0131r\u0131lmak \u00fczereydi.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0130bn-i Heysem \u201cbilim\u201d yap\u0131yor: I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131k yayan cisimlerdir<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0130bn-i Heysem, ev hapsinde tutuldu\u011fu on y\u0131l boyunca \u201cE\u011fer \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 insan g\u00f6z\u00fcyse, neden karanl\u0131kta g\u00f6remiyoruz?\u201d sorusuna yan\u0131t aramaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. G\u00fcnd\u00fczleyin evindeki perdeyi kapatt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda oda karanl\u0131k oluyordu. Perdeye ufak bir delik a\u00e7maya karar verdi. B\u00fct\u00fcn perdeleri kapatt\u0131 ve zifiri bir karanl\u0131k olu\u015fturdu. D\u0131\u015far\u0131da g\u00f6r\u00fcnen g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcn\u00fcn tam tersi bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc, evindeki duvarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130bn-i Heysem, bir i\u011fne deli\u011fi kamera in\u015fa etmi\u015fti.\u00a0 Ayr\u0131ca \u00f6zellikle g\u00fcn do\u011fumu esnas\u0131nda penceresine yans\u0131yan \u0131\u015f\u0131k huzmeleri, bir bardak sudan ge\u00e7ti\u011finde k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p b\u00fck\u00fcl\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Farkl\u0131 camlardan ge\u00e7en \u0131\u015f\u0131k huzmesi, yine k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p b\u00fck\u00fcl\u00fcyor, belirli a\u00e7\u0131lara denk geldi\u011finde ise yans\u0131yordu. Hepsinin tek bir a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 olabilirdi: I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131, g\u00f6z de\u011fil, \u0131\u015f\u0131k kaynaklar\u0131 ad\u0131 verilen cisimlerdi. Optik hakk\u0131nda elde etti\u011fi bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri t\u0131bba aktarmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, insan g\u00f6z\u00fc \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Evine getirtti\u011fi \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f insanlardan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6zleri par\u00e7alay\u0131p, insan g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn i\u00e7inde g\u00f6rmeyi sa\u011flayan k\u0131sm\u0131 bulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 incelemeleri olduk\u00e7a a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde k\u00e2\u011f\u0131da \u00e7izmeyi de ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130bn-i Heysem\u2019e g\u00f6re g\u00f6z, \u015fu kategorilerden olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; el-Sebakiye (retina)<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; el-Kurniye (kornea)<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; el-Sa\u2019il El-Ma\u2019i (g\u00f6z s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131 ya da g\u00f6z ak\u0131)<\/p>\n<p>Fizikten t\u0131bba kadar optikle ili\u015fkili olan t\u00fcm \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 <em>Kitab el-Men\u00e2z\u0131r<\/em> (\u201cOptik\/G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler Kitab\u0131\u201d) ad\u0131nda bir kitapla Arap\u00e7a olarak yay\u0131mlad\u0131. Kitapta \u015fu d\u00f6rt arg\u00fcman sunuluyordu:<\/p>\n<p>1) Karanl\u0131kta g\u00f6remiyoruz. I\u015f\u0131nlar g\u00f6zden cisme do\u011fru gitseydi, karanl\u0131kta da g\u00f6rmemiz gerekirdi.<\/p>\n<p>2) Kuvvetli bir \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00f6zlerimiz kama\u015f\u0131r. E\u011fer \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar g\u00f6zden \u00e7\u0131ksayd\u0131 kama\u015fmamas\u0131 gerekirdi.<\/p>\n<p>3) Karanl\u0131k bir odan\u0131n tavan ya da duvar\u0131nda bir delik a\u00e7arsak, yaln\u0131zca o noktadan gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Oysa \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar g\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fczden \u00e7\u0131ksayd\u0131, her taraf\u0131 g\u00f6rmemiz gerekirdi.<\/p>\n<p>4) Y\u0131ld\u0131zlara bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda onlar\u0131 an\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. E\u011fer \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar g\u00f6zden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olsayd\u0131, y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131 g\u00f6rmemiz i\u00e7in belirli bir s\u00fcre ge\u00e7mesi gerekirdi.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20524\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20524\" style=\"width: 225px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20524\" src=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/ibn-i-heysem-4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20524\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kitab El-Men\u00e2z\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Latince bask\u0131s\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Bu arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u0130bn-i Heysem\u2019e g\u00f6re renkler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f formlar\u0131yd\u0131. Hatta g\u00fcnbat\u0131m\u0131 ve do\u011fumu s\u0131ras\u0131nda G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6z\u00fckmesi ile elimizi suya soktu\u011fumuzda b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesi aras\u0131nda do\u011frudan bir ili\u015fki vard\u0131. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n havas\u0131na giren G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 b\u00fck\u00fclmekteydi, bu b\u00fck\u00fclmeyi g\u00f6zlerimiz k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131k olarak alg\u0131lamaktayd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n sabit bir de h\u0131z\u0131 vard\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00f6nemin \u0130slam bilim camias\u0131nda fikirleri be\u011fenilmemi\u015f, dalga ge\u00e7ilmi\u015fti. T\u00fcm bilim camias\u0131 i\u00e7inde \u0130bn-i Heysem\u2019i ciddiye alan iki ki\u015fi vard\u0131: \u0130bn-i Sina ve El-Biruni. Fakat onlar da, Heysem\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zle ilgili t\u0131bbi k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 \u00fczerine \u00fcst \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapmaktalard\u0131. \u0130bn-i Heysem\u2019in optik hakk\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin ger\u00e7ek anlam\u0131yla benimsenebilmesi i\u00e7in Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferlerini beklemek gerekiyordu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Heysem\u2019in optik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Bat\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ke\u015ffediliyor<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n ba\u011fnazl\u0131k i\u00e7inde bo\u011fulan Avrupa\u2019s\u0131nda, kendilerinden olmayan herkes iblis, canavar, dev, \u00fc\u00e7 ba\u015fl\u0131, be\u015f kollu gibi korkun\u00e7la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak ve efsanele\u015ftirilerek anlat\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Bir \u015fekilde \u0130slam bilimi ve antik Yunan felsefesi kitaplar\u0131na eri\u015febilen insanlarsa, \u00f6zellikle simyayla ya da ila\u00e7 \u00fcretimiyle ilgileniyorlarsa cad\u0131 ya da heretik (k\u00e2fir) olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmekteydi. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u0130berya Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019ndaki End\u00fcl\u00fcs Emevi Devleti, 9. ve 10. y\u00fczy\u0131lda bu gibi insanlara kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f, dinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak \u201ccad\u0131lar\u0131n\u201d \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapmalar\u0131na izin vermi\u015fti. \u00d6zellikle \u0130spanya\u2019ya ve \u0130talya\u2019ya yap\u0131lan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman seferleri Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7ok korkutmu\u015f, bu korku zaman i\u00e7inde Roma Katolikli\u011fi ile birle\u015fince, Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri ve Reconquista ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri ile ilk kez Ortado\u011fu\u2019ya eri\u015fen Avrupa soylular\u0131n\u0131n, Kud\u00fcs\u2019\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irip irili ufakl\u0131 kurduklar\u0131 Krall\u0131klar da, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131ya ge\u00e7meye korkan H\u0131ristiyan seyyahlar ve sanat\u00e7\u0131lar i\u00e7in s\u0131\u011f\u0131nak g\u00f6revi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerdi. Buralara gelen pek \u00e7ok seyyah, hem Roma taraf\u0131ndan yasakl\u0131 antik Yunan kitaplar\u0131n\u0131, hem de bu kitaplardan yola \u00e7\u0131karak eserler \u00fcretmi\u015f Arap felsefecilerin kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 Latinceye terc\u00fcme etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. <em>Kitab el-Men\u00e2z\u0131r<\/em>, kim(ler) taraf\u0131ndan Latinceye terc\u00fcme edildi bilinmiyor, fakat 1572 y\u0131l\u0131nda Alman matematik\u00e7i Friedrich Risner\u2019in o zamana kadar \u0130slam filozoflar\u0131nca yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f t\u00fcm optik kitaplar\u0131ndan bir derleme olan <em>Opticae Thesaurus<\/em> (Optik Hazinesi) isimli kitab\u0131 bas\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, d\u00f6nemin R\u00f6nesans Avrupa\u2019s\u0131nda etkisi ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc olmu\u015ftur. \u0130bn-i Heysem, d\u00f6nemin Avrupa bilim camias\u0131nda \u201cikinci Batlamyus\u201d olarak bilinmekteydi ve 1659\u2019da Descartes\u2019in yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 <em>Dioptrics<\/em> kitab\u0131na kadar d\u00fcnyadaki en kapsaml\u0131 optik kitab\u0131 <em>Kitab El-Men\u00e2z\u0131r<\/em>\u2019d\u0131. <em>Dioptrics<\/em>\u2019in daha kapsaml\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi, teleskoplara ait optik fizi\u011fini de i\u00e7ermesidir.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20526\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20526\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20526\" src=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/ibn-i-heysem-6.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"192\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20526\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0130bn-i Heysem an\u0131s\u0131na bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir Katar pulu.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Heysem\u2019de bilimsel y\u00f6ntemin temelleri de var<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0130bn-i Heysem\u2019in optik ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu \u00f6nemli deneylerle birlikte bilimi etkileyen bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 da bilim felsefesi \u00fczerinedir. Ampirik y\u00f6ntemi ilk defa teorile\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, buldu\u011fu sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00f6ylece b\u0131rakmam\u0131\u015f; yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitaplardaki her deneyi, okuyan bir ki\u015finin kendi evinde\/at\u00f6lyesinde yapabilece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131kla anlatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca bilimsel y\u00f6ntemin temellerinden biri olan sorgulay\u0131c\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi de \u015fu \u015fekilde tarif etmi\u015ftir: \u201cBilimadamlar\u0131n\u0131n yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131ran ki\u015finin \u00f6devi, e\u011fer amac\u0131 hakikati \u00f6\u011frenmekse, kendini okuduklar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcne d\u00fc\u015fman k\u0131lmak, ve &#8230; <strong>(?)<\/strong>her y\u00f6nden taarruz etmektir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda kritik incelemelerinde kendinden de \u015f\u00fcphe etmelidir, ancak bu sayede \u00f6nyarg\u0131 veya ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn tuza\u011f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fmez.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20525\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20525\" style=\"width: 225px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20525\" src=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/ibn-i-heysem-5.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20525\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Friedrich Risner\u2019in Optik Hazinesi kitab\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n kapa\u011f\u0131. G\u00fcne\u015ften \u00e7\u0131kan bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir gemiye \u00e7arpt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rselle \u00f6rnekliyor.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Dipnot<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1) Bu olay\u0131n ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi \u00fcst\u00fcne tart\u0131\u015fmalar devam etmektedir, zira farkl\u0131 kaynaklarda farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde anlat\u0131l\u0131yor. Bu, tarih\u00e7i \u0130bn El-Kift\u00ee\u2019nin (1248) g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1) https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Ibn-al-Haytham<\/p>\n<p>2) C. H. Haskins, <em>The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century<\/em>, 1972.<\/p>\n<p>3) Arthur Koestler, <em>The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man&#8217;s Changing Vision of the Universe<\/em>, MacMillan Press, 1959.<\/p>\n<p>4) Prof. Abdelhamid I. Sabra, <em>The Optics of Ibn Al-Haytham: On Direct Vision Books 1-3<\/em>, Studies of the Warburg Institute, 1989.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0130bn-i Heysem (965 \u2013 1040?) \u0131\u015f\u0131kla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 deneyler neticesinde, antik Yunan\u2019dan beri \u0131\u015f\u0131k hakk\u0131nda ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f b\u00fct\u00fcn yanl\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri tersy\u00fcz etti. G\u00f6zlem, inceleme ve deneye dayal\u0131 bilimsel bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla \u00fcretti\u011fi arg\u00fcmanlar, d\u00f6neminin \u0130slam \u00e2leminde ciddiye al\u0131nmad\u0131. \u0130bn-i Sina ve El Biruni d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda. Onlar ise, g\u00f6z ve g\u00f6rmenin t\u0131bbi boyutlar\u0131yla ilgili ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na dair \u00fcst \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapt\u0131lar. 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