\u201c\u0130nsan\u201d kelimesini ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z zaman, ilk ba\u015fta konu\u015fma ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme yetene\u011fine sahip canl\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Daha detayl\u0131 bir sorgulama sonucunda ise, \u201cbelli bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr temelinde toplum olu\u015fturan, soyut d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme yetene\u011fine sahip olmak\u201d gibi daha geli\u015fmi\u015f yeteneklere ula\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn bilimsel ismi olan \u201cHomo Sapiens\u201d, Ak\u0131ll\u0131 \u0130nsan anlam\u0131na gelir. \u0130nsan, tarih boyunca D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n tek h\u00e2kimi, do\u011fan\u0131n efendisi, Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n temsilcisi gibi abart\u0131l\u0131 tan\u0131mlamalarla, kendi biyolojik kimli\u011finden olduk\u00e7a uzakla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Darwin\u2019in insan\u0131n ve b\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131lar\u0131n tek bir ortak atadan k\u00f6ken ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilimsel olarak ortaya koymas\u0131, insan\u0131n e\u015fsiz bir varl\u0131k oldu\u011fu iddialar\u0131n\u0131 sarsm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki 8 milyon t\u00fcrden yaln\u0131zca biri oldu\u011fumuz ger\u00e7e\u011fi, halen insanlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan kabullenilmemektedir. \u0130nsan, s\u00fcrekli olarak metafiziksel bir kimli\u011fe b\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fclmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
20. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren hayvan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 anlamaya y\u00f6nelik geni\u015f \u00e7apta \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve insana \u00f6zg\u00fc oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz bir\u00e7ok davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n basit bi\u00e7imlerine primatlarda rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle en yak\u0131n ortak atadan yaln\u0131zca 6 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u015fempanze ve bonobolar\u0131n geli\u015fmi\u015f davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131, bizi \u201cinsan\u201d tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 tekrar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye zorlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u015eempanze ve bonobolar\u0131n g\u0131rtlak yap\u0131lar\u0131 anatomik olarak anlaml\u0131 sesler \u00e7\u0131karmaya uygun de\u011fildir. Bu y\u00fczden son 50 y\u0131ld\u0131r, \u015fempanze ve gorillere i\u015faret dilini \u00f6\u011fretmeye y\u00f6nelik bir\u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ortalama 200 kadar kelimenin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenebilen \u015fempanzeler, \u00f6\u011frendikleri kelimelerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 di\u011fer \u015fempanzelere de \u00f6\u011fretmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sembolik ileti\u015fim konusunda \u00e7ok ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olan Bonobo Kanzi, bilgisayar ekran\u0131ndan kelimelere kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen sembolleri girebildi\u011fi \u201clexigram\u201d dili sayesinde 3000 kelimeyi anlayabilmekte, 500 kelimeyi ise olu\u015fturabilmektedir.<\/p>\n
Uzun y\u0131llar boyunca, insan\u0131n alet yapabilme yetene\u011fine sahip olan tek canl\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Ancak 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda \u00fcnl\u00fc primatolog Jane Goodall taraf\u0131ndan Tanzanya\u2019da yap\u0131lan g\u00f6zlemler sonucu, \u015fempanzelerin haz\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131 ince dallar\u0131 termit yuvalar\u0131na sokarak kar\u0131ncalar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p yedi\u011fi g\u00f6zlendi. Alet kullan\u0131m\u0131, ba\u015fka b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fayan \u015fempanze ve bonobo g\u00f6zlemleriyle de do\u011fruland\u0131. \u015eempanzelerin, ara\u015ft\u0131rma istasyonlar\u0131nda haz\u0131rlanan deney d\u00fczenekleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ate\u015f yakma, tabak kullanma, karma\u015f\u0131k d\u00fczenekleri \u00e7\u00f6zme gibi yetenekleri g\u00f6zlendi. Bunlar\u0131n \u00f6tesinde, Bat\u0131 Afrika \u015fempanze topluluklar\u0131 farkl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckteki iki ta\u015f\u0131 \u00e7eki\u00e7 ve \u00f6rs olarak kullanarak kabuklu yemi\u015fleri k\u0131rabilir. Bu \u00f6zelli\u011fin di\u011fer \u015fempanze topluluklar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclmemesi, farkl\u0131 \u015fempanze topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 \u201ck\u00fclt\u00fcrlere\u201d sahip olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n
Ara\u015ft\u0131rma istasyonlar\u0131nda \u015fempanzelere resim yapma imkan\u0131 tan\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. \u015eempanzeler parmak ve dudaklar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, f\u0131r\u00e7a ve kalem de kullanarak \u00e7izimler yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u015eempanzelerin resimleri 1957\u2019de Londra Modern Sanat M\u00fczesi\u2019nde sergilendi\u011fi zaman, ele\u015ftirmenler taraf\u0131ndan di\u011fer eserlerden ay\u0131rt edilememi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\u0130nsan\u0131n soyut d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme yetene\u011fine sahip olmas\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ba\u015ftan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u015fekillendirmi\u015ftir. Zihninde yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 metafizik de\u011ferler ya\u015fam\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yer kaplamaktad\u0131r. \u0130nsan\u0131n \u0131srarla kendine saklad\u0131\u011f\u0131 soyut d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme yetene\u011finin \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, gene tart\u0131\u015fma konusudur.<\/p>\n
En basitinden, \u015fempanze ve bonobolar kendi benliklerinin fark\u0131ndad\u0131r. Aynada kendilerini tan\u0131makta, foto\u011fraf ve video \u00fczerinden ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnyaya y\u00f6nelik \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlarda bulunmaktad\u0131r. Do\u011fal ortamlar\u0131nda bile, su birikintisine bakarak y\u00fczlerini temizledikleri g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Goodall, \u015felalenin \u00e7evresine gelen \u015fempanzelerin suyun \u00e7evresinde dans benzeri co\u015fkulu hareketler yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlemi\u015ftir. Arnheim Hayvanat Bah\u00e7esi\u2019nde de, \u015fempanzeler sa\u011fanak ya\u011fmur alt\u0131nda \u0131slanmak pahas\u0131na co\u015fkulu hareketlerde bulunmu\u015ftur. Do\u011frudan cinsel ya da beslenme davran\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ili\u015fkili olmayan bu hareketler, su ve sese y\u00f6nelik sembolik bir tepki olarak yorumlanabilir.<\/p>\n
\u015eempanzelerin \u00f6l\u00fcm kavram\u0131n\u0131 anlayabildikleri bilinmektedir. \u00d6len bireyin arkas\u0131ndan sessizlik ve i\u00e7e kapanmayla karakterize bir yas davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6zlenir. Cesedin ba\u015f\u0131nda toplanma ve uzun s\u00fcre bekleme gibi davran\u0131\u015flar da g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\u0130nsana olan anatomik benzerliklerinden dolay\u0131, \u015fempanze ve bonobolara y\u00f6nelik davran\u0131\u015fsal deneyleri tasarlamak g\u00f6rece kolayd\u0131r. Oransal olarak en b\u00fcy\u00fck beyinlerden birine sahip olan yunuslar i\u00e7in deney d\u00fczenekleri olu\u015fturma konusunda ise h\u00e2l\u00e2 yetersiziz. 95 milyon y\u0131ld\u0131r farkl\u0131 evrimsel \u00e7izgileri izledi\u011fimiz yunuslar, bili\u015fsel olarak olduk\u00e7a geli\u015fmi\u015f yetenekler g\u00f6steriyor. Yaprak ve \u00e7\u00f6pleri kullanarak oyun oynuyor, yunus g\u00f6sterilerinde \u00f6\u011fretilenlerden farkl\u0131 olarak yeni hareketler tasarl\u0131yor, deniz dibinde yiyecek ararken burunlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in deniz s\u00fcngeri tak\u0131yorlar. \u0130leti\u015fim i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek frekansl\u0131 sesler kullanan yunuslar, \u00e7ocukluklar\u0131ndan itibaren kendilerine \u00f6zel bir ses, kimlik \u0131sl\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirliyorlar. Kimlik \u0131sl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla farkl\u0131 bireyleri tan\u0131yan yunuslar, uzun y\u0131llar boyunca di\u011fer yunuslar\u0131 hat\u0131rlayabiliyor. Kendine isim verme olarak yorumlayabilece\u011fimiz bu davran\u0131\u015f, hi\u00e7bir primat\u0131n do\u011fal ortam\u0131nda g\u00f6zlenmedi. Yunuslar\u0131n farkl\u0131 durumlara y\u00f6nelik farkl\u0131 sesler kullanmas\u0131, hen\u00fcz \u00e7\u00f6zemedi\u011fimiz bir yunus diline dair i\u015faretler olabilir.<\/p>\n
Alt\u0131 k\u0131tada 7 milyar insana ula\u015fan e\u015fsiz k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz, bizi 21. y\u00fczy\u0131lda okyanus diplerinden G\u00fcne\u015f Sistemine kadar ula\u015ft\u0131ran teknolojimiz, d\u00fcnyada b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z binlerce kal\u0131c\u0131 iz\u2026 Kendimize Ak\u0131ll\u0131 \u0130nsan (Homo sapiens) demek i\u00e7in yeteri kadar sebebimiz var. Ancak zek\u00e2m\u0131z\u0131n g\u00f6kten d\u00fc\u015fmedi\u011fini, 3,5milyar y\u0131ll\u0131k evrim s\u00fcrecinin bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc oldu\u011funu biliyoruz. Bug\u00fcn k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve toplumsal katmanlar aras\u0131nda kaybolmu\u015f b\u00fct\u00fcn davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n k\u00f6kenlerini en yal\u0131n haliyle \u015fempanzelerde g\u00f6rmek, bizi \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtmas\u0131n. B\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131lar gibi biz de, de\u011fi\u015fen \u015fartlara uyum sa\u011fl\u0131yor ve hayatta kalmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n
\u00dcst\u00fcnl\u00fck taslamaya ne gerek var ki? Ayn\u0131 d\u00fcnyay\u0131 payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z, hepsi e\u015fsiz, hepsi farkl\u0131, 8 milyon t\u00fcr\u00fcn aras\u0131nda, hayat a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n gencecik bir dal\u0131y\u0131z sadece\u2026<\/p>\n
Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n \u201c\u0130nsan\u201d kelimesini ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z zaman, ilk ba\u015fta konu\u015fma ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme yetene\u011fine sahip canl\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Daha detayl\u0131 bir sorgulama sonucunda ise, \u201cbelli bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr temelinde toplum olu\u015fturan, soyut d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme yetene\u011fine sahip olmak\u201d gibi daha geli\u015fmi\u015f yeteneklere ula\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. T\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn bilimsel ismi olan \u201cHomo Sapiens\u201d, Ak\u0131ll\u0131 \u0130nsan anlam\u0131na gelir. \u0130nsan, tarih boyunca D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n tek h\u00e2kimi, do\u011fan\u0131n efendisi, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":843,"featured_media":20731,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[174,211,32,535],"tags":[1555,200,497,554],"class_list":["post-20730","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-137-sayi","category-antropoloji","category-evrim","category-forum","tag-akil","tag-evrim","tag-homo-sapiens","tag-sempanze"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n