{"id":20929,"date":"2018-03-05T15:52:47","date_gmt":"2018-03-05T12:52:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=20929"},"modified":"2023-08-18T09:11:52","modified_gmt":"2023-08-18T06:11:52","slug":"bakteri-kamcisindaki-mukemmellik-yaratilisi-mi-kanitliyor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/03\/05\/bakteri-kamcisindaki-mukemmellik-yaratilisi-mi-kanitliyor","title":{"rendered":"Bakteri kam\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndaki m\u00fckemmellik yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 m\u0131 kan\u0131tl\u0131yor?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n iddias\u0131:\u00a0<\/strong>Bakteri kam\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndaki m\u00fckemmellik, yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 kan\u0131tl\u0131yor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bilimin yan\u0131t\u0131: Bakteri kam\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n evrimsel olu\u015fum s\u00fcreci b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cBakteri kam\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 da indirgenemez komplekslili\u011fe \u00f6rnektir. Bakteri kam\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, \u00e7ok karma\u015f\u0131k bir \u201corganik motor\u201d ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Kam\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 olu\u015fturan yakla\u015f\u0131k 240 ayr\u0131 protein vard\u0131r. Bunlar kusursuz bir mekanik tasar\u0131mla yerine yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Kam\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 olu\u015fturan molek\u00fcler par\u00e7alar\u0131n tek bir tanesi olmasa ya da kusurlu olsa, kam\u00e7\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaz ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bakteriye hi\u00e7bir faydas\u0131 olmaz. Bakteri kam\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n evrimcilerin iddia etti\u011fi gibi \u2018kademe kademe geli\u015fmesi\u2019 imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131r.\u201d (<\/em>Harun Yahya, Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f Atlas\u0131 2, <\/em>s.738)<\/i><\/p>\n

Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 iki b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckten biri laiklik, di\u011feri ise temel bilimlerde ya\u015fanan b\u00fcy\u00fck geli\u015fmelerdi. Laik e\u011fitim ve hukuk sistemini klasik dinsel kavram ve olgularla a\u015famayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 anlad\u0131ktan sonra taktik de\u011fi\u015ftirerek, \u201cyarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f bilimi\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri sahte bir bilim yaratma \u00e7abas\u0131na girdiler. Ayn\u0131 zamanda bu sahte bilimle birlikte kullanacaklar\u0131 uyduruk kavramlar\u0131 da yaratt\u0131lar. Tanr\u0131 yerine \u201cak\u0131ll\u0131 tasar\u0131mc\u0131\u201d, ilahi yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f yerine \u201cani olu\u015fum\u201d, kusursuz varl\u0131k yerine \u201cindirgenemez karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k\u201d, yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f dogmas\u0131 yerine \u201cyarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f bilimi\u201d, evrim kuram\u0131 yerine \u201cDarwin (bilim) dini\u201d gibi bilimsel de\u011feri olmayan sa\u00e7ma sapan ifadelerle takiyye yapma yoluna girdiler. Asl\u0131nda bunlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n H\u0131ristiyan teologlar\u0131ndan William Paley\u2019in, H\u0131ristiyan do\u011fa felsefesinde konu etti\u011fi, kimi antik\u00e7a\u011fdan kalma varsay\u0131mlar\u0131n, 20 y\u00fczy\u0131la uyarlanm\u0131\u015f taklitlerinden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n

Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f dogmas\u0131n\u0131n evrimindeki son a\u015famalardan birini, Amerikal\u0131 yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 Michael Behe\u2019nin son y\u0131llarda ortaya att\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u201cindirgenemez karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k\u201d varsay\u0131m\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. \u201cAk\u0131ll\u0131 tasar\u0131mc\u0131\u201d yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n temel dayana\u011f\u0131 olan bu varsay\u0131ma g\u00f6re baz\u0131 h\u00fccresel sistemler ancak, kendisini meydana getiren par\u00e7alar\u0131n tam olmas\u0131 durumunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilmektedir. Bu par\u00e7alardan bir tekinin dahi eksik ya da hatal\u0131 olmas\u0131, o mekanizman\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmamas\u0131na, di\u011fer bir ifadeyle sistemin art\u0131k i\u015fe yaramaz hale gelmesine yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Bunu kan\u0131tlamak i\u00e7in Behe\u2019nin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f \u00f6rneklerden birini, bakterinin hareket organ\u0131 olan kam\u00e7\u0131 (flagellum) olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Behe\u2019ye g\u00f6re bu yap\u0131, 240 ayr\u0131 proteinden olu\u015fan indirgenemez karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131kta bir sistemdir. Bu molek\u00fcllerden biri dahi olmasa ya da hatal\u0131 olsa, kam\u00e7\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015famaz hale gelmektedir. B\u00f6yle bir kam\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131k bakteriye bir yarar\u0131 olmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Buradan yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bakteri kam\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ancak \u015fu anda bildi\u011fimiz haliyle yani bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir olas\u0131l\u0131k bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Bu kusursuz mekanik tasar\u0131m\u0131n evrimle\u015fmeyle par\u00e7a par\u00e7a olu\u015fmas\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse \u201cindirgenemez karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k\u201d, somut biyolojik bulgular ile tamam\u0131yla \u00e7eli\u015fen bir \u00f6nerme olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, bilimin en kolay \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc safsatalardan biri olmu\u015ftur. \u015e\u00f6yle ki, yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n bu konudaki tezini \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcten en \u00f6nemli bulgu, hangi biyolojik yap\u0131 ya da s\u00fcre\u00e7 ele al\u0131n\u0131rsa al\u0131ns\u0131n, onun y\u00fczlerce hatta binlerce farkl\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fidinin canl\u0131larda i\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcyor olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Kam\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n bakteriler dahil tekh\u00fccreli canl\u0131lar d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda, olduk\u00e7a benzer molek\u00fcllerden olu\u015fan, y\u00fczlerce farkl\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fidi bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu farkl\u0131l\u0131k kimi zaman bir, kimi zaman iki, kimi zamansa onlarca molek\u00fcle ba\u011fl\u0131 olabilmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin insan ba\u011f\u0131rsa\u011f\u0131nda da ya\u015fayan Eschericia coli<\/em> bakterisinde bulunan kam\u00e7\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 40 proteinden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Mide \u00fclserine neden olan Helicobacter pylori<\/em> bakterisi ise 33 proteinden olu\u015fan bir kam\u00e7\u0131yla gayet etkili bir \u015fekilde varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir. Bu durumda sormak gerekiyor: \u015eayet yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n iddia etti\u011fi gibi 240 ayr\u0131 proteinden olu\u015fan bir bakteri kam\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 (bu kadar \u00e7e\u015fit protein i\u00e7eren bir kam\u00e7\u0131ya sahip bakterinin hangisi oldu\u011fu h\u00e2l\u00e2 belli de\u011fildir!), kusursuz bir tasar\u0131msa, E. coli<\/em> bakterisi 40 proteinli kam\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla nas\u0131l ya\u015fayabilmektedir?<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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Farkl\u0131 bakterilerin, farkl\u0131 kam\u00e7\u0131 \u015fekilleri g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Baz\u0131 bakterilerde helezon bi\u00e7imindeki ipliksi kam\u00e7\u0131, saat y\u00f6n\u00fcnde d\u00f6n\u00fcp hareketi sa\u011flarken, di\u011ferlerinde tersi y\u00f6nde d\u00f6nerek i\u015f g\u00f6rmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin bakterilerde kam\u00e7\u0131 protein genleri ile yap\u0131lan mutasyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda, sisteme ait baz\u0131 genlerde meydana getirilen yapay bozukluklar\u0131n, kam\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 durdurmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ama kam\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n sola ya da sa\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fczg\u00fcn ayarlayamamas\u0131na neden oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Yani bu (tasar\u0131m\u0131 bozulmu\u015f) mutant bakterilerde kam\u00e7\u0131, bir molek\u00fcl\u00fc bozuldu\u011fu halde i\u015f g\u00f6rmekte, ama organizma kendisinden \u00e7ok verimli bir \u015fekilde yararlanamamaktad\u0131r. \u015eimdi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim, \u015fayet bakteri kam\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 240 proteinden olu\u015fan indirgenemez karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131kta bir mekanizmaysa, nas\u0131l olup da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayan bir par\u00e7as\u0131yla bu kam\u00e7\u0131, bakterinin a\u011f\u0131r aksak da olsa hareket edip, besin bulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r? Bundan belki de daha \u00f6nemlisi, do\u011fada kam\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olmadan ya\u015fayan binlerce bakteri t\u00fcr\u00fc i\u00e7in nas\u0131l bir a\u00e7\u0131klama getirilebilir?<\/p>\n

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\u015eayet yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n iddia etti\u011fi gibi 240 ayr\u0131 proteinden olu\u015fan bir bakteri kam\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 (bu kadar \u00e7e\u015fit protein i\u00e7eren bir kam\u00e7\u0131ya sahip bakterinin hangisi oldu\u011fu h\u00e2l\u00e2 belli de\u011fildir!), kusursuz bir tasar\u0131msa, E. coli bakterisi 40 proteinli kam\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla nas\u0131l ya\u015fayabilmektedir?<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin, bakterilerden daha y\u00fcksek bir h\u00fccresel organizasyona sahip ama bakteriler (\u00e7ekirde\u011fi yok) gibi tekh\u00fccreli olan baz\u0131 protozoonlar (\u00e7ekirde\u011fe sahip) hareket etmek i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 bir kam\u00e7\u0131 kullan\u0131rlar. Bunlarda kam\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fccreye ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00f6k b\u00f6lgesinde, bakterilerdeki gibi bir motor yap\u0131 bulunmaz. Di\u011fer bir ifade ile kam\u00e7\u0131 hareketi daha az karma\u015f\u0131k (indirgenmi\u015f!) bir sistem ile yerine getirilir. \u201c\u015eayet bakterideki kam\u00e7\u0131 \u2018ak\u0131ll\u0131\u2019 bir tasar\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n \u2018indirgenemez\u2019 karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131kta bir eseri ise, b\u00f6yle motoru bulunmayan bir kam\u00e7\u0131ya ne gerek vard\u0131 ya da bunun tasar\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 kimdir?\u201d diye sormak gerekir… \u015eayet ak\u0131ll\u0131 tasar\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n temel tezi olan indirgenemez karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k do\u011fru bir yakla\u015f\u0131msa bununla yap\u0131lacak en ak\u0131ll\u0131ca i\u015f herhalde \u201celdeki en m\u00fckemmel kam\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 laz\u0131m olan b\u00fct\u00fcn organizmalara yerle\u015ftirmek\u201d olurdu. B\u00f6ylece kafa kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran bu kadar farkl\u0131 hareket mekanizmas\u0131na gerek olmadan konu kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olurdu!<\/p>\n

Biyolojik ger\u00e7eklerle \u00e7eli\u015fen bu \u201cindirgenemez karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k\u201d \u00f6nermesini farkl\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lardan sorgulamak olas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin bir\u00e7ok bakteri hareket etmek i\u00e7in bu kam\u00e7\u0131 benzeri yap\u0131lar\u0131 kullan\u0131rken, bunlarla ayn\u0131 ortamlarda ya\u015fayan di\u011fer bir bakteri grubu olan fotosentez yapan bakteriler, hareket etmek i\u00e7in \u201cgaz kesecikleri\u201d kullan\u0131rlar. Bunlar, bakteri h\u00fccresinin i\u00e7inde yer alan ve sadece iki \u00e7e\u015fit protein molek\u00fcl\u00fc i\u00e7eren, basit bir zardan olu\u015fmu\u015f, hava kesecikleridir. Bu sayede d\u00fcnyam\u0131z\u0131n en ya\u015fl\u0131 bakterileri olan (en az 3.5 milyar y\u0131ll\u0131k) bu mikroorganizmalar su i\u00e7inde al\u00e7al\u0131p, y\u00fckselerek fotosentez i\u00e7in gereken \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bakteri genom \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 bize kam\u00e7\u0131 genlerinin farkl\u0131 canl\u0131larda olduk\u00e7a benzer dizilere sahip olduklar\u0131n\u0131 ve gen duplikasyonu (bir genin ikizinin olu\u015fmas\u0131) i\u015flemiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Demek ki, do\u011fada farkl\u0131 say\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitte proteinden olu\u015fan kam\u00e7\u0131lar, ortak genetik malzemeyi kullanarak, evrimsel s\u00fcre\u00e7te \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 kam\u00e7\u0131 protein \u00e7e\u015fitlerinin olu\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bilimciler, evrimdeki bu kademe kademe olu\u015fan genetik ve fizyolojik denemelerin do\u011fadaki somut \u00f6rneklerini, inceledikleri say\u0131s\u0131z mikroorganizmada bize g\u00f6stermeye devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle \u201cKam\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 olu\u015fturan molek\u00fcler par\u00e7alar\u0131n tek bir tanesi bile olmasa, ya da kusurlu olsa, kam\u00e7\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaz ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bakteriye hi\u00e7bir faydas\u0131 olmaz\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 bilimsel hi\u00e7bir ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi olmayan, tamam\u0131yla yanl\u0131\u015f bir \u00f6nermedir.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fada hi\u00e7bir canl\u0131n\u0131n, yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n keyfi yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131ndaki gibi, bir molek\u00fcldeki sorundan dolay\u0131 (\u00e7ok ya\u015famsal bir konumda de\u011filse) t\u00fcm sistemi hepten \u00e7\u00f6pe atma gibi bir l\u00fcks\u00fc yoktur. Evrim, eldeki her malzemeyi, tak-\u00e7\u0131kar, yap-boz, dene-yan\u0131l-dene y\u00f6ntemiyle olabildi\u011fince kullanmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan \u0131srarc\u0131 bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir. Bilinen bir\u00e7ok biyolojik sistem, basitten karma\u015f\u0131\u011fa (ya da tersi) k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ilavelerin (ya da \u00e7\u0131karmalar\u0131n) ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi evrimsel bir s\u00fcrecin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, sistemdeki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir\u00e7ok hata ya da eksiklik, ilgili yap\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma verimini etkilese de, onun tamamen devreden \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7mamaktad\u0131r. \u015eayet yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar hakl\u0131 olsayd\u0131, ger\u00e7ektende organizmadaki her de\u011fi\u015fim bir felaketle sonu\u00e7lan\u0131rd\u0131. Halbuki evrimin kendisi dahi kabaca, \u00fcreme s\u00fcrecindeki genetik hatalar\u0131n bir eseri olarak kabul edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Biz kez daha yinelemek gerekirse, bug\u00fcne kadar hi\u00e7bir yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 tez, b\u0131rak\u0131n bilebildi\u011fimiz biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi kapsayacak bir a\u00e7\u0131klama getirmeyi, kendi verdikleri \u00f6rneklerdeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma d\u00fczenini dahi a\u00e7\u0131klayacak g\u00fcc\u00fc g\u00f6sterememi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u015eayet bir biyolojik sistemden bir tane varsa ve b\u00fct\u00fcn ihtiyac\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yorsa; orada evrimden s\u00f6z etme olana\u011f\u0131 yoktur; fakat ayn\u0131 i\u015fi yapmak i\u00e7in y\u00fczlerce d\u00fczenek bulunuyorsa, bu kez ak\u0131ll\u0131 tasar\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n indirgenemez karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131ktaki yarat\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u00f6z etmek anlams\u0131z olacakt\u0131r. Yok birbirinden \u00e7e\u015fitli farklarla ayr\u0131lan bu sistemlerin hepsi yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f dogmas\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131 i\u00e7inde kabul ediliyorsa, o durumda, ak\u0131ll\u0131 tasar\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n her bir biyolojik yap\u0131n\u0131n en uygununun hangisi oldu\u011fu konusunda hen\u00fcz karar vermedi\u011fi ve denemelere devam etti\u011fi sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r. Y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r tektanr\u0131l\u0131 g\u00f6ksel dinlerin dogmatik teolojilerinin \u00e7\u00f6zemedikleri \u00e7eli\u015fki bu noktada yo\u011funla\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bu dinlerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerinin, Tanr\u0131 olgusunun niteli\u011fini anlamak i\u00e7in bilime gereksinimleri oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fini, bilimin evrenin ger\u00e7eklerine ula\u015fma \u00e7abas\u0131na yakla\u015ft\u0131rmad\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00fcrece dinlerin bu \u00e7eli\u015fkiden kurtulmalar\u0131 pek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6z\u00fckmemektedir…<\/p>\n

Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar bilimden bir darbe daha ald\u0131:
\n<\/strong>Bakteri kam\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n evrimsel olu\u015fum s\u00fcreci ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131*<\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u00fccrelerdeki karma\u015f\u0131k yap\u0131lar\u0131n (organel) k\u00f6keni, evrim biyologlar\u0131n\u0131n her zaman ilgisini \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6yle bir yap\u0131 olan bakteri kam\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n evrim s\u00fcrecinde ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi a\u015famalar\u0131n s\u0131rr\u0131 art\u0131k biliniyor. K\u0131sa s\u00fcre \u00f6nce tamamlanan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz bakterilerinin atalar\u0131ndaki genlerden birinin art arda genom \u00fczerinde kopyalanarak say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131n\u0131n (gen e\u015fle\u015fmesi, duplikasyon) kam\u00e7\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n meydana gelmesinde etkin oldu\u011funu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Bu bulgu, karma\u015f\u0131k organellerin olu\u015fma s\u00fcrecine \u0131\u015f\u0131k tuttu\u011fu gibi, evrim kar\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n iddialar\u0131na da bir yan\u0131t olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

50\u2019den fazla genin kam\u00e7\u0131 olu\u015fumunda ve i\u015flev g\u00f6rmesinde rol ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Bu organelin nas\u0131l ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u015fimdiye kadar genetik d\u00fczeyde a\u00e7\u0131klanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Arizona \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Howard Ochman ve Renyi Liu, 41 farkl\u0131 bakteri t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn genomlar\u0131n\u0131 elde ettiler ve b\u00fct\u00fcn t\u00fcrlerde ortak olan kam\u00e7\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 24 gen tespit ettiler.<\/p>\n

Her t\u00fcrde bulunan bu 24 gen birbirlerine \u00e7ok benzedikleri halde, genomdaki ba\u015fka herhangi bir gene benzemiyorlard\u0131. Bu bulu\u015fla beraber, ayn\u0131 gen setinin kam\u00e7\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan her bakteride bulundu\u011funun bilinmesi, bilim adamlar\u0131na bu genlerin s\u00f6z konusu bakterilerin ortak atas\u0131ndaki tek bir genin say\u0131ca \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131yla bug\u00fcnk\u00fc durumlar\u0131na geldi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrd\u00fc. Ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yeni genlerdeki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fiklikler sayesinde kam\u00e7\u0131, farkl\u0131 i\u015flevler kazanm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131. Gen e\u015fle\u015fmesi sonucunda olu\u015fan her yeni genin, kam\u00e7\u0131da kendine has bir g\u00f6revi vard\u0131r. Kam\u00e7\u0131 motoru, filamentleri ve di\u011fer yap\u0131lar\u0131n meydana getirilmesinden sorumlu genler farkl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dcstelik, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan evrim a\u011fac\u0131, genlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kma s\u0131ras\u0131n\u0131n kam\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fccredeki in\u015fas\u0131nda takip edilen s\u0131raya uydu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Ochman ve Liu\u2019nun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences <\/em>dergisinin Nisan 2007 say\u0131s\u0131nda yer buldu.<\/p>\n

\u0130ndiana \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden evrim biyolo\u011fu Michael Lynch, bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n evrimle ilgili \u00f6nemli olgular\u0131 vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor: \u201cKarma\u015f\u0131k yap\u0131lar, daha basit yap\u0131lar\u0131n bir araya gelmesiyle olu\u015fur. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, s\u00f6z konusu s\u00fcreci belgelemeye yetmi\u015ftir.\u201d Brown \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Ken Brown bu ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n, ak\u0131ll\u0131 tasar\u0131m yanl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n, bakteri kam\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n tek bir genden olu\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131 iddialar\u0131na tokat gibi bir cevap oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor: \u201cKam\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n ortak bir atadan geldi\u011fi hipotezini \u00e7ok say\u0131da t\u00fcr kullanarak test eden ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, bu genlerin gen e\u015fle\u015fmesi sayesinde birbirlerinden \u00fcretildiklerini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6stermi\u015f oldular.\u201d<\/p>\n

(*) Bu haber, Bilim ve Gelecek<\/em> dergisinin 39. say\u0131s\u0131nda ( May\u0131s 2007) Bilim G\u00fcndemi k\u00f6\u015fesinde yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n iddias\u0131:\u00a0Bakteri kam\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndaki m\u00fckemmellik, yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 kan\u0131tl\u0131yor Bilimin yan\u0131t\u0131: Bakteri kam\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n evrimsel olu\u015fum s\u00fcreci b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cBakteri kam\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 da indirgenemez komplekslili\u011fe \u00f6rnektir. Bakteri kam\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, \u00e7ok karma\u015f\u0131k bir \u201corganik motor\u201d ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Kam\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 olu\u015fturan yakla\u015f\u0131k 240 ayr\u0131 protein vard\u0131r. Bunlar kusursuz bir mekanik tasar\u0131mla yerine yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Kam\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 olu\u015fturan molek\u00fcler par\u00e7alar\u0131n tek bir tanesi olmasa ya da […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":479,"featured_media":20930,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[21,32],"tags":[2524,2525,2526,2527],"class_list":["post-20929","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biyoloji","category-evrim","tag-bakteri-kamcisi","tag-indirgenemez-karmasiklik","tag-indirgenemez-kompleksite","tag-michael-behe"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t