{"id":21079,"date":"2018-03-08T00:00:59","date_gmt":"2018-03-07T21:00:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=21079"},"modified":"2018-03-07T15:40:51","modified_gmt":"2018-03-07T12:40:51","slug":"kadin-matematikci-olmak","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/03\/08\/kadin-matematikci-olmak","title":{"rendered":"Kad\u0131n matematik\u00e7i olmak\u2026"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kad\u0131n matematik\u00e7i olmak zordur; 1500 y\u0131l \u00f6nce de, \u015fimdi de\u2026 Yobazlar taraf\u0131ndan katledilen Hypatia\u2026 Onca bulu\u015flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n akademiye kabul edilmeyen Agnesi ve Noether\u2026 Erkek takma ad\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na devam etmek zorunda kalan Sophie Germain\u2026 T\u00fcrl\u00fc zorluklara g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs gererek kendilerini kabul ettiren kad\u0131n matematik\u00e7ilerden birka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc.<\/em><\/p>\n

Kad\u0131n matematik\u00e7i dendi\u011finde ilk akla gelen ki\u015fi \u00fcst\u00fcn ki\u015fili\u011fi ve trajik \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcyle bilinen Hypatia<\/strong>\u2019d\u0131r. MS 4. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130skenderiye\u2019de ya\u015fayan Hypatia bir matematik\u00e7inin k\u0131z\u0131 olarak d\u00fcnyaya gelmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Yobazlar taraf\u0131ndan katledilen kad\u0131n matematik\u00e7i: Hypatia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Babas\u0131n\u0131n da deste\u011fiyle bilim ve felsefe alan\u0131nda h\u0131zla ilerleyen Hypatia, zaman\u0131n\u0131n en sevilen hatip ve en b\u00fcy\u00fck problem-\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fc olarak \u00fcn yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Aylarca bir probleme tak\u0131l\u0131p kalan matematik\u00e7iler ona mektup yaz\u0131p \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc sorar, Hypatia da hayranlar\u0131n\u0131 kolay kolay d\u00fc\u015f k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na u\u011fratmazd\u0131. Matematik ve mant\u0131ksal ispat onun i\u00e7in bir tutkuydu.<\/p>\n

Hypatia neden hi\u00e7 evlenmedi\u011fi sorusuna \u201cger\u00e7ekle nik\u00e2hl\u0131\u201d oldu\u011fu yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 veriyordu. H\u0131ristiyan dinine de ele\u015ftirel yakla\u015fan, ak\u0131lc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karan ve \u00fcstelik bir kad\u0131n olan Hypatia, \u0130skenderiye patri\u011fi Kyrillos\u2019un tepkisini \u00fczerine \u00e7ekmi\u015fti. Kyrillos, filozoflar\u0131, bilimcileri ve matematik\u00e7ileri sapk\u0131n sayan bir gericiydi.<\/p>\n

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Hypatia s\u00fcr\u00fcklenerek kiliseye g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ve \u0130skenderiye patri\u011fi Kyrillos\u2019un k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yobaz g\u00fcruhu taraf\u0131ndan parampar\u00e7a edildi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Tarih\u00e7i Edward Gibbon, Kyrillos\u2019un t\u00fcrl\u00fc entrikalarla cahil kitleleri Hypatia\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmas\u0131ndan sonra olanlar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\u201cHypatia arabas\u0131ndan zorla \u00e7ekilip indirildi, \u00e7\u0131r\u0131l\u00e7\u0131plak soyuldu, s\u00fcr\u00fcklenerek kiliseye g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ve insanl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f\u00e7as\u0131na davranan kilise g\u00f6revlisi ile vah\u015fi ve ac\u0131mas\u0131z bir fanatik g\u00fcruhu taraf\u0131ndan parampar\u00e7a edildi. Keskin istiridye kabuklar\u0131yla etleri kemikten s\u0131yr\u0131ld\u0131, h\u00e2l\u00e2 titremekte olan uzuvlar\u0131 ate\u015fe at\u0131ld\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n

Tarih MS 415\u2019in Mart ay\u0131d\u0131r. Kimi kaynaklar bu katliam\u0131n 8 Mart g\u00fcn\u00fc ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini belirtirler.<\/p>\n

Akademinin kap\u0131lar\u0131 \u2018Agnesi B\u00fcy\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019ne kapal\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kad\u0131n matematik\u00e7i olman\u0131n zorluklar\u0131na g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze daha yak\u0131n d\u00f6nemlerden \u00f6rnekler verelim.<\/p>\n

Milano\u2019da do\u011fan Maria Agnesi<\/strong> (1718-1799) de Hypatia gibi bir matematik\u00e7inin k\u0131z\u0131yd\u0131. Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n elit matematik\u00e7ilerinden biri say\u0131l\u0131yordu; e\u011frilere de\u011fen tanjantlar \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla \u00f6zellikle \u00fcnl\u00fcyd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

\"\"
B\u00fct\u00fcn Avrupa Maria Agnesi\u2019nin yetene\u011fini teslim etti\u011fi halde, Frans\u0131z Bilimler Akademisi ona bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma makam\u0131 vermeyi reddetti.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

E\u011fri s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u0130talyancadaki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cversiera\u201dyd\u0131, Latince \u201cd\u00f6nmek\u201d anlam\u0131ndaki \u201cvertere\u201dden geliyordu. Ama bu s\u00f6zc\u00fck ayn\u0131 zamanda \u201c\u015eeytan\u0131n kar\u0131s\u0131\u201d demek olan \u201cavversiera\u201dn\u0131n k\u0131saltmas\u0131yd\u0131. Agnesi\u2019nin inceledi\u011fi ve ad\u0131 verilen bir e\u011fri (versiera Agnesi) \u0130ngilizceye yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla \u201cAgnesi b\u00fcy\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fc\u201d olarak \u00e7evrilmi\u015f, giderek bu Maria Agnesi\u2019nin lakab\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn Avrupa Agnesi\u2019nin yetene\u011fini teslim etti\u011fi halde, bir\u00e7ok akademik kurulu\u015f, en ba\u015fta da Frans\u0131z Bilimler Akademisi ona bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma makam\u0131 vermeyi reddetti. Kad\u0131n bilimcilere y\u00f6nelik bu ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na kadar devam etmi\u015ftir ve farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde h\u00e2l\u00e2 s\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u2018\u00dcniversite Senatosu hamam m\u0131?\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

Einstein\u2019\u0131n deyi\u015fiyle \u201ckad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek e\u011fitim ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bu yana yeti\u015fmi\u015f en yarat\u0131c\u0131 matematik dehas\u0131\u201d olan Emmy Noether<\/strong>\u2019in (1882-1935) de G\u00f6ttingen \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde okutman olmas\u0131 reddedilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Emmy Noether. Matematik dehas\u0131 olabilirsin ama \u00fcniversitede do\u00e7ent olamazs\u0131n!<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Fak\u00fcltede \u00e7o\u011funluk \u015fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fteydi: \u201cNas\u0131l olur da bir kad\u0131n\u0131n do\u00e7ent olmas\u0131na izin verilir? Do\u00e7ent olursa ileride profes\u00f6r olup \u00dcniversite Senatosu\u2019na da girebilir\u2026 Askerlerimiz \u00fcniversiteye geri d\u00f6n\u00fcp bir kad\u0131n\u0131n ayaklar\u0131 dibinde okumalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcrlerse ne derler?\u201d<\/p>\n

Noether\u2019in dostu ve hocas\u0131 olan b\u00fcy\u00fck matematik\u00e7i David Hilbert bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere \u015f\u00f6yle yan\u0131t vermi\u015ftir: \u201cBaylar, aday\u0131n cinsiyetinin do\u00e7ent olarak kabul edilmesine kar\u015f\u0131 bir arg\u00fcman olu\u015fturdu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fcyorum. Ne de olsa \u00dcniversite Senatosu bir hamam de\u011fil.\u201d<\/p>\n

M\u00f6sy\u00f6 Le Blanc, Lagrange ve Gauss\u2019u \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131yor<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrl\u00fc engellere g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs gererek \u00fcst d\u00fczey bir matematik\u00e7i olan bir di\u011fer kad\u0131n da Frans\u0131z Sophie Germain<\/strong>\u2019dir (1776-1831).<\/p>\n

T\u00fcccar olan babas\u0131 Sophie\u2019nin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in k\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n mumlar\u0131na ve giysilerine el koymu\u015f, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u0131s\u0131nma olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 elinden alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu \u00f6nlemler bir i\u015fe yaramad\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Germain gizli bir yerde bol miktarda mum depolam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve yatak \u00e7ar\u015faflar\u0131na sar\u0131narak \u0131s\u0131n\u0131yor, b\u00fcy\u00fck tutkusu olan matematik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam ediyordu. Y\u0131llarca tek ba\u015f\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak zorunda kald\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ailesinde ona en son geli\u015fmeleri aktaracak bir matematik\u00e7i yoktu ve \u00f6\u011fretmenleri de onu ciddiye almaya yana\u015fm\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

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B\u00fcy\u00fck matematik\u00e7i Sophie Germain: \u201cYaln\u0131z ve mesleksiz bir kad\u0131n\u201d.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Paris\u2019te a\u00e7\u0131lan Ecole Polytechnique\u2019e gitmeyi \u00e7ok arzu ediyordu, ama bu kurum sadece erkeklere a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bir erkek ad\u0131 (Le Blanc) alarak akademi y\u00f6netimiyle ili\u015fki kurdu. Her hafta takma ad\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak \u00e7\u00f6zd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc problemleri teslim ediyordu. Dersin hocas\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc Lagrange bu yetenekli \u00f6\u011frenciyle tan\u0131\u015fmak istedi. Art\u0131k kimli\u011fini saklayamazd\u0131. Gen\u00e7 bir kad\u0131n matematik\u00e7iyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fan Lagrange \u00f6nce \u00e7ok \u015fa\u015f\u0131rd\u0131, ama sonralar\u0131 Germain\u2019in destek\u00e7isi oldu.<\/p>\n

Sophie Germain, gelmi\u015f ge\u00e7mi\u015f en parlak matematik\u00e7ilerden biri kabul edilen \u00fcnl\u00fc Carl Friedrich Gauss ile de \u201cM\u00f6sy\u00f6 Le Blanc\u201d takma ad\u0131yla mektupla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hayran oldu\u011fu ama sayg\u0131 yan\u0131 s\u0131ra korku da duydu\u011fu Gauss\u2019un bir kad\u0131n\u0131 ciddiye almayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Say\u0131 kuram\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle Fermat\u2019n\u0131n Son Teoremi ile ilgili mektuplar\u0131 Gauss\u2019un ilgisini \u00e7ekmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

1806\u2019da Napolyon\u2019un ordular\u0131 Almanya\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgal etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Y\u00fczy\u0131llar \u00f6nce Ar\u015fimet\u2019in ba\u015f\u0131na gelenlerin (Ar\u015fimet Sirak\u00fcsa\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgal eden Romal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr) Gauss \u00f6zelinde tekrarlanmas\u0131ndan korkan Germain, Frans\u0131z kuvvetlerine komuta eden dostu General Pernety\u2019e bir mesaj yollayarak Gauss\u2019un hayat\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenceye al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 rica etti. Bunun \u00fczerine Alman matematik\u00e7iye \u00f6zel ilgi g\u00f6steren General, ona hayat\u0131n\u0131 Madam Germain\u2019e bor\u00e7lu oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi. Gauss m\u00fcte\u015fekkirdi ama \u015fa\u015f\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, Sophie Germain diye bir ismi hi\u00e7 duymam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Germain bir sonraki mektupta \u00e7ekine \u00e7ekine ger\u00e7ek kimli\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Gauss k\u0131zmam\u0131\u015f, hatta \u015f\u00f6yle bir yan\u0131t yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\u201cAma \u015fimdi de\u011ferli mektup arkada\u015f\u0131m M\u00f6sy\u00f6 Le Blanc\u2019\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme u\u011fray\u0131p inanmakta zorluk \u00e7ekti\u011fim b\u00f6ylesine parlak bir \u00f6rnek olu\u015fturan bu \u00fcnl\u00fc \u015fahsiyet haline geli\u015fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda duydu\u011fum hayranl\u0131k ve hayreti nas\u0131l dile getirsem? Genel olarak soyut bilimlere ve en ba\u015fta da say\u0131lar\u0131n gizemine ilgi duyabilmek, son derece az rastlanan bir \u015fey; ama buna \u015fa\u015fmamak gerek: Bu y\u00fcce bilimin b\u00fcy\u00fcleyici g\u00fczellikleri kendilerini sadece onun i\u00e7ine dalmaya cesaret edebilenlere g\u00f6sterirler. Ama e\u011fer bir ki\u015fi cinsiyeti nedeniyle, gelenek ve \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z y\u00fcz\u00fcnden bu dikenli ara\u015ft\u0131rma yollar\u0131nda ilerlemekte erkeklere k\u0131yasla sonsuz derecede daha b\u00fcy\u00fck zorluklarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131yor ve yine de bu engelleri a\u015fmay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131p en \u00e7apra\u015f\u0131k ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara giri\u015febiliyorsa, o zaman hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz y\u00fcce bir cesarete, g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f yeteneklere ve \u00fcst\u00fcn bir dehaya sahip demektir.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u2018Yaln\u0131z ve mesleksiz bir kad\u0131n\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sophie Germain sonralar\u0131 \u201cElastik levhalar\u0131n titre\u015fimleri \u00fczerine inceleme\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalesiyle modern elastisite kuram\u0131n\u0131n temellerini atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 ve Fermat\u2019n\u0131n Son Teoremi \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 Institut de France taraf\u0131ndan kendisine bir madalya verildi ve Bilimler Akademisi\u2019nde, bir \u00fcyenin e\u015fi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde dersleri dinleme hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nan ilk kad\u0131n oldu.<\/p>\n

Ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru, kendisine bir fahri unvan verilmesi konusunda G\u00f6ttingen \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ni ikna etmi\u015f olan Gauss\u2019la yeniden ili\u015fki kurdu. Ne yaz\u0131k ki \u00fcniversite bu onuru ona daha sunamam\u0131\u015fken, Germain g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs kanserinden \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Sophie Germain \u00e7o\u011fu ki\u015fiye g\u00f6re d\u00f6neminde Fransa\u2019n\u0131n yeti\u015ftirdi\u011fi en b\u00fcy\u00fck kad\u0131n entelekt\u00fceldir. Fakat g\u00f6revli memur \u00f6l\u00fcm raporu tutmak \u00fczere geldi\u011finde, bu b\u00fcy\u00fck kad\u0131n bilimci hakk\u0131nda mathematicienne<\/em> (matematik\u00e7i) diye de\u011fil de, rentire-annuitant<\/em> (yaln\u0131z ve mesleksiz bir kad\u0131n) diye kay\u0131t d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Hepsi bu kadar da de\u011fil. M\u00fchendislerin kullan\u0131lan malzemenin elastikli\u011fi konusunda \u00f6zel bir dikkat g\u00f6stermek zorunda oldu\u011fu Eiffel Kulesi tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bu g\u00f6rkemli yap\u0131ya 72 se\u00e7kin bilimcinin adlar\u0131 kaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak bu listede ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131yla metallerin elastisitesi kuram\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck eden Sophie Germain\u2019in ad\u0131na yer vermeye gerek g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Matematik\u00e7i olmak zordur. Kad\u0131n matematik\u00e7i olmak ise\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kad\u0131n matematik\u00e7i olmak zordur; 1500 y\u0131l \u00f6nce de, \u015fimdi de\u2026 Yobazlar taraf\u0131ndan katledilen Hypatia\u2026 Onca bulu\u015flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n akademiye kabul edilmeyen Agnesi ve Noether\u2026 Erkek takma ad\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na devam etmek zorunda kalan Sophie Germain\u2026 T\u00fcrl\u00fc zorluklara g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs gererek kendilerini kabul ettiren kad\u0131n matematik\u00e7ilerden birka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc. Kad\u0131n matematik\u00e7i dendi\u011finde ilk akla gelen ki\u015fi \u00fcst\u00fcn ki\u015fili\u011fi ve trajik […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":21088,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2314,25],"tags":[1926,2541,2539,2537,2095,2538,2540],"class_list":["post-21079","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-oykuleri","category-matematik","tag-bilimde-cinsiyetcilik","tag-carl-friedrich-gauss","tag-emmy-noether","tag-hypatia","tag-kadin-matematikciler","tag-maria-agnesi","tag-sophie-germain"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t