{"id":21097,"date":"2011-03-01T15:57:01","date_gmt":"2011-03-01T13:57:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=21097"},"modified":"2018-03-08T00:28:57","modified_gmt":"2018-03-07T21:28:57","slug":"anneannelerinden-farkli-yasadilar-cumhuriyet-kadinlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2011\/03\/01\/anneannelerinden-farkli-yasadilar-cumhuriyet-kadinlari","title":{"rendered":"Anneannelerinden farkl\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131lar! Cumhuriyet kad\u0131nlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

1923\u2019den sonra kad\u0131n\u0131n yeri de\u011fi\u015fti \u00fclkemizde. \u0130lerleyen sayfalar\u0131 okurken \u015fa\u015f\u0131racaks\u0131n\u0131z. Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6nce s\u00f6z hakk\u0131 bile tan\u0131nmayan kad\u0131nlar, doktor olup kad\u0131n erkek herkesi tedavi etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar, at \u00fcst\u00fcnde k\u00f6y k\u00f6y dola\u015ft\u0131lar, laboratuvarlara girip deney yapt\u0131lar, \u00fcniversitede k\u00fcrs\u00fc kurdular, kitap yazd\u0131lar, gazete \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131lar, meclise girip emek\u00e7ilerin haklar\u0131n\u0131 savundular. Toplumu ilerletmek i\u00e7in, emek\u00e7i bir cumhuriyet kurmak i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele etti \u00e7o\u011fu. Anneannelerinden bamba\u015fka hayatlar ya\u015fayan kad\u0131nlar oldu hepsi.<\/em><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 hayranlar\u0131n\u0131n iddialar\u0131 gibi yazm\u0131yor tarih ger\u00e7ekleri. \u201cEcdad\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n\u201d 624 y\u0131ll\u0131k \u201c\u015fanl\u0131\u201d tarihinde, kad\u0131nlara e\u011fitim hakk\u0131 615. y\u0131lda verildi. Yani cumhuriyet ilan edilmeden 9, bu topraklar i\u015fgal edilmeden 5 y\u0131l \u00f6nce. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u201cecdad\u0131m\u0131z\u201d k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 12-13 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken \u201cbe\u011fenip\u201d haremlerine almay\u0131, e\u015f ve anne yapmay\u0131 uygun buldu! Kad\u0131nlar elinin hamuruyla, erke\u011fin i\u015fine kar\u0131\u015fmamal\u0131 ne de olsa! Okumamal\u0131lar, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmamal\u0131lar, erkeklerle e\u015fit olduklar\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmemeliler\u2026 Topraklar\u0131m\u0131zda, kad\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u00fc olarak hayata kat\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00f6zg\u00fcrce fikirlerini s\u00f6yleyebilmesi Anadolu\u2019daki direni\u015f hareketiyle ba\u015flar. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n d\u00fczenledi\u011fi ilk miting, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n konu\u015fma yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ilk eylemler, yazd\u0131klar\u0131 ilk yaz\u0131lar bu d\u00f6nemde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet ilan edildikten sonra, yeni Medeni Kanun\u2019la kad\u0131nlar da erkeklerle e\u015fit ko\u015fullarda e\u011fitim almaya, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya, \u00fcretmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. 1923\u2019den sonra yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131na bilimsel e\u011fitim almaya g\u00f6nderilen gen\u00e7lerin i\u00e7inde, \u00e7ok say\u0131da kad\u0131n da vard\u0131. Anneanneleri, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcc\u00fck ya\u015flarda eve kapat\u0131l\u0131p e\u015f yap\u0131l\u0131rken, onlar 17-18 ya\u015flar\u0131nda, devlet bursuyla dillerini bilmedikleri \u00fclkelere g\u00f6nderildiler. Kad\u0131n haliyle orada ne yapar bunlar denmedi! Gittiler, e\u011fitim ald\u0131lar ve hi\u00e7biri gittikleri \u00fclkede kalmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmedi. Kurulan gen\u00e7 Cumhuriyete b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bor\u00e7lar\u0131 vard\u0131, \u00fclkelerine d\u00f6nd\u00fcler ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. \u015eu anda, en k\u00f6kl\u00fc \u00fcniversitedir dedi\u011fimiz \u00fcniversiteler hangisiyse, i\u015fte o \u00fcniversitelerde al\u0131n terleri var kad\u0131nlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n\u2026 B\u00f6l\u00fcmleri onlar kurdu, hastalar\u0131 onlar tedavi etti, yeni nesli onlar yeti\u015ftirdi, kitaplar\u0131 onlar yazd\u0131\u2026<\/p>\n

Bunlar\u0131 yazarken, eksikleri unuttu\u011fumuz d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmesin. E\u015fitli\u011fi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in cumhuriyetin tek ba\u015f\u0131na yeterli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131nday\u0131z. T\u00fcm kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ve erkeklerin \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmesi, e\u015fit bi\u00e7imde ya\u015famas\u0131 i\u00e7in daha fazlas\u0131 gerekir. Ancak bug\u00fcn cumhuriyeti tart\u0131\u015f\u0131yoruz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc biz bug\u00fcn, cumhuriyet kazan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n gerisine raz\u0131 edilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn okutulmayan k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131; ufac\u0131k ya\u015flarda birilerine \u201cverilenler\u201d, namus i\u00e7in sokak ortas\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclenler, bedenini satmak zorunda kalan kad\u0131nlar\u0131m\u0131z var. Art\u0131k daha fazla kad\u0131n evlere kapan\u0131yor, bilimden \u00f6zg\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceden, \u00fcretimden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor. Neden? \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Osmanl\u0131 hayranlar\u0131 b\u00f6yle istiyor. Sultan\u0131m\u0131z \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7ocuk yap\u0131n diye buyuruyor, sultan buyurur da pe\u015findekiler eksik kal\u0131r m\u0131? \u00c7\u0131k\u0131yor bir \u201cprofes\u00f6r\u201d tecav\u00fcz\u00fcn nedeni dekolte giyen kad\u0131nlard\u0131r diyor. Tecav\u00fcz ve taciz su\u00e7unun oda\u011f\u0131ndakiler kad\u0131nlard\u0131r diye ekliyor. Polis tekmeleriyle bebe\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcren gen\u00e7 kad\u0131na, hamile haliyle ne i\u015fi var eylemde diyenler var. 23 erke\u011fin tecav\u00fcz\u00fcne u\u011frayan ufac\u0131k bir k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011funu su\u00e7lu buluyor mahkemeler. Bu \u00fclkede, 2002 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri sokak ortas\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen kad\u0131nlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 h\u0131zla art\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Dergimizin bu say\u0131s\u0131nda tarihimizdeki kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6yk\u00fclerini anlat\u0131yoruz. Bilmeyenler i\u00e7in \u00f6\u011fretmek, bilenler i\u00e7in hat\u0131rlatmak amac\u0131m\u0131z. Bize yalan s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorlar, do\u011frular\u0131 anlatmak i\u00e7in yaz\u0131yoruz. Yeni Osmanl\u0131c\u0131lar, kad\u0131n\u0131 din ile, haremlere-evlere hapsederek, bedenini kapatarak, satarak \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftireceklerini\u201d s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorlar. Osmanl\u0131 d\u00fczenine hayran olanlar, cumhuriyetin gerisine d\u00fc\u015fmekten korkmayanlar \u00f6\u011frensin diye yaz\u0131yoruz bunlar\u0131.<\/p>\n

1923\u2019den sonra kad\u0131n\u0131n yeri de\u011fi\u015fti \u00fclkemizde. \u0130lerleyen sayfalar\u0131 okurken \u015fa\u015f\u0131racaks\u0131n\u0131z. Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6nce s\u00f6z hakk\u0131 bile tan\u0131nmayan kad\u0131nlar, doktor olup kad\u0131n erkek herkesi tedavi etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar, at \u00fcst\u00fcnde k\u00f6y k\u00f6y dola\u015ft\u0131lar, laboratuvarlara girip deney yapt\u0131lar, \u00fcniversitede k\u00fcrs\u00fc kurdular, kitap yazd\u0131lar, gazete \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131lar, meclise girip emek\u00e7ilerin haklar\u0131n\u0131 savundular. Toplumu ilerletmek i\u00e7in, emek\u00e7i bir cumhuriyet kurmak i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele etti \u00e7o\u011fu. Anneannelerinden bamba\u015fka hayatlar ya\u015fayan kad\u0131nlar oldu hepsi.<\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7ekler ortada, soru \u015fu: Osmanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131 m\u0131 tercih edece\u011fiz, cumhuriyeti mi? Haremde mi olmak isteyece\u011fiz, e\u015fit bir ya\u015fam\u0131n her alan\u0131nda m\u0131? Mart ay\u0131nda cevab\u0131 daha net verelim: E\u015fit ya\u015famak i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele eden, \u00fcreten kad\u0131nlara selam olsun! T\u00fcm emek\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar\u0131n 8 Mart\u2019\u0131 kutlu olsun!<\/p>\n

\"\"Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n simgelerinden, ilk kad\u0131n yazarlar\u0131m\u0131zdan
\n<\/strong>Halide Edip Ad\u0131var<\/strong><\/p>\n

Halide Edip Ad\u0131var 1884\u2019de do\u011far, babas\u0131 e\u011fitimli bir gen\u00e7 olmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi\u011fi i\u00e7in onu \u00dcsk\u00fcdar Amerikan K\u0131z Koleji\u2019ne kaydeder. Burada Frans\u0131z edebiyat\u0131 ile ilgili de dersler al\u0131r. 1901\u2019de mezun olur. 1908\u2019de \u0130kinci Me\u015frutiyet\u2019in ilan edilmesiyle, gazetelere yaz\u0131 yazmaya ba\u015flar. \u00d6zellikle kad\u0131n haklar\u0131 ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n e\u011fitim sorunlar\u0131yla ilgili ele\u015ftirel yaz\u0131lard\u0131r bunlar. Bu yaz\u0131lar\u0131 nedeniyle gerici \u00e7evrelerden tehdit almaya ba\u015flar. 31 Mart Vakas\u0131 ya\u015fan\u0131nca, iki \u00e7ocu\u011funu da yan\u0131na alarak bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a ge\u00e7er. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye gider, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de kad\u0131n erkek e\u015fitli\u011fi konusunda yap\u0131lan tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 takip eder, \u00f6nemli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce adamlar\u0131yla tan\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda, Kad\u0131nlar\u0131 Y\u00fckseltme Derne\u011fi\u2019ni kurar. Bu d\u00f6nemde ayr\u0131ca \u00f6\u011fretmenlik ve m\u00fcfetti\u015flik de yapar. Halide Edip, ikinci bir kad\u0131n daha almak isteyen kocas\u0131na tepki g\u00f6stererek ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Halide Edip, Anadolu hareketinin en \u00f6nemli isimlerinden biridir. \u201cKarakol\u201d adl\u0131 gizli \u00f6rg\u00fcte dahil olur ve Anadolu\u2019ya silah ka\u00e7\u0131rma gibi \u00f6nemli bir i\u015fin sorumlulu\u011funu omuzlar\u0131na al\u0131r. G\u00fcn 19 May\u0131s 1919\u2019dur… \u0130stanbul Sultanahmet Meydan\u0131\u2019nda Asri Kad\u0131nlar Birli\u011fi bir miting d\u00fczenler. \u0130zmir\u2019in i\u015fgal edilmesini protesto etmek i\u00e7in yap\u0131l\u0131r bu miting. Miting ayn\u0131 zamanda Osmanl\u0131\u2019da kad\u0131nlar\u0131n konu\u015fmac\u0131 oldu\u011fu ilk mitingdir. Halide Edip bu mitingde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 etkili konu\u015fmayla, halk\u0131 direnmeye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

19 Mart 1920\u2019de iki \u00e7ocu\u011funu yat\u0131l\u0131 okula b\u0131rakarak, e\u015fiyle birlikte Anadolu yollar\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fer. At \u00fcst\u00fcnde, zorluklarla ve \u00e7ocuk \u00f6zlemiyle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu yolculu\u011fun tek bir nedeni vard\u0131r: Kurtulu\u015f hareketine kat\u0131lmak. Cephe gerisinde \u00f6nemli g\u00f6revler al\u0131r, bu s\u0131rada Mustafa Kemal\u2019in y\u00f6nlendirmesiyle Yunus Nadi ile birlikte Anadolu Ajans\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kurar. Sakarya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda onba\u015f\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n

Halide Edip, cumhuriyetin kurulu\u015fundan sonra, Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet F\u0131rkas\u0131\u2019na kat\u0131l\u0131r, Takrir-i S\u00fckun yasalar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca, \u00fclkesinden ayr\u0131lmaya karar verir. 1939\u2019da \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye gidip d\u00f6rt y\u0131l orada ya\u015far, daha sonra Fransa\u2019ya yerle\u015fir. Yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llarda, bug\u00fcn h\u00e2l\u00e2 okunan kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 yazmaya devam eder, bir\u00e7ok \u00fcniversitede \u00e7e\u015fitli konferanslarda konu\u015fmac\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n

Halide Edip, t\u00fcm bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, edebiyat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n en \u00f6nemi yazarlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda say\u0131l\u0131r. Yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yirmi bir roman, d\u00f6rt hik\u00e2ye, iki oyun ve onlarca incelemeyle en \u00e7ok yap\u0131t veren yazarlar aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Kitaplar\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n e\u011fitim sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 ve kad\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 inceler.<\/p>\n

\"\"Sosyalist toplumbilimci
\n<\/strong>Cumhuriyetin ilk kad\u0131n gazetecisi Sabiha Sertel <\/strong><\/p>\n

Bir \u00f6mre neler s\u0131\u011fd\u0131r\u0131labilirse ondan daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131\u011fd\u0131rd\u0131 kendi \u00f6mr\u00fcne Sabiha Sertel\u2026 \u00c7\u00f6ken bir imparatorluk, i\u015fgale kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015f, yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda sosyoloji e\u011fitimi, yeni kurulan bir \u00fclke, cumhuriyetle y\u00f6netilen bir \u00fclkede kad\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, gazetecilik, Resimli Ay<\/em> Mecmuas\u0131, Sevimli Ay<\/em> ve G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler<\/em> dergileri, Tan<\/em> gazetesi ve bask\u0131n\u0131, mahkemeler, cezalar, cep kitaplar\u0131, \u00e7eviriler, tutuklanma, gurbetlik, ama her yerde sosyalizm m\u00fccadelesi, Budape\u015fte Radyosu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, TKP Budape\u015fte sorumlulu\u011fu, Bizim Radyo, kitaplar, yaz\u0131lar, yeti\u015ftirdi\u011fi iki ayd\u0131n \u00e7ocuk ve sosyalist bir ayd\u0131n olarak \u00fclkesinden uzakta bir \u00f6l\u00fcm\u2026 Bir solukta okunamayacak kadar m\u00fccadeleci ve \u00fcretken bir hayat.<\/p>\n

Sabiha Sertel, liseyi bitirdi\u011fi y\u0131llarda, sonradan evlenece\u011fi Zekeriya Sertel\u2019in -ki o da bu d\u00f6nemde Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi \u00f6\u011frencisidir- \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yeni Felsefe<\/em> dergisine yazmaya ba\u015flar. Bu yaz\u0131larda, sert bir bi\u00e7imde Osmanl\u0131 d\u00fczeninde kad\u0131n\u0131n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, e\u011fitimden ve sosyal ya\u015famdan d\u0131\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazar. Yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda ele\u015ftirdi\u011fi d\u00fczenin \u00e7\u00f6kmesi ve \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015ften sonra i\u015fgal edilen \u00fclkesi i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele etmekten geri durmaz. 1919 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sabiha Sertel\u2019in de, e\u015finin de Anadolu hareketinde \u00f6nemli g\u00f6revleri vard\u0131r. Evleri, Anadolu hareketinin toplant\u0131 evlerinden biri haline gelir. Bu d\u00f6nemde iki gen\u00e7, Halide Edip\u2019in ayarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir bursla ABD\u2019ye e\u011fitim i\u00e7in g\u00f6nderilir. Direni\u015f hareketini b\u0131rak\u0131p gitmek istememelerine ra\u011fmen \u00fclkelerinin gelece\u011fi i\u00e7in e\u011fitim almalar\u0131 gerekti\u011finin fark\u0131ndad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Sabiha Sertel ABD\u2019de sosyoloji e\u011fitimi al\u0131r, ama sadece e\u011fitimiyle ilgilenmez, direni\u015f hareketine ba\u011f\u0131\u015f toplamak i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. ABD\u2019deki y\u0131llar\u0131nda Marksizm ile tan\u0131\u015f\u0131r. 1923\u2019de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye geri d\u00f6ner. Yeni kurulan bir \u00fclkede yapacak \u00e7ok \u015fey vard\u0131r. \u0130\u015fe, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n sorunlar\u0131ndan, yetim \u00e7ocuklara dair proje geli\u015ftirmekten ve tabi ki gazetecilikten ba\u015flar. 1924\u2019de e\u015fiyle birlikte Resimli Ay<\/em> dergisini \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ilk kad\u0131n gazetecisi olur. Resimli Ay<\/em> dergisi, halka cumhuriyet devrimlerini anlatma ilkesiyle \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r. 1928\u2019de Naz\u0131m Hikmet, Sabahattin Ali, Suat Dervi\u015f, Val\u00e2 Nureddin gibi yazarlar\u0131n kat\u0131lmas\u0131yla, dergi sosyalist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin ve yeni bir edebiyat anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fum yeri olur. Sabiha Sertel, bu nedenle defalarca yarg\u0131lan\u0131r, tutuklan\u0131r. Resimli Ay<\/em> dergisi kapat\u0131l\u0131p, e\u015fi tutuklan\u0131nca, Resimli Per\u015fembe, Sevimli Ay<\/em> ad\u0131yla dergiyi \u00e7\u0131karmaya devam eder. 1934\u2019de e\u015fiyle birlikte Tan<\/em> gazetesini kurarlar. Hem Tan<\/em>\u2019da yazar hem de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ilk kez \u201ccep kitaplar\u0131\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda bir kitap dizisi yay\u0131mlar. Felsefe, edebiyat, sanat ve bilim alanlar\u0131nda temel bilgileri veren ve cebe s\u0131\u011fabilecek boyuttaki bu kitaplar b\u00fcy\u00fck ilgi g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Sabiha Sertel Hayat Ansiklopedisi<\/em>\u2019ni haz\u0131rlayan ekip i\u00e7inde de yer al\u0131r. 1942\u2019de \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir makaleden yarg\u0131lan\u0131r. 1945\u2019de de Tan<\/em> gazetesi bas\u0131l\u0131r ve yak\u0131l\u0131r. S\u00fcrekli tutuklamalar ve yarg\u0131lamalar nedeniyle, 1950\u2019de ailecek Paris\u2019e giderler. Bir s\u00fcre sonra Naz\u0131m Hikmet\u2019in \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131yla Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne ge\u00e7erler, 1953\u2019te Budape\u015fte\u2019ye yerle\u015firler. Budape\u015fte Radyosu\u2019nda T\u00fcrk Seksiyonu \u015eefi ve TKP Budape\u015fte sorumlusu olur. 1958\u2019de Bizim Radyo\u2019da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in Leipzig\u2019e ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sabiha Sertel, gurbette \u00f6len ayd\u0131nlar\u0131m\u0131zdan, bir \u00f6mre t\u00fcm bu m\u00fccadeleleri, yaz\u0131lar\u0131 yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde tart\u0131\u015fma yaratan \u0130lericilik-Gericilik Kavgas\u0131nda Tevfik Fikret<\/em>, Naz\u0131m Hikmet\u2019ten ve Sabahattin Ali\u2019den An\u0131lar<\/em> ve Roman Gibi<\/em> isimli kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 da s\u0131\u011fd\u0131rabilen de\u011ferli kad\u0131nlar\u0131m\u0131zdan\u2026<\/p>\n

\"\"Madam Curie\u2019nin \u00f6\u011frencisi
\n<\/strong>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ilk kad\u0131n kimyac\u0131s\u0131<\/strong> Remziye Hisar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1902 y\u0131l\u0131nda do\u011fan Remziye Hisar, Dar\u00fclmuallimat\u2019ta (K\u0131z \u00d6\u011fretmen Okulu) 5 y\u0131l okuduktan sonra, Dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun\u2019a gitmek i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131lan haz\u0131rl\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 birincilikle bitirir. B\u00f6ylece Dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun\u2019un Kimya b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kay\u0131t yapt\u0131rma hakk\u0131 kazan\u0131r. Remziye Hisar, neden kimya b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc tercih etti\u011fini \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131yor: \u201cFen derslerinde, kanunlarda olsun, bulu\u015flarda olsun hep yabanc\u0131 isimler g\u00f6rmek beni kahrediyordu. Fen alan\u0131nda bir tek T\u00fcrk ismi g\u00f6rememenin ezikli\u011fini, bu dalda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olursam giderebilirim san\u0131yordum. \u00c7ocukluk i\u015fte\u2026\u201d (1) Remziye Hisar, \u00fclkesine ve insanlar\u0131na duydu\u011fu b\u00f6yle bir sorumlulukla se\u00e7er alan\u0131n\u0131, hem de hen\u00fcz 17 ya\u015f\u0131nda bir gen\u00e7ken. Remziye Hoca\u2019n\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131 incelerken, verdi\u011fi bu yan\u0131tla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z. Bu yan\u0131t\u0131 ger\u00e7ek k\u0131labilmek i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir bilim kad\u0131n\u0131d\u0131r o.<\/p>\n

Birinci \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc Zaferi\u2019nden sonra, kendisine yap\u0131lan \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ya uyarak Adana K\u0131z \u00d6\u011fretmen Okulu\u2019nda \u00f6\u011fretmenli\u011fe ba\u015flar. 1,5 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki o\u011flunu ailesine b\u0131rakarak, g\u00f6revini en iyi \u015fekilde yapmak i\u00e7in Adana\u2019ya gider. Bu arada Paris\u2019te olan e\u015fi Doktor Re\u015fit S\u00fcreyya G\u00fcrsey, Remziye Han\u0131m\u2019a yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektuplarda, Paris\u2019e gelirse, bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara kat\u0131labilece\u011fini yazar. Remziye Han\u0131m, istifa ederek Paris\u2019e gider. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00fclkesinin ad\u0131n\u0131 kimya alan\u0131nda yapaca\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla duyurabilece\u011fine inan\u0131r. Sorbonne\u2019da kimya e\u011fitimi almaya ba\u015flar. \u00d6zellikle Madam Curie\u2019nin dersleri ilgisini \u00e7ekmektedir. Sorbonne\u2019da doktoraya ba\u015flamak \u00fczereyken bursu kesilir ve \u00fclkesine \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131l\u0131r. Erenk\u00f6y K\u0131z Lisesi\u2019ne \u00f6\u011fretmen olarak atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yetkili makamlara, Sorbonne\u2019da doktora yapmak konusunda \u0131srarc\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yapar. Devlet bursuyla Sorbonne\u2019a gitmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde karar verilir. B\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flu Feza\u2019y\u0131 Galatasaray Lisesi\u2019ne yat\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenci olarak kaydeder. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u0131z\u0131 Deha ile Paris\u2019e do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n

Remziye Hisar\u2019\u0131n doktora tez hocas\u0131 Paul Pascal\u2019d\u0131r. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tez \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve sunumuyla, tez j\u00fcrisinin \u00d6zel Mansiyon \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc kazan\u0131r. Tezi onaylan\u0131r onaylanmaz, do\u00e7ent aday\u0131 olarak yurda d\u00f6ner. 1933\u2019te \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ne girer. 1947 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130T\u00dc Makine ve Kimya Fak\u00fclteleri\u2019nde Kimya Do\u00e7entli\u011fi\u2019ne ba\u015flar. 1959 y\u0131l\u0131nda profes\u00f6r olur.<\/p>\n

Remziye Hisar, Avrupa\u2019daki kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bile \u00e7ok zor kabul edildi\u011fi bir d\u00f6nemde, Sorbonne \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde doktoraya kabul edilmi\u015f ve hocas\u0131 Pascal\u2019\u0131n y\u00f6nlendirmeleriyle \u00f6nemli kimya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ilk kad\u0131n kimyac\u0131s\u0131 ve Sorbonne\u2019da doktora yapan ilk kad\u0131n olmu\u015ftur. Bu ba\u015far\u0131lara ula\u015fabilmek i\u00e7in, Paris\u2019te ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar \u00e7ekerek, \u00e7ocu\u011fundan ayr\u0131 kalman\u0131n \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6ze alarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Devletin verdi\u011fi yar\u0131 bursla nas\u0131l ge\u00e7inece\u011fini soran Maarif Vekili\u2019ne \u201cKitaplara, yiyece\u011fe, di\u011fer zorunlu ihtiya\u00e7lara pay ay\u0131rd\u0131m, ge\u00e7inebilece\u011fimi san\u0131yorum\u201d yan\u0131t\u0131 \u00fczerine, Maarif Vekili, \u201cPeki, neyle giyineceksiniz Remziye Han\u0131m\u201d sorusuna verdi\u011fi cevapla, ne kadar kararl\u0131 bir kad\u0131n oldu\u011funu ispatlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cBen giyinmiyorum, \u00f6rt\u00fcn\u00fcyorum\u201d T\u0131pk\u0131 hocas\u0131 Madam Curie gibi bazen yemek yemeyi unutarak, ikinci bir k\u0131yafete ihtiya\u00e7 duymadan, bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmek i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00fcn zorluklara direnen bir kad\u0131nd\u0131r Remziye Hisar\u2026 (2)<\/p>\n

\"\"Osmanl\u0131 polisinden ka\u00e7a ka\u00e7a tiyatro!
\n<\/strong>\u0130lk T\u00fcrk kad\u0131n oyuncu Afife Jale<\/strong><\/p>\n

1902\u2019de do\u011fan Afife Jale, 1918\u2019de Dar\u00fclbedayi\u2019ye (Osmanl\u0131\u2019daki ilk konservatuvar) kabul edilen be\u015f k\u0131zdan biridir. Dar\u00fclbedayi\u2019ye kabul edilmi\u015ftir edilmesine ama sahneye \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda, tiyatro sahnesine ancak gayrim\u00fcslim kad\u0131nlar \u00e7\u0131kabilir. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kad\u0131nlar\u0131n tiyatro sahnesine \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 yasakt\u0131r. Bu nedenle Dar\u00fclbedayi\u2019ye kabul edilen be\u015f k\u0131zdan ancak ikisi (Afife ve Refika) e\u011fitimine devam eder.<\/p>\n

Refika tiyatroda sufl\u00f6r olur, Afife ise stajyer oyuncu. Refika, tiyatroda sahne gerisinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ilk M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kad\u0131n olmu\u015ftur, Afife ise h\u00e2l\u00e2 sahneye \u00e7\u0131kamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 13 Nisan 1919\u2019da H\u00fcseyin Suat\u2019\u0131n Yamalar<\/em> adl\u0131 oyununda, Emel karakterini oynayan Eliza Binemeciyan Paris\u2019e gider. Dar\u00fclbedayi y\u00f6neticileri zor durumda kal\u0131nca, Afife Jale\u2019ye Emel rol\u00fc verilir. B\u00f6ylece Afife Jale, 22 Nisan 1919\u2019da Kad\u0131k\u00f6y\u2019deki \u015fimdiki Reks, o zamanki ad\u0131yla Apollon Sinemas\u0131\u2019nda sahneye \u00e7\u0131kan ilk T\u00fcrk kad\u0131n olur.<\/p>\n

22 Nisan gecesi tiyatroya gelen g\u00f6revliler Afife Jale\u2019yi sahnede g\u00f6r\u00fcnce, Dar\u00fclbedayi y\u00f6neticilerini uyar\u0131rlar. Ancak Afife Jale bu uyar\u0131lar\u0131 dikkate almaz. Bir kez sahneye \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r art\u0131k, o sahneden bir daha inmek istemez. Bir hafta sonra, Tatl\u0131 S\u0131r<\/em> adl\u0131 oyun i\u00e7in tekrar sahneye \u00e7\u0131kar. Oyun sahnelenirken, polisler tiyatroyu bas\u0131p sanat\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 tutuklamak isteyince, arka bah\u00e7eye ka\u00e7arak kurtulur. Bask\u0131ndan kurtulur ancak birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra sokakta polis taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131n\u0131p karakola g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u201cDinini, milliyetini unutup nas\u0131l sahneye \u00e7\u0131kars\u0131n\u201d diye h\u0131rpalan\u0131r. T\u00fcm bunlara ra\u011fmen, tiyatro sevdas\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7mez Afife Han\u0131m. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc oyunu olan Odal\u0131k<\/em>\u2019ta sahneye \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda polis tekrar tutuklamaya gelir, makine dairesine ka\u00e7arak kurtulur polisin elinden Afife Han\u0131m.<\/p>\n

\u0130stanbul Belediyesi, 27 \u015eubat 1921\u2019de, Dahiliye Nezareti\u2019nin emriyle Dar\u00fclbedayi y\u00f6netimine bir yaz\u0131 g\u00f6nderir. Bu yaz\u0131da M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kad\u0131nlar\u0131n sahneye \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yasak oldu\u011fu ve bu kural\u0131n kesinlikle ihlal edilemeyece\u011fi yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Bu bildiri, Afife Jale\u2019nin Dar\u00fclbedayi kadrosundan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olur. Afife Jale, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 gidermek i\u00e7in doktorunun verdi\u011fi morfine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale gelir. Cumhuriyetin ilan edilmesinden sonra, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n t\u00fcm bilim ve sanat dallar\u0131nda \u00fcretim i\u00e7ine girdi\u011fi bir d\u00f6nem a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Afife Jale sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fcye gitmesi nedeniyle bir daha sahneye \u00e7\u0131kamaz.<\/p>\n

Tedavi olmak i\u00e7in Bak\u0131rk\u00f6y Ruh ve Sinir Hastal\u0131klar\u0131 Hastanesi\u2019ne yatsa da iyile\u015femez. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ilk kad\u0131n tiyatro oyuncusu, sanat\u0131na doyamadan, 1941\u2019de hen\u00fcz 39 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken \u00f6l\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\"\"Kad\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131n savunucusu edebiyat\u00e7\u0131
\n<\/strong>Ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 e\u011fmeyen kad\u0131n Suat Dervi\u015f <\/strong><\/p>\n

Edebiyat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ilk feminist yazarlar\u0131ndan Suat Dervi\u015f, t\u0131p profes\u00f6rlerinden \u0130smail Dervi\u015f Bey\u2019in k\u0131z\u0131. Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n modernle\u015fmesini savunan, Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da direni\u015fe destek veren \u0130smail Dervi\u015f Bey, k\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n e\u011fitimine \u00f6nem vermi\u015f bir baba. Bu nedenle Suat Dervi\u015f, \u00f6nce \u00f6zel ders alarak Frans\u0131zca ve Almanca \u00f6\u011frenir, sonra e\u011fitimi i\u00e7in yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131na gider. Berlin Konservatuar\u0131 ve Edebiyat Fak\u00fcltesi\u2019ndeki e\u011fitiminin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u0131l\u0131nda Hitler\u2019in iktidara gelmesi nedeniyle, e\u011fitimini yar\u0131da b\u0131karak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye d\u00f6ner. Suat Dervi\u015f\u2019e yazarl\u0131k yolunu \u00e7ocukluk arkada\u015f\u0131 N\u00e2z\u0131m Hikmet a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dervi\u015f\u2019in gen\u00e7 ya\u015fta yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Hezeyan <\/em>adl\u0131 mensur \u015fiirini kendisinden habersiz Alemdar <\/em>gazetesine g\u00f6nderen N\u00e2z\u0131m Hikmet, 1918\u2019de bu \u015fiirin yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Naz\u0131m, Suat Han\u0131m i\u00e7in yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fiirde, onu en k\u0131sa ve iyi bi\u00e7imde \u00f6zetlemi\u015ftir: \u201cE\u011femedim ben bu kad\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131\u201d.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye d\u00f6nd\u00fckten sonra bir\u00e7ok gazetede yazarl\u0131k, muhabirlik yapar, \u00e7e\u015fitli r\u00f6portajlar haz\u0131rlar. Tan<\/em> gazetesine haz\u0131rlayaca\u011f\u0131 bir haber dizisi i\u00e7in Sovyet Rusya\u2019ya gitmesi, kendisi i\u00e7in bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olur. 1937 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu r\u00f6portaj dizisi ve 1944\u2019te yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Neden Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin Dostuyum?<\/em> adl\u0131 incelemesi uzun y\u0131llar gazeteci olarak i\u015f bulmakta zorlanmas\u0131na neden olacakt\u0131r. Hi\u00e7 <\/em>adl\u0131 roman\u0131n yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 1939 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren yakla\u015f\u0131k otuz y\u0131l s\u00fcresince, hi\u00e7bir yay\u0131nevi Dervi\u015f\u2019in romanlar\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131mlamaz.<\/p>\n

Suat Dervi\u015f, 1940-1941 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Marksist Yeni Edebiyat <\/em>dergisini \u00e7\u0131kartan grupta yer al\u0131r. 1941\u2019de burada tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye Kom\u00fcnist Partisi Genel Sekreteri Re\u015fat Fuat Baraner ile evlenir. 1944 y\u0131l\u0131nda, e\u015fiyle birlikte tutuklan\u0131r, bir y\u0131la mahk\u00fbm olur. Daha sonraki d\u00f6nemde Paris\u2019e karde\u015finin yan\u0131na gider. 1953-1963 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131n\u0131 orada ge\u00e7irir. Ankara Mahpusu<\/em> roman\u0131, k\u0131z karde\u015fi Hamiyet taraf\u0131ndan Frans\u0131zca\u2019ya \u00e7evrilerek, 1957\u2019de Le prisioner d\u2019Ankara <\/em>ad\u0131yla yay\u0131mlan\u0131r. 1961\u2019de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye geri d\u00f6ner. 1968\u2019de en \u00e7ok bilinen eseri olan Fosforlu Cevriye<\/em> adl\u0131 roman\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131mlar. Kitap, 1969\u2019da filme \u00e7ekilir ve geni\u015f kitlelere ula\u015f\u0131r. 1970 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Neriman Hikmet ve di\u011fer arkada\u015flar\u0131 ile birlikte Devrimci Kad\u0131nlar Birli\u011fi\u2019ni kuran Dervi\u015f, 1971 y\u0131l\u0131nda tekrar g\u00f6zalt\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131r. 1972\u2019de ise \u00f6l\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Suat Dervi\u015f, kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 yazarken kad\u0131n\u0131 eserinin merkezine yerle\u015ftirir. \u0130lk d\u00f6nem eserlerinde kad\u0131n sorunlar\u0131n\u0131, genel olarak \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ekseninde de\u011ferlendirse de, Marksizm ile tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra, sorunlar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131fsal analizini yapmaya ve eserlerini de bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyle yazmaya ba\u015flar. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de r\u00f6portaj yapan ilk gazeteci kad\u0131nlardand\u0131r, roman\u0131 ba\u015fka bir dile \u00e7evrilen ilk yazar\u0131m\u0131zd\u0131r, m\u00fccadele eden ve kad\u0131n sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 dillendiren \u00f6nemli bir kalemdir.<\/p>\n

\"\"Cumhuriyet geldi, art\u0131k kad\u0131nlar da doktor olacak!
\n<\/strong>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ilk kad\u0131n patologu K\u00e2mile \u015eevki Mutlu<\/strong><\/p>\n

1924 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130stanbul K\u0131z Lisesi\u2019nden mezun olur, T\u0131p Fak\u00fcltesi\u2019ne kaydolur. Cumhuriyet\u00e7i ve ayd\u0131n bir ailede yeti\u015fen K\u00e2mile \u015eevki, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n doktor olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunan gerici \u00e7evrelere ald\u0131rmadan, hekimli\u011fin cinsiyeti olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ispat etmi\u015ftir. T\u0131p Fak\u00fcltesi\u2019nin ilk kad\u0131n \u00f6\u011frencileri, teorik derslerde herhangi bir sorun ya\u015famazlar, ancak uygulamal\u0131 derslerde ciddi s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rtme ve uzun-kapal\u0131 giyinme zorunlulu\u011fu nedeniyle, hastan\u0131n kalbini-ci\u011ferlerini dinlemek, yani te\u015fhis etmek i\u00e7in gerekli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yapmak olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r. 1926\u2019da bir \u00f6\u011frencinin laboratuvarda bu \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta zorlan\u0131p, tesett\u00fcr\u00fc ve uzun mantoyu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p atmas\u0131yla, kad\u0131n \u00f6\u011frencilerin di\u011ferleri de ayn\u0131 \u015feyi yapm\u0131\u015f ve tesett\u00fcr zorunlulu\u011fu -en az\u0131ndan \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011frencileri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan- a\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00e2mile \u015eevki, daha \u00f6\u011frenciyken patoloji laboratuvar\u0131nda g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flar. \u00d6\u011frenciyken yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgileri, Dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun T\u0131p Mecmuas\u0131<\/em>\u2019nda 1928 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlar. B\u00f6ylece, akademik bir dergide yaz\u0131s\u0131 yay\u0131mlanan ilk kad\u0131n olmu\u015ftur. Mezun olduktan sonra T\u0131p Fak\u00fcltesi Patoloji K\u00fcrs\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019ne asistan olarak atan\u0131r. 1931 y\u0131l\u0131nda, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla ilgili 4. Milli T\u0131p Kongresi\u2019nde bir sunum yapar. 1933 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Berlin \u00dcniversitesi T\u0131p Fak\u00fcltesi Patoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019ne g\u00f6nderilir. Burada 2 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 laboratuvar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na adar. B\u00f6brek\u00fcst\u00fc bezi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda yeni bir teknik geli\u015ftirir. \u201c\u015eevki Metodu\u201d ad\u0131 verilen bu teknik, konuyla ilgili ders kitaplar\u0131nda ayr\u0131 bir ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131klanmaktad\u0131r. Almanya\u2019dan d\u00f6nd\u00fckten sonra Ankara Numune Hastanesi\u2019nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flar. Patolojinin bir\u00e7ok t\u0131p\u00e7\u0131 i\u00e7in bile \u00f6neminin anla\u015f\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde, K\u00e2mile \u015eevki t\u00fcm zorluklara ra\u011fmen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na devam eder.<\/p>\n

1945\u2019de Ankara T\u0131p Fak\u00fcltesi kurulunca, K\u00e2mile \u015eevki, bu fak\u00fcltede histoloji ve embriyoloji alanlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma g\u00f6revini \u00fcstlenir. B\u00f6ylece T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ilk kad\u0131n profes\u00f6r\u00fc olur. Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Senatosu\u2019nun ilk ve tek kad\u0131n \u00fcyesi olmu\u015ftur. 1959-1962 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ABD\u2019deki Pennsylvania \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde konuk \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyeli\u011fi yapar.<\/p>\n

K\u00e2mile \u015eevki Mutlu, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de histoloji ve embriyoloji alan\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ders kitaplar\u0131 ve tabii ki yeti\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u00f6\u011frencilerle, \u00fclkemizde bu alanda yeti\u015fmi\u015f insan s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 ya\u015fanmas\u0131n\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na engellemi\u015ftir. \u00d6\u011frencileri ve beraber \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilim insanlar\u0131, K\u00e2mile \u015eevki ile ilgili hep ayn\u0131 tespiti yap\u0131yor: \u201cYorulmak bilmez bir bi\u00e7imde, herkesi kendine hayran b\u0131rakarak ve m\u00fcthi\u015f bir heyecanla \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu.\u201d Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n mezun olduktan sonra, hekimlik yapmakta zorland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde, inat\u00e7\u0131 ve ayd\u0131n ki\u015fili\u011fi sonucunda, ilk kad\u0131n profes\u00f6r olmay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131yor ve t\u00fcm \u00f6\u011frencilerine \u015fu nasihati veriyordu: \u201c\u00d6\u011frenecek \u015feyimiz \u00e7ok, vaktimiz az!\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"Anneannesi k\u00f6leydi, kendisi ise bilim kad\u0131n\u0131
\n<\/strong>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ilk kad\u0131n g\u00f6kbilimcisi N\u00fczhet G\u00f6kdo\u011fan<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00fczhet G\u00f6kdo\u011fan\u2019\u0131n ve ailesindeki kad\u0131nlar\u0131n hik\u00e2yesi, bu dosyada inceledi\u011fimiz ger\u00e7eklerin bir \u00f6zeti gibi. N\u00fczhet G\u00f6kdo\u011fan\u2019\u0131n anneannesi bir \u00c7erkez k\u0131z\u0131, 12 ya\u015f\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u00e7ocukken, bir pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan \u201cg\u00fczel bulunarak\u201d al\u0131n\u0131yor ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcc\u00fck bir \u00e7ocukken, bir e\u015f ve anne olmak zorunda kal\u0131yor. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131 kapatan, \u201cal\u0131p veren\u201d Osmanl\u0131 d\u00fczeninde b\u00fcy\u00fcyen anneannesinden daha \u015fansl\u0131 N\u00fczhet Han\u0131m. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc babas\u0131 Miralay Zihni Bey, Anadolu hareketinin \u00f6nemli komutanlar\u0131ndan, ayd\u0131n bir askerdir. B\u00f6yle bir ailede k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015flardan itibaren, annesinin u\u011fra\u015flar\u0131 ve titizli\u011fiyle e\u011fitim alm\u0131\u015f bir \u00e7ocuktur N\u00fczhet Han\u0131m. Alman okullar\u0131nda yeti\u015fir, \u00f6yle ki Alman okullar\u0131 kapand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi Almancas\u0131ndan k\u00f6t\u00fc oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00f6zel ders almak zorunda kal\u0131r. T\u00fcrk\u00e7esini geli\u015ftirdikten sonra, \u015ei\u015fli Terakki Lisesi\u2019ne gider. Daha sonra Erenk\u00f6y K\u0131z Lisesi\u2019nde yat\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenci olur. 1928 y\u0131l\u0131nda, devlet bursuyla e\u011fitim i\u00e7in yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6nderilen \u201cgelece\u011fin hocalar\u0131\u201d aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. 17 ya\u015f\u0131nda bir gen\u00e7ken \u00f6nce Clermon\u2019a, daha sonra -e\u011fitiminin daha iyi oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in- Lyon\u2019a gider. Burada matematik e\u011fitimi al\u0131r. Matemati\u011fi de fizi\u011fi de \u00e7ok sevdi\u011fi i\u00e7in astronomiyi tercih etti\u011fini dile getiren N\u00fczhet G\u00f6kdo\u011fan, fizik alan\u0131nda kendini yetersiz buldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, fizik e\u011fitiminin en zor oldu\u011fu yere Paris\u2019e gider. Paris\u2019te oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde, 1932 y\u0131l\u0131nda, g\u00fcnd\u00fczleri okulda fizik e\u011fitimi al\u0131r, geceleri ise rasathanede g\u00f6zlem yapar. Paris\u2019te e\u011fitimini ve rasathanedeki staj\u0131n\u0131 bitirdi\u011finde, hocalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcniversitede kalmas\u0131 teklif edilir. Ancak N\u00fczhet Han\u0131m, \u201cBen alt\u0131 senedir buraday\u0131m. Alt\u0131 senedir devlet beni okutuyor ve bekliyor. Siz alt\u0131 senelik saati geri \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rabilir misiniz? Bu millete bizim hizmet borcumuz var!\u201d (3) diyerek \u0130stanbul\u2019a d\u00f6ner.<\/p>\n

1934\u2019te \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ne do\u00e7ent olarak atan\u0131r. N\u00fczhet Han\u0131m, ya\u015f\u0131t\u0131 olan meslekta\u015flar\u0131yla ayn\u0131 sorunlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r. Gen\u00e7 Cumhuriyetin bilim insanlar\u0131, Avrupa\u2019dan gelen akademisyenlerin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, k\u00fcrs\u00fcler-b\u00f6l\u00fcmler kurarlar ancak bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde ne okutulacak ders kitaplar\u0131 ne de di\u011fer materyaller hen\u00fcz T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye kazand\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. N\u00fczhet Han\u0131m da, astronomi alan\u0131nda okutulacak ders kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zla yabanc\u0131 dillerden \u00e7evirir. 24 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken, g\u00fcnd\u00fcz okulda ders materyallerini haz\u0131rlar; geceleri ise rasathanede g\u00f6zlemlerine devam eder.<\/p>\n

1936\u2019da \u015fimdiki ad\u0131yla \u0130T\u00dc\u2019de ders vermeye ba\u015flar. \u0130T\u00dc\u2019de ders veren ilk kad\u0131nd\u0131r. N\u00fczhet Han\u0131m, \u0130ngilizce, Almanca, Frans\u0131zca ve Rumca\u2019ya hakimdir. Astronomi alan\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda bunun mutlaka ciddi bir katk\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yeni ba\u015flayan akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kabul g\u00f6rmesi, yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan bir\u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bilim insan\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye getirilmesi, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin en \u00f6nemli astronomlar\u0131n\u0131 yeti\u015ftirmesi, \u00f6\u011frencilerinin kendi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7meleri ve daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fine g\u00f6n\u00fclden inanmas\u0131, deneyimi ne kadar az olursa olsun, beraber \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 gen\u00e7lere ilk g\u00fcnden itibaren \u201cmeslekta\u015f\u201d olarak yakla\u015fmas\u0131, emekli olduktan sonra bile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirerek ulusal bir g\u00f6zlemevi a\u00e7mak i\u00e7in didinmesi\u2026 N\u00fczhet G\u00f6kdo\u011fan anneannesine ve o d\u00f6nemin kad\u0131nlar\u0131na dayat\u0131lan k\u00f6lelikten tamamen farkl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde, \u00fclkesinin \u00f6nc\u00fc kad\u0131nlar\u0131ndan biri olmu\u015ftur. Ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n son g\u00fcn\u00fcne kadar, \u00fclkesindeki bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in sava\u015fan bir kad\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi\u2019nin liderlerinden
\n<\/strong>Emek\u00e7i halk\u0131n sosyologu Behice Boran <\/strong><\/p>\n

1910\u2019da Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n son d\u00f6nemlerinde do\u011fan Behice Boran, 1931\u2019de Arnavutk\u00f6y Amerikan Koleji\u2019ni birincilikle bitirdikten sonra Dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun\u2019da felsefe e\u011fitimi al\u0131r. Okulu yar\u0131da b\u0131rak\u0131r, pedagoji derslerini ald\u0131ktan sonra, Manisa\u2019da \u00f6\u011fretmenlik yapmaya ba\u015flar. Bu s\u0131rada bir hocas\u0131n\u0131n ayarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 burs ile ABD\u2019ye Michigan \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ne do\u011frudan doktora \u00f6\u011frencisi olarak kabul edilir. ABD\u2019de sosyoloji okumaya ba\u015flar ba\u015flamas\u0131na ancak kendi deyimiyle Marx ve Engels\u2019i okuyana kadar toplumun bilimi nas\u0131l olur sorusuna doyurucu bir cevap bulamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Marksizm ile tan\u0131\u015f\u0131nca toplumun incelenmesi ve de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi gerekti\u011fini anlar.<\/p>\n

1939\u2019da A\u00dc DTCF\u2019de do\u00e7ent olur. \u00d6\u011frencilerine sosyolojiyi daha iyi anlatabilmek i\u00e7in ders materyalleri haz\u0131rlar. Bir\u00e7ok makale \u00e7evirir. Bu arada Manisa\u2019da da\u011f k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri ve ova k\u00f6yl\u00fclerini sahada ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Tar\u0131m toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015famlar\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimlerle ilgili olan bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, o zamana kadar T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00f6rne\u011fi olmayan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmad\u0131r. Boran, bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 daha sonra kitapla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1941\u2019de, Pertev Naili Boratav ve Niyazi Berkes ile birlikte Yurt ve D\u00fcnya<\/em> dergisini \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Bu dergi \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n ve dinci \u00e7evrelerin tepkisini \u00e7eker. Yurt ve D\u00fcnya<\/em>\u2019dan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 nedeniyle koparak 1943\u2019de Ad\u0131mlar<\/em> dergisi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde iktidar, \u00fcniversitelere m\u00fcdahale eder ve DTCF\u2019de \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00fcrs\u00fc kapat\u0131l\u0131r. \u015eerif Mardin, Niyazi Berkes, Pertev Naili Boratav ile beraber Behice Boran da \u00fcniversiteden at\u0131l\u0131r, i\u015fsiz kal\u0131r. At\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan iddialar aras\u0131nda, s\u0131nav ka\u011f\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 kalemle okumak gibi kom\u00fcnist oldu\u011funu \u201cispatlayan\u201d kimi iddialar bulunur. Meslekta\u015flar\u0131 yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00fcniversitelere gitmeyi tercih ederken, Behice Boran ABD\u2019den gelen teklifleri reddeder. Bunun nedenini yak\u0131n dostu Mina Urgan \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6zetliyor: \u201cBunun ba\u015fl\u0131ca nedeni, Behice Boran\u2019\u0131n tutkulu yurtseverli\u011fiydi. Memleketini sadece soyut bir kavram olarak de\u011fil, elle tutulur bir ger\u00e7ek olarak severdi. Azgeli\u015fmi\u015fli\u011fiyle, yoksullu\u011fuyla, e\u015fitsizlikleriyle, haks\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131yla, buruk ac\u0131larla severdi.\u201d (4)<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fsiz kald\u0131ktan sonra e\u015fiyle \u0130stanbul\u2019a gelerek, terc\u00fcme b\u00fcrosu kurar. Ciddi ekonomik sorunlarla bo\u011fu\u015fur. Ancak hi\u00e7bir zaman ba\u015fka bir \u00fclkeye gitmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in pi\u015fman olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1950\u2019de Bas\u0131\u015fseverler Cemiyeti\u2019nin kurucusu ve ba\u015fkan\u0131 olur. \u201cKore Nire?\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bildiriyi da\u011f\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in tutuklan\u0131r. Tahliyesinden \u00fc\u00e7 ay sonra, 1951\u2019deki TKP davas\u0131ndan da tutuklan\u0131r. \u0130ki ay sonra beraat eder. Tutuklamadan 1961\u2019e kadar ge\u00e7en d\u00f6nemde, ya\u015fam\u0131na terc\u00fcme b\u00fcrosuna hapsedilmi\u015f olarak devam eder, \u00e7ocu\u011funu b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcr. 13 \u015eubat 1961\u2019de T\u0130P kurulunca Behice Boran\u2019\u0131n da hayat\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fir. Toplumu de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in bireysel m\u00fccadele etmenin sonu\u00e7 getirmeyece\u011fini, bu nedenle mutlaka \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc bir bi\u00e7imde m\u00fccadele etmek, \u00fclke g\u00fcndemine partiyle m\u00fcdahale etmek gerekti\u011fine inanan bir ayd\u0131n olarak, 1962 sonlar\u0131nda T\u0130P\u2019e \u00fcye olur. 1964\u2019te T\u0130P kongresinde, toplumun \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 oldu\u011funu anlatan konu\u015fma, d\u00f6nemin tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 berrakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri parti taraf\u0131ndan kabul g\u00f6r\u00fcr. 1965\u2019te T\u0130P\u2019ten Urfa milletvekili olur. Se\u00e7im \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda do\u011fu illerini dola\u015f\u0131r, etkili konu\u015fmalar yapar. B\u00f6lge insan\u0131n\u0131n sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 analiz eder. K\u00fcrt halk\u0131n\u0131n e\u015fit hakl\u0131 vatanda\u015fl\u0131k ilkesine g\u00f6re, haklar\u0131n\u0131 almas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ifade eden miting konu\u015fmalar\u0131, b\u00f6lge halk\u0131 \u00fczerinde etkili olmu\u015ftur. Ekim 1970\u2019de T\u0130P Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Behice Boran\u2019d\u0131r. Bir yandan \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek ve halk\u0131 bilin\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in durmadan \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, di\u011fer yandan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki g\u00fcncel tart\u0131\u015fmalara dair kuramsal katk\u0131lar yapar. 26 May\u0131s 1971\u2019de tutuklan\u0131p 15 y\u0131la mahkum edildi\u011finde, mahkemedeki uzun savunmas\u0131 hakimler taraf\u0131ndan bile ilgiyle dinlenir. 1974\u2019de tahliye edilir edilmez,\u00a0 T\u0130P\u2019i yeniden kurma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015flar. 1979 1 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131nda soka\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kma yasa\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131, Merter\u2019den Taksim\u2019e y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f ba\u015flat\u0131r. G\u00f6zalt\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131p mahkemeye \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131l\u0131r. 12 Eyl\u00fcl darbesinden sonra parti karar\u0131 ile yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar. \u00dclkesinden uzakta \u00f6l\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\"\"T\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin \u00f6nderi
\n<\/strong>\u00dcz\u00fcm g\u00f6zl\u00fc i\u015f\u00e7i k\u0131z\u0131 Zehra Kosova<\/strong><\/p>\n

Zehra Kosova, t\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin \u00f6nderi olan kad\u0131n\u2026 T\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015f\u00e7isi bir ailede do\u011fdu, e\u011fitim g\u00f6rmeyi \u00e7ok istemesine ra\u011fmen, ilkokul \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131fta okulu b\u0131rakmak zorunda kald\u0131. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u00e7ocukken \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. T\u0131pk\u0131 a\u011fabeylerinin Kavala\u2019dayken K\u0131z\u0131l Hareket\u2019e kat\u0131lmalar\u0131 gibi, \u00e7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7i Zehra b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e anlad\u0131, \u00f6\u011frendi ve sosyalist bir devrimci oldu.<\/p>\n

1931\u2019de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in abisinin yan\u0131na, \u0130stanbul\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7 etti. \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131, para biriktirdi ve ailesini yan\u0131na ald\u0131rd\u0131. 1932 y\u0131l\u0131nda babas\u0131 kanserden \u00f6l\u00fcnce t\u00fcm ailenin sorumlulu\u011fu omuzlar\u0131na y\u00fcklendi. \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn bu a\u00e7l\u0131k, yoksulluk, zor ya\u015fama ko\u015fullar\u0131 bana bir \u015feyler anlat\u0131yordu.\u201d diyor an\u0131lar\u0131nda Zehra Kosova\u2026\u201cO y\u0131l yani 1933\u2019te bu d\u00fczenin \u00e7ark\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc daha rahat anlamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. G\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e olaylar hakk\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m yorumlar\u0131 daha do\u011fru buluyor, bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce kavramad\u0131\u011f\u0131m konular\u0131 anlayabiliyordum. Bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce anlam\u0131n\u0131 bilmedi\u011fim 1 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131n da ne oldu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015ftim. O y\u0131l bir May\u0131s\u2019ta i\u015f\u00e7ilerin baz\u0131s\u0131 birbirine k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 karanfil ve g\u00fcl verdi. Sokaklarda sabah\u0131n erken saatlerinde b\u0131rak\u0131lan bildirilerde 1 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131n ne oldu\u011fu, tarih\u00e7esi anlat\u0131l\u0131yordu. O sabah bildiriler sanki a\u011fa\u00e7lardan d\u00f6k\u00fclen yapraklar gibi d\u00f6rt bir yana sa\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\u201d (5)\u00a0 Zehra Kosova, 1933\u2019de TKP ile ili\u015fki kurdu. 1934\u2019\u00fcn son aylar\u0131nda TKP taraf\u0131ndan e\u011fitim i\u00e7in Rusya\u2019ya KUTV\u2019da (Do\u011fu Halklar\u0131 Kom\u00fcnist \u00dcniversitesi) g\u00f6nderilir. Geride annesini, karde\u015flerini b\u0131rakman\u0131n tedirginli\u011fini hissetse de, daha g\u00fczel g\u00fcnlere ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele etmesi gerekti\u011fine inan\u0131yordu. M\u00fccadele etmek i\u00e7in de \u00f6\u011frenmeliydi, okumal\u0131yd\u0131\u2026 1937 y\u0131l\u0131nda e\u015fiyle birlikte \u00fclkesine d\u00f6nd\u00fc ve \u00f6nce Samsun\u2019da sonra Bafra\u2019da t\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Samsun\u2019da 11 ay kald\u0131ktan sonra, partinin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararla \u0130stanbul\u2019a d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Gizli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan T\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcler Sendikas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n y\u00f6neticilerinden biri oldu. E\u015finden ayr\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, hem k\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fctmeye u\u011fra\u015f\u0131yor, hem fabrikada \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor, hem de i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 haklar\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fccadelenin en \u00f6n\u00fcnde y\u00fcr\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n

Zehra Kosova 1946 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye Sosyalist Emek\u00e7i ve K\u00f6yl\u00fc Partisi, 1951 TKP ve 1957 Vatan Partisi davalar\u0131 nedeniyle tutukland\u0131, Sansaryan Han\u2019da i\u015fkence g\u00f6rd\u00fc. TKP davas\u0131ndan 14 ay, Vatan Partisi davas\u0131ndan 16 ay hapiste tutuldu. D\u0131\u015far\u0131da oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemlerde i\u015f bulmakta zorlan\u0131yordu. Bu nedenle tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu kez de tekstil i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele etti.<\/p>\n

Zehra Kosova, sosyalist m\u00fccadelenin en \u00f6nemli isimlerinden biridir. \u00dclkesinin ge\u00e7ti\u011fi en zor d\u00f6nemlerde bile, sosyalizm hedefinden vazge\u00e7meyen bir kad\u0131n \u00f6nderdi.<\/p>\n

\u201cBen i\u015f\u00e7iyim, elimin eme\u011fiyle bu ana kadar \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m, m\u00fccadele ettim ve ya\u015fayabildim. Sosyalizm i\u00e7in kavga verdi\u011fim, a\u00e7 kald\u0131\u011f\u0131m, susuz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131m, i\u015fkence g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm y\u0131llar benim i\u00e7in en de\u011ferli y\u0131llard\u0131. O beni bo\u011fmak i\u00e7in \u00fcst\u00fcme gelen dalgalarla bo\u011fu\u015fmak, onlar\u0131 alt etmek, gelece\u011fe, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00fcnyaya inanmak beni ayakta tutan tek nedendi belki de…\u201d (6)<\/p>\n

\"\"Ayd\u0131nlanma sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 bir S\u00fcmerolog
\n<\/strong>Tabletleri kitap gibi okuyan kad\u0131n Muazzez \u0130lmiye \u00c7\u0131\u011f<\/strong><\/p>\n

97 ya\u015f\u0131nda gen\u00e7 bir cumhuriyet kad\u0131n\u0131, h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na devam eden bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 Muazzez \u0130lmiye \u00c7\u0131\u011f. Yoksulluk ve zorluklarla dolu hayat\u0131, \u00fclkemizin tarihini de i\u00e7eriyor elbette. 1914 y\u0131l\u0131nda, sava\u015fa do\u011fan bir \u00e7ocuk\u2026 Babas\u0131 ilimle u\u011fra\u015fs\u0131n diye ad\u0131n\u0131 \u0130lmiye koymu\u015f, nitekim bu ayd\u0131n ailenin \u00e7ocu\u011fu olan Muazzez \u0130lmiye \u00c7\u0131\u011f babas\u0131n\u0131n dileklerini yerine getirerek T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin yeti\u015ftirdi\u011fi en \u00f6nemli S\u00fcmerolog olmu\u015f.<\/p>\n

Muazzez \u0130lmiye, 1929 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bursa K\u0131z Muallim Mektebi\u2019ni bitirdikten sonra, Eski\u015fehir\u2019de \u00f6\u011fretmenli\u011fe ba\u015flar. Yoksul ailesini ge\u00e7indirebilmek i\u00e7in \u00fcniversiteye gitmeyi \u00e7ok istemesine ra\u011fmen, mesle\u011fini yapmay\u0131 tercih eder. Ancak ailesi, k\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcniversite okumas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok istedi\u011finden, onu Ankara\u2019ya g\u00f6nderirler. \u00dcniversite kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n son g\u00fcn\u00fcnde, bo\u015f kalan birka\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcmden biri de S\u00fcmeroloji\u2019dir. Ne oldu\u011funu, neler \u00f6\u011fretildi\u011fini bilmeden, babas\u0131n\u0131n \u0131srar\u0131yla b\u00f6l\u00fcme kayd\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131r\u0131r. Yapt\u0131r\u0131r yapt\u0131rmas\u0131na ama masraflar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 da gerekiyordur. Muazzez \u0130lmiye g\u00fcnd\u00fczleri \u00f6\u011frencilere ders verir, ak\u015famlar\u0131 ise kendi derslerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bu zor ve yorucu y\u0131llar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, 1940 y\u0131l\u0131nda DTCF\u2019den mezun olur. Mezun olduktan sonra \u0130stanbul Arkeoloji M\u00fczesi\u2019ne girer. M\u00fczede \u00e7iviyaz\u0131l\u0131 tabletler ar\u015fivi olu\u015fturmak \u00fczere g\u00f6reve ba\u015flar. M\u00fczede \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 30 y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n s\u00fcrede, meslekta\u015f\u0131 ve yak\u0131n dostu Hatice K\u0131z\u0131lay ve Nazilerden ka\u00e7\u0131p T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye gelen Dr. F. R. Kraus ile m\u00fczenin deposunda bulunan S\u00fcmer, Akad ve Hitit dillerinde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f binlerce tableti temizler, s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131r ve depolar. 74 bin tabletten olu\u015fan \u00e7ivi yaz\u0131l\u0131 belgeler ar\u015fivini olu\u015fturur, \u00fc\u00e7 bin tabletin kopyas\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131p katalog halinde yay\u0131mlar.<\/p>\n

Muazzez \u0130lmiye \u00c7\u0131\u011f, S\u00fcmerlerle ilgili onlarca kitap ve makale yazd\u0131. Yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ve yurt i\u00e7inde bir\u00e7ok konferansa ve seminere konu\u015fmac\u0131 olarak kat\u0131ld\u0131. 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi taraf\u0131ndan, kendisine \u201cFahri Doktor\u201d unvan\u0131 verildi. Muazzez \u0130lmiye, sadece bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla de\u011fil, \u00fclkemizde ve d\u00fcnyada ya\u015fanan geli\u015fmelere dair yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalar ve savunduklar\u0131yla da tan\u0131n\u0131yor. Ayd\u0131nlanma m\u00fccadelesinde \u00f6nemli isimlerden biri haline geldi. Cumhuriyetin nas\u0131l kuruldu\u011funun ve \u00fclkenin ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi de\u011fi\u015fimlerin tan\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ayd\u0131n olarak, dinci gericilikten, kurumlar\u0131n \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesine, i\u015f\u00e7i direni\u015flerinden, \u00f6nemli davalara ve \u00e7evre sorunlar\u0131na kadar ya\u015fanan t\u00fcm geli\u015fmelerde, h\u00e2l\u00e2 m\u00fccadele ediyor.<\/p>\n

\"\"Toros da\u011flar\u0131nda at \u00fcst\u00fcnde bir kad\u0131n
\n<\/strong>T\u00fcrkiye arkeolojisinin \u00f6nc\u00fclerinden Jale \u0130nan <\/strong><\/p>\n

Jale \u0130nan, \u0130zmir Arkeoloji M\u00fczesi\u2019nin kurucusu olan babas\u0131 Aziz Ogan sayesinde, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015flardan itibaren arkeolojiye ilgi duyar. Lise y\u0131llar\u0131nda babas\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gezilere kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bu topraklar\u0131n ne kadar zengin bir tarihi oldu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frenmeye ba\u015flar. Liseyi bitirdikten sonra, burs alarak Almanya\u2019ya arkeoloji e\u011fitimi g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ya\u015fanmaktad\u0131r. Doktora tezini, s\u0131\u011f\u0131naklarda, sava\u015f\u0131n ortas\u0131nda, yar\u0131 a\u00e7 yar\u0131 tok, zor ko\u015fullarda tamamlayarak, \u00fclkesine d\u00f6ner. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de o y\u0131llarda bir arkeoloji k\u00fcrs\u00fcs\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, \u0130\u00dc Edebiyat Fak\u00fcltesi Eski\u00e7a\u011f K\u00fcrs\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde asistan olur. 1946 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130\u00dc Edebiyat Fak\u00fcltesi\u2019nde Klasik Arkeoloji b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc kurulur. Jale \u0130nan, b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn ilk asistan\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Fakat Cumhuriyet T\u00fcrkiye\u2019sinde yeni kurulan bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm, hi\u00e7bir ders materyali, ara\u00e7 gereci olmamak anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Bug\u00fcnden bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda arkeoloji ile ilgili bir\u00e7ok T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kaynak kolayca bulunabiliyor, arkeoloji e\u011fitimi veren t\u00fcm \u00fcniversitelerde, b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn e\u011fitiminde kullan\u0131lan dialar haz\u0131r. Ancak o y\u0131llarda, \u0130\u00dc Arkeoloji B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019nde bulunan iki akademisyen m\u00fcthi\u015f bir sorumluluk duygusu ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131kla, yoktan var ederek yaratm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r bu materyalleri.<\/p>\n

Jale \u0130nan ve b\u00f6l\u00fcm ba\u015fkan\u0131 Arif M\u00fcfit Mansel, terimlerin hen\u00fcz olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde, derslerde okutulacak kitaplar\u0131 dilimize \u00e7evirirler. Jale \u0130nan, giri\u015f derslerinin sorumlulu\u011funu \u00fcstlenir ve Yunan ve Roma Sanat\u0131<\/em> isimli de\u011ferli kitab\u0131 dilimize kazand\u0131r\u0131r. Sadece \u00e7eviri yapmaz Jale \u0130nan, arkeoloji e\u011fitiminde zorunlu olan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc ar\u015fivini olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in, \u00e7e\u015fitli kaynaklardan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclere ula\u015f\u0131r, foto\u011fraflar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7eker ve dia ar\u015fivi olu\u015fturur. B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn e\u011fitim verilebilecek bir duruma gelmesi i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6zveriyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra bir arkeolog olarak, as\u0131l i\u015fine yani kaz\u0131 yapmaya y\u00f6nelir.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk \u00f6nce Perge\u2019de sonra da Side\u2019de 40 k\u00fcsur y\u0131l devam edecek olan kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015flar. Perge\u2019deki kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sonucunda Antalya M\u00fczesi iki defa geni\u015fletilmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Jale \u0130nan, 1940\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda, bir bilim kad\u0131n\u0131 olarak, \u00e7ocu\u011funu ve e\u015fini \u0130stanbul\u2019da b\u0131rak\u0131p, kaz\u0131 yapaca\u011f\u0131 k\u00f6ylere yolu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in at \u00fcst\u00fcnde gider. Side ve Perge\u2019de uzun y\u0131llar s\u00fcrecek olan kaz\u0131lara devam edebilmek i\u00e7in y\u00f6re insan\u0131yla s\u0131cak bir ili\u015fki kurmak gerekti\u011finin fark\u0131ndad\u0131r. K\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde b\u00f6lge insan\u0131n\u0131n \u201cCeylanum\u201du olur. (\u0130smini s\u00f6ylemekte zorland\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in k\u00f6yl\u00fcler, Jale Han\u0131m\u2019a b\u00f6yle seslenirler.) Ufak yaralanmalar ya da hastal\u0131klarda bile k\u00f6yl\u00fcler, \u201cCeylanum\u201da ba\u015fvurur. 1940\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda bir kad\u0131n, hem iki antik kentin kaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, hem de k\u00f6yl\u00fclerle yan yana, daha \u00f6nce hi\u00e7 gitmedi\u011fi, hi\u00e7 al\u0131\u015fk\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde ya\u015famay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenir. K\u00f6yl\u00fclerin tarihi eser konusunda bilin\u00e7lenmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Tarihi eser ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile sava\u015f\u0131r. Bu arada onlarca yeni arkeolog yeti\u015ftirir, \u00f6nemli eserleri T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye \u00e7evirir, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ilk arkeoloji b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn t\u00fcm kurulu\u015f sanc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcsler.<\/p>\n

\"\"\u2018Umudum, Cumhuriyet\u2019in kurulu\u015funu ya\u015famaktan gelir\u2019
\n<\/strong>\u0130ngiliz edebiyat\u0131 \u00fcstad\u0131 M\u00eena Urgan<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eair ve oyun yazar\u0131 bir baban\u0131n, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcn bir kad\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131 M\u00eena Urgan. Arnavutk\u00f6y Amerikan K\u0131z Koleji’ndeki \u00f6\u011freniminden sonra, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Edebiyat Fak\u00fcltesi Frans\u0131z Filolojisi\u2019ni bitirip ayn\u0131 fak\u00fcltenin \u0130ngiliz Filolojisi B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019nde doktora yapt\u0131. \u201cElizabeth Devri Tiyatrosunda Soytar\u0131lar\u201d adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla do\u00e7ent ve 1960\u2019ta profes\u00f6r oldu.<\/p>\n

Urgan, \u00fclkemizin en ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7evirmenlerinden biridir. \u0130ngiliz edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli isimlerinin eserlerini, dilimize kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, hem de \u00fcst d\u00fczey bir \u00e7eviri titizli\u011fiyle. Shakespeare\u2019i M\u00eena Urgan \u00e7evirisinden okumak ba\u015fkad\u0131r bu nedenle. Sadece \u00e7eviri yapmakla kalmaz, yazarlar\u0131n eserleri \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 incelemelerle, edebiyat k\u00fclliyat\u0131na \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar katar. \u0130ngiliz Edebiyat\u0131 Tarihi <\/em>adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, Thomas Moore, Shakespeare, D. H. Lawrence ve Virgina Woolf \u00fcst\u00fcne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 incelemeler, T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131na kazand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli ba\u015fvuru kitaplar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

M\u00eena Urgan, iki \u00e7ocu\u011funa ve annesine bakmak i\u00e7in \u00e7abalarken yapar t\u00fcm bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131. Sadece \u00fcniversitede \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve kendini toplumdan soyutlayan bir ayd\u0131n olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r hi\u00e7bir zaman. T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi kurulunca, partiye kat\u0131l\u0131r. Her zaman kom\u00fcnist ve ateist olmakla \u00f6v\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00d6yle ki 80 darbesinde ba\u015f\u0131na bir \u015fey gelmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in, hay\u0131flan\u0131r. Utan\u0131r arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na gelenlerden.<\/p>\n

1977 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fcniversiteden emekli olur, ancak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na devam eder. \u00dcrettikleriyle \u0130ngiliz edebiyat\u0131 alan\u0131nda \u00fclkemizin en \u00f6nemli ismi olur. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de geni\u015f kitlelerce tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan \u00f6lmeden \u00f6nce yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki kitapt\u0131r.\u00a0 \u201cEvet ben bir dinozorum, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc eskiden ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorsam \u015fimdi de ayn\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum\u201d diyen M\u00eena Urgan, Bir Dinozorun An\u0131lar\u0131<\/em> kitab\u0131nda, bug\u00fcnden ge\u00e7mi\u015fe do\u011fru yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 biyografisiyle ses getirir. Kitap k\u0131sa zamanda altm\u0131\u015f bask\u0131ya ula\u015f\u0131r. Bir Dinozorun Gezileri<\/em> adl\u0131 ikinci kitab\u0131 ise altm\u0131\u015f alt\u0131 bask\u0131 yapar.<\/p>\n

Oral \u00c7al\u0131\u015flar, M\u00eena Urgan\u2019la yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 r\u00f6portajda t\u00fcm ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131, \u00fclkenin ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi a\u015famalar ve ge\u00e7 ya\u015f\u0131na ra\u011fmen nas\u0131l h\u00e2l\u00e2 bu kadar umutlu oldu\u011funu sordu\u011funda \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor M\u00eena Han\u0131m:<\/p>\n

\u201cUmudum, Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilk kurulu\u015f g\u00fcnlerini ya\u015famaktan geliyor. Cumhuriyetin ilan edildi\u011fi vakit ben yedi ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131m, \u00e7ocuktum ama kavr\u0131yordum. Mesela tramvaylarda kad\u0131nla erkek aras\u0131nda perde vard\u0131. Ben o at\u0131l\u0131mlar s\u0131ras\u0131nda anlad\u0131m ki \u00fctopyalar ger\u00e7ekle\u015febiliyor. O g\u00fcnler \u00e7ok umutlu g\u00fcnlerdi. Y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan peri\u015fan olmu\u015f, i\u015fgal alt\u0131nda itibar\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015f bir devletten Cumhuriyet\u2019e ula\u015ft\u0131k. Bir mucize oldu. Yani biz sizin gibi de\u011fildik. T\u00fcrkiye o zaman onurlu bir memleketti. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve onurlu. Ben bunu ya\u015fad\u0131m. Onun i\u00e7in bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere her zaman inand\u0131m.\u201d (7)<\/p>\n

\"\"Karatepe\u2019yi bulan arkeolog
\n<\/strong>Halk \u00f6nderi bir bilimci Halet \u00c7ambel <\/strong><\/p>\n

Halet \u00c7ambel 1916 y\u0131l\u0131nda Berlin\u2019de d\u00fcnyaya gelir, 1924 y\u0131l\u0131nda ailesi ile beraber T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye yerle\u015firler. Arnavutk\u00f6y K\u0131z Koleji\u2019ne kaydolur, lise y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n sonunda arkeoloji alan\u0131na ilgi duymaya ba\u015flar. 1935 y\u0131l\u0131nda Frans\u0131z H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin verdi\u011fi bursla Sorbonne \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde arkeoloji okur. Sorbonne\u2019da arkeoloji yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Hitit\u00e7e ve eski \u0130branice e\u011fitimlerini de al\u0131r. Lise d\u00f6nemlerinden beri ilgilendi\u011fi eskrim sporuna Fransa\u2019da da devam eder. 1936 y\u0131l\u0131nda Berlin Olimpiyatlar\u0131\u2019nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi eskrim alan\u0131nda temsil eder. B\u00f6ylece bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin olimpiyatlara kat\u0131lan ilk kad\u0131n sporcusu olur.<\/p>\n

Halet \u00c7ambel, tatil i\u00e7in yurda d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, \u00f6nemli arkeolog Dr. Kurt Bittel\u2019le tan\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve Bittel\u2019in stajyeri olarak Bo\u011fazk\u00f6y kaz\u0131s\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r. 1938 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sorbonne\u2019da s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc doktora e\u011fitimine, 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131 nedeniyle devam edemez. \u0130stanbul\u2019da kalmak zorundad\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde Prof. Dr. H. Th. Bossert, \u00c7ambel\u2019e asistanl\u0131k teklif eder. \u00c7ambel\u2019in akademik hayat\u0131 b\u00f6ylece ba\u015flar. Bossert ile birlikte, Anadolu\u2019nun bir\u00e7ok b\u00f6lgesini gezer ve arkeolojik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapar.<\/p>\n

Karatepe antik kentini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karan arkeolog olarak tarihe ge\u00e7mesi ise 1946 y\u0131l\u0131nda ya\u015fanacakt\u0131r. Her y\u0131l oldu\u011fu gibi, 1946 y\u0131l\u0131nda da, Halet \u00c7ambel hocas\u0131 Bossert ile birlikte \u00f6zellikle Orta Anadolu b\u00f6lgesinde ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapar. Anadolu\u2019da Hitit kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ararken, Karatepe kaz\u0131lar\u0131na ba\u015flarlar. \u00c7ambel, Karatepe\u2019de 40 y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n bir d\u00f6nem devam edecek kaz\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndaki isimdir. Yolu olmayan Karatepe\u2019de ve civar b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n e\u011fitimsiz ve i\u015fsiz oldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nemde \u00c7ambel bir kad\u0131n olarak b\u00f6lgeye hakim olur. Sadece kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 yapmaz, b\u00f6lge halk\u0131n\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131 da de\u011fi\u015ftirir. Kaz\u0131da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7ileri yeti\u015ftirdi\u011fi gibi, okulu olmayan bir b\u00f6lgede b\u00fcy\u00fcyen i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na e\u011fitim vermeye ba\u015flar. Karatepe\u2019de buldu\u011fu eserlerin ba\u015fka bir yere ta\u015f\u0131nmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda y\u0131lmaz, b\u00f6lgeyi bir a\u00e7\u0131k hava m\u00fczesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in y\u0131llarca emek verir. M\u00fczenin zarar g\u00f6rmeden ayakta kalabilmesi i\u00e7in, \u00e7evresine orman kurulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine karar verip k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri bu konuda ikna eder.<\/p>\n

Halet \u00c7ambel, sadece arkeolojik kaz\u0131 yapmaz, b\u00f6lgeye i\u00e7me suyu getirtir, yol yapt\u0131r\u0131r. E\u015fi sosyalist \u015fair, gazeteci ve alayl\u0131 mimar Nail \u00c7ak\u0131rhan da Karatepe\u2019ye gelerek, a\u00e7\u0131k hava m\u00fczesini, lojmanlar\u0131 yapar. Binalar\u0131n hem mimar\u0131 hem in\u015faat i\u015f\u00e7isi olur. Y\u00f6renin \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na kaz\u0131lardan sonra ders vermeye ba\u015flarlar. Daha sonra, y\u00f6reyi ziyarete gelen Sabahattin Ey\u00fcbo\u011flu \u00f6\u011fretmenlik i\u015fini \u00fcst\u00fcne al\u0131r. Halet \u00c7ambel, gen\u00e7lerin okuldan sonra i\u015fsiz kalmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in, b\u00f6lgede bir Meslek Y\u00fcksekokulu a\u00e7t\u0131r\u0131r. Burada \u00f6zellikle kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kilimcili\u011fi \u00f6\u011frenmesini sa\u011flar. B\u00f6ylece, Karatepe\u2019ye d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinden ziyarete gelenler kilim sat\u0131n alarak geri d\u00f6nmeyi al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k haline getirirler.<\/p>\n

Halet \u00c7ambel, Karatepe\u2019de devletin halk\u0131na vermesi gereken hizmetlerin hepsini sa\u011flayan bir kad\u0131nd\u0131. At \u00fcst\u00fcnde b\u00f6lgeyi gezen, y\u00f6re halk\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilen, sayg\u0131 duyulan bir kad\u0131n oldu. K\u0131sac\u0131k kestirdi\u011fi sa\u00e7lar\u0131na ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi kasketiyle, y\u00f6re halk\u0131n\u0131n her t\u00fcrl\u00fc sorununa \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00fcretmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan toplumculu\u011fuyla, \u201cbilimi fildi\u015fi kulelerden \u00e7\u0131karmak gerekir\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle yeti\u015ftirdi\u011fi y\u00fczlerce \u00f6\u011frencisiyle, prehistorya b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131 ve bilimsel e\u011fitim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla, toplumuna \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck eden bir kad\u0131nd\u0131r Halet \u00c7ambel.<\/p>\n

\"\"Cumhuriyet tarihinin ilk kad\u0131n senat\u00f6r\u00fc
\n<\/strong>Sosyalist ziraat\u00e7\u0131 Fatma Hikmet \u0130\u015fmen <\/strong><\/p>\n

Harp Okulu mezunu babas\u0131 nedeniyle, cepheden cepheye g\u00f6\u00e7 eden bir ailenin \u00e7ocu\u011fu Fatma Hikmet \u0130\u015fmen. 1916 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yanya\u2019da do\u011far. Adapazar\u0131\u2019nda ilkokulu okuduktan sonra \u0130stanbul K\u0131z Ortaokulu\u2019nun ilk \u00f6\u011frencileri aras\u0131na girer. \u0130stanbul K\u0131z Lisesi\u2019ni 1933\u2019te bitirdikten sonra, Ankara\u2019da Ziraat Fak\u00fcltesi\u2019nde okuyan \u00f6\u011frencilere maddi destek sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenir. Babas\u0131na daha fazla y\u00fck olmamak i\u00e7in Ziraat Fak\u00fcltesi\u2019ne girer. \u00dcniversite y\u0131llar\u0131nda hem \u00e7ok \u015fey \u00f6\u011frenir hem de \u00e7ok keyifli y\u0131llar ge\u00e7irir. 1937 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ziraat Fak\u00fcltesi\u2019nden mezun oldu\u011funda, bir kad\u0131n olarak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ilk ziraat m\u00fchendisleri aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Mesle\u011fini \u00e7ok sever \u0130\u015fmen, ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapmak i\u00e7in b\u00f6lge b\u00f6lge, il il dola\u015f\u0131r. Mezun olduktan sonra, ilk olarak \u0130zmir Ziraai M\u00fccadele Enst\u00fct\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde Bitki Hastal\u0131klar\u0131 B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flar. Ege b\u00f6lgesinde bir\u00e7ok yerde ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapar. Meyve yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finde verimi artt\u0131ran \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00f6nerdi\u011fi i\u00e7in, k\u00f6yl\u00fcler taraf\u0131ndan sevilir ve sayg\u0131 duyulur. 1941 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ankara Ziraai M\u00fccadele Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan laboratuvar derslerini vermek i\u00e7in davet edilir. Bu davet \u00fczerine Ankara\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r. Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l burada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na devam eder.<\/p>\n

1945 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130stanbul Ziraai M\u00fccadele Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde bitki hastal\u0131klar\u0131 uzman\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rev yapmaya ba\u015flar. Bitki hastal\u0131klar\u0131 konusunda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapar, literat\u00fcrde olmayan hastal\u0131klar\u0131 tespit eder. Bu hastal\u0131klardan birisi kendi ad\u0131yla an\u0131l\u0131r: Phacidium infectaus var Hikmetia<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Fatma Hikmet, bilim kad\u0131n\u0131 kimli\u011finin yan\u0131nda sosyalisttir. 1964 y\u0131l\u0131nda tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00fcyesi oldu\u011fu T\u0130P taraf\u0131ndan 1966 se\u00e7imlerinde Kocaeli\u2019nden Senat\u00f6r aday\u0131 olarak g\u00f6sterilir. Bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar i\u00e7in gitti\u011fi b\u00f6lgelere, bu kez parti \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in gitmeye ba\u015flar. K\u00f6yleri, \u015fehirleri dola\u015f\u0131r. Emek\u00e7ilere sosyalizmin bir se\u00e7enek olabilece\u011fini anlat\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Se\u00e7imlerde senat\u00f6r olarak se\u00e7ilir. B\u00f6ylece Cumhuriyet tarihinin ilk kad\u0131n senat\u00f6r\u00fc olmu\u015ftur. Bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan uzakla\u015faca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00fcz\u00fclmesine ra\u011fmen, TBMM\u2019deki yemininden sonra yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk konu\u015fmada, iktidar partisinin s\u0131ralar\u0131ndan gelen itiraz ve hakaretlerle, toplumu geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in siyasetin de bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapmak kadar \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu anlar. Bu ilk konu\u015fmadan sonra \u0130\u015fmen, Alevi- S\u00fcnni meselesinden, toprak meselelerine, k\u00f6yl\u00fc sorunlar\u0131ndan, \u00f6\u011frenci ve \u00f6\u011fretmenlere d\u00f6n\u00fck bask\u0131lara, siyasi partilerin hazine yard\u0131m\u0131 almas\u0131ndan, \u00f6zel i\u015fletmelerin kamuya verdi\u011fi zararlara, Kanl\u0131 Pazar\u2019da polis- yobaz i\u015fbirli\u011finden, Ortak Pazar s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcne, \u00fclkemizde ya\u015fanan t\u00fcm sorunlar\u0131 titizlikle inceleyerek konu\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015f, Senato\u2019da bulundu\u011fu 9 y\u0131l boyunca 40\u2019tan fazla soru \u00f6nergesi vermi\u015f, ancak hi\u00e7bir soru \u00f6nergesi iktidar partisi taraf\u0131ndan cevaplanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ilk kad\u0131n felsefecilerinden
\n<\/strong>Bedia Akarsu <\/strong><\/p>\n

Anadolu\u2019daki m\u00fccadelenin zafer kazanabilmesi i\u00e7in, asker ve silah ka\u00e7\u0131ran grupta, memleketi i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar nedeniyle 36 ya\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6len bir baban\u0131n, Millet Mektepleri a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hemen ba\u015fvuran ve k\u0131z\u0131 ilkokul 1. s\u0131n\u0131ftayken, kendisi de okuma yazma \u00f6\u011frenen bir annenin k\u0131z\u0131d\u0131r Bedia Akarsu. Evlerinde her ak\u015fam kitaplar okunur. Kitaplar okunan bir evde yeti\u015fip, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ilk kad\u0131n felsefecilerinden birisi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u00c7apa \u0130lkokulu, \u00c7apa Ortaokulu ve \u0130stiklal Lisesi\u2019nden sonra, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Felsefe B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019nde e\u011fitimine devam eder. \u00dcniversitedeki ilk y\u0131l\u0131nda, T\u0131p Fak\u00fcltesi\u2019nin de derslerine girmi\u015ftir. Felsefe ve t\u0131p b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri aras\u0131nda tercih yapmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, o d\u00f6nemde \u0130\u00dc Felsefe B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019nde bulunan Von Aster\u2019\u0131n dersine girer. Aster\u2019\u0131n ders anlat\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok etkilenir, felsefeyi anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ikna olur ve okudu\u011fu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc hep \u00e7ok sever. 1943\u2019de mezun olur ve Von Aster\u2019\u0131n dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda doktora e\u011fitimine ba\u015flar. 1956-1958 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Almanya Heidelberg \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde fenomonoloji e\u011fitimi al\u0131r. 1968\u2019de felsefe profes\u00f6r\u00fc olur. \u00d6zellikle dil, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve ahlak felsefesi alanlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu\u2019nda 35 y\u0131l \u00fcyelik yapar. Dil felsefesi alan\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapan ilk felsefecidir. Macit G\u00f6kberk ile birlikte, felsefe terimlerinin T\u00fcrk\u00e7ele\u015fmesi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcr. Bu d\u00f6nemdeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu olarak Felsefe Terimleri S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/em>\u2019n\u00fc yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1984\u2019te emekli olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, 1988-1989 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00c7ukurova \u00dcniversitesi Felsefe Grubu \u00d6\u011fretmenli\u011fi B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn kuruculu\u011funu yapar. 1990-1996 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ise \u0130\u00dc Atat\u00fcrk Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde doktora \u00f6\u011frencilerine ders verir.<\/p>\n

\"\"Kad\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fclerinden
\n<\/strong>Hukuk\u00e7u ve siyaset bilimci Nermin Abadan Unat <\/strong><\/p>\n

Nermin Abadan Unat, ilgin\u00e7 bir hayat \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcne, birbirinden farkl\u0131 ilgi alanlar\u0131na ve bitmek bilmez bir enerjiye sahip kad\u0131nlar\u0131m\u0131zdan. Alman bir anne ve T\u00fcrk bir baban\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131 olarak d\u00fcnyaya gelmi\u015f. Babas\u0131n\u0131 erken ya\u015fta kaybedince, e\u011fitimine bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc ba\u015flayamam\u0131\u015f. Ufak ya\u015flardan itibaren m\u00fcrebbiyelerle b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, 14 ya\u015f\u0131nda Almanca, Frans\u0131zca ve Macarca dillerine hakim hale gelmi\u015f. Okumay\u0131 \u00e7ok istemesine ra\u011fmen, annesinin onaylamamas\u0131 \u00fczerine, 14 ya\u015f\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fu olarak T\u00fcrkiye konsoloslu\u011funa ba\u015fvurup okumak istedi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemi\u015f. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki akrabalar\u0131n\u0131n da yard\u0131m\u0131yla, tek ba\u015f\u0131na T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye geldikten sonra, \u00f6nce T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi \u00f6\u011frenebilmek i\u00e7in \u00f6zel ders alm\u0131\u015f, daha sonra da \u0130zmir K\u0131z Lisesi\u2019nde \u00f6\u011frenci olmu\u015f. Liseyi ba\u015far\u0131yla bitirdikten sonra, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi\u2019ne kayd\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f. \u00dcniversite y\u0131llar\u0131 boyunca \u00e7e\u015fitli i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015f, yani hem \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p hem okumu\u015f Nermin Han\u0131m. Bir\u00e7ok \u00f6\u011frencinin o d\u00f6nemde zorlukla bitirdi\u011fi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi\u2019ni ba\u015far\u0131yla bitirmi\u015f.<\/p>\n

Nermin Han\u0131m 1944 y\u0131l\u0131nda mezun olduktan sonra, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir gazetede \u00e7evirileri ve haberleri yay\u0131nlan\u0131nca, d\u00f6nemin b\u00fcy\u00fck gazetesi Ulus<\/em>\u2019tan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 teklif \u00fczerine Ankara\u2019ya yerle\u015fir. Ulus<\/em> gazetesinde hen\u00fcz yerle\u015fmi\u015f bir yaz\u0131i\u015fleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in zorlan\u0131r, buna ra\u011fmen ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 haberlere imza atar. Bu d\u00f6nemde bir kad\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6nemin \u00f6nemli gazetelerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 yayg\u0131n de\u011fildir. D\u00f6nemin birka\u00e7 kad\u0131n gazetecisinden biridir Unat.<\/p>\n

Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi\u2019nde doktoras\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131ktan sonra, burs alarak ABD\u2019ye gider. Minnesota \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde \u201ckamuoyu\u201d \u00fczerine tez yaz\u0131p, 1953\u2019de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye d\u00f6ner ve Ankara SBF\u2019de, yani kad\u0131n \u00f6\u011frencilerin ve kad\u0131n hocalar\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 M\u00fclkiye\u2019de do\u00e7ent olur. SBF\u2019nin ilk kad\u0131n hocas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Do\u00e7entlik tezinde \u201cb\u00fcrokrasi\u201d, profes\u00f6rl\u00fck tezinde ise \u201cAnayasa, se\u00e7im kanunu ve siyaset sosyolojisi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan 1965 se\u00e7imleri\u201d konular\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nermin Abadan, ilerleyen y\u0131llarda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ilk Bas\u0131n Yay\u0131n Y\u00fcksekokulu\u2019nu kurma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015flar, bu okulda bir\u00e7ok \u00f6nemli gazeteci yeti\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. 1962 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00dcniversiteli Kad\u0131nlar Birli\u011fi\u2019ni kurar. 1978-1980 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda TBMM\u2019de senat\u00f6rl\u00fck yapar. TBMM\u2019de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmalarda \u00f6zellikle kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar ve e\u011fitim s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 gibi g\u00fcncel meselelere dair \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerileri geli\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. 1989 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar SBF\u2019de g\u00f6revine devam eder. Emekli olduktan sonra k\u00f6\u015fesine \u00e7ekilmez, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i \u00dcniversitesi ve \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde ders vermeye devam eder.<\/p>\n

Nermin Abadan Unat, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kad\u0131n sorunu \u00fczerine \u00f6nemli ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapan bir ayd\u0131nd\u0131r. Y\u0131llarca bu alanda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, T\u00fcrk Toplumunda Kad\u0131n<\/em> adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kitap, \u0130ngilizce ve Frans\u0131zca\u2019ya da \u00e7evrilir ve ilgi g\u00f6r\u00fcr. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin 60\u2019l\u0131 ve 70\u2019li y\u0131llarda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir di\u011fer geli\u015fme, Almanya\u2019ya i\u015f\u00e7i g\u00f6nderilmesidir. Unat, Almanya\u2019da g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ya\u015famlar\u0131-sorunlar\u0131 \u00fczerine de ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapar.<\/p>\n

\"\"Cumhuriyet\u2019le ya\u015f\u0131t toplumbilimci
\n<\/strong>M\u00fcbeccel K\u0131ray <\/strong><\/p>\n

Cumhuriyetin ilan edildi\u011fi y\u0131lda do\u011fdu, bu y\u00fczden \u00fclkemizde ya\u015fanan t\u00fcm geli\u015fmelerin izini onun hayat\u0131nda takip etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn\u2026 Cumhuriyet\u00e7i bir ailede b\u00fcy\u00fcr, nerede bir demiryolu kurulmas\u0131 gerekiyorsa, babas\u0131yla birlikte t\u00fcm aile il il gezerler. Liseyi bitirdikten sonra, hen\u00fcz Ankara\u2019da biyoloji b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olan bir \u00fcniversite olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in DTCF Felsefe b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne girer. M\u00fcbeccel K\u0131ray bir sene devam etti\u011fi felsefe b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden, Behice Boran, Niyazi Berkes gibi \u00f6nemli isimlerin ders verdi\u011fi sosyoloji b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn derslerini dinledikten sonra ayr\u0131l\u0131r ve kayd\u0131n\u0131 sosyoloji b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne ald\u0131r\u0131r. O y\u0131llarda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de hen\u00fcz \u00fcniversite e\u011fitimi i\u00e7in materyaller \u00e7ok azd\u0131r. Behice Boran ve Niyazi Berkes, M\u00fcbeccel K\u0131ray\u2019\u0131n da aralar\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu istekli \u00f6\u011frencilere, ders saatleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u0130ngilizce \u00e7eviri yapmay\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretirler. Behice Boran\u2019\u0131n tavsiyesi ile doktora konusunu \u201cAnkara\u2019da T\u00fcketim Normlar\u0131\u201d olarak belirler. K\u0131ray, farkl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f profillerini bar\u0131nd\u0131ran t\u00fcm mahalleri tek tek dola\u015f\u0131r, insanlarla konu\u015fur, incelemeler yapar. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de o tarihlerde yap\u0131lan nadir sosyoloji \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan biridir, doktora tezi.<\/p>\n

Doktoras\u0131n\u0131 bitirdikten sonra, yine hocalar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6nlendirmesiyle, burs alarak, ABD\u2019ye ikinci doktoras\u0131n\u0131 yapmaya gider. Princeton \u00dcniversitesi, antropoloji tezini bitiren K\u0131ray\u2019a okulda kalmas\u0131n\u0131 teklif etse de, \u00fclkesinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapmak, \u00fclkesinde sosyolojiyi geli\u015ftirmek isteyen K\u0131ray, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye d\u00f6ner. D\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, onu sosyolog yapan hocalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcniversiteden at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenir. D\u00f6nemin iktidar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcniversitelere yap\u0131lan m\u00fcdahaleler nedeniyle ve Behice Boran\u2019\u0131n \u00f6\u011frencisi oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir \u00fcniversitede kadro bulamaz. \u0130stanbul\u2019a d\u00f6ner ve Amerikan Haber B\u00fcrosu\u2019nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flar. 31 Mart 1952\u2019de TKP davas\u0131ndan tutuklan\u0131r. \u00d6nce 45 g\u00fcn Sansaryan Han\u2019da tecrit edilir, i\u015fkence g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Davan\u0131n bir an \u00f6nce g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in 20 g\u00fcn a\u00e7l\u0131k grevi yapar. Harbiye Cezaevi\u2019nde, Zehra Kosova ve 1980\u2019de fa\u015fistlerce katledilen doktor Sevin\u00e7 \u00d6zg\u00fcner ile beraber yirmi ay kal\u0131r. \u0130lk duru\u015fmada beraat ettikten sonra, do\u00e7entlik tezini d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan vermek i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flar. Do\u00e7entlik tezi kabul edilmesine ra\u011fmen, \u00e7ok ge\u00e7 bir ya\u015fta, ODT\u00dc\u2019de hocal\u0131\u011fa ba\u015flayabilmi\u015ftir K\u0131ray. ODT\u00dc Sosyoloji b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn kurucular\u0131ndand\u0131r. Sosyolojide yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nemli saha ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 ile gen\u00e7 ku\u015fak sosyologlar yeti\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle Ere\u011fli\u2019de demir-\u00e7elik fabrikalar\u0131 kurulmadan \u00f6nce yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 saha ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 ve Turizm Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n iste\u011fiyle Side\u2019de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, d\u00f6nemin en \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. \u00dcniversitede ya\u015fanan sorunlar nedeniyle, 1973\u2019te ODT\u00dc\u2019den istifa eder. Daha sonra London Schools of Economic, Bergen, \u0130T\u00dc ve Marmara \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde ders verir. T\u00fcm bu yo\u011funluk nedeniyle 1985\u2019de kalp krizi ge\u00e7irince \u00fcniversitede ders vermeyi b\u0131rak\u0131r.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcbeccel K\u0131ray, cumhuriyetin kurulu\u015fundan, \u00fcniversite reformuna, Demokrat Parti iktidar\u0131ndan, 1960, 1971 ve 1980 darbelerine, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki t\u00fcm sosyal, toplumsal ve ekonomik de\u011fi\u015fimleri, hem bir sosyolog hem de toplumuna sorumluluk duyan bir bilim kad\u0131n\u0131 olarak ya\u015fad\u0131, inceledi, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc ve analiz etti. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye \u00f6nemli bir\u00e7ok sosyal bilimci yeti\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n

\"\"C\u00fczaml\u0131lar\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e2n\u2019\u0131, \u2018Kardeleneler\u2019in annesi
\n<\/strong>\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f ya\u015fam\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc: T\u00fcrk\u00e2n Saylan <\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk\u00e2n Saylan\u2026 Ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir hekim, hekimli\u011fi sadece hastay\u0131 tedavi etmek olarak de\u011fil, hastalar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131 incelemek, iyile\u015ftirmek, hastalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n e\u011fitim ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak, i\u015f bulmak, memleketin neresinde bir ihtiya\u00e7 varsa oraya ko\u015fmak olarak alg\u0131layan ve ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n her an\u0131nda bu ilkeleri g\u00f6zeterek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir kad\u0131n.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk\u00e2n Saylan denilince akla \u00f6nce, hekimli\u011fe ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk y\u0131llarda \u00e7ok yayg\u0131n olan ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fcz san\u0131lan c\u00fczam\u0131 bitiren insan geliyor. \u0130htisas\u0131n\u0131 yaparken, c\u00fczam hastalar\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131klar\u0131 ko\u011fu\u015fta ilk kez g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde karar\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015ftir. \u00d6mr\u00fcn\u00fc bu ko\u011fu\u015flara konulan ve do\u011fru d\u00fczg\u00fcn tedavi edilmeyen hastalar\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmeye adayacakt\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye c\u00fczam\u0131n kader olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretecektir. T\u00fcrk\u00e2n Saylan, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden mezun olduktan sonra, burs kazanarak, iki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocu\u011funu yan\u0131na al\u0131p \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye gider. Bir y\u0131l sonra d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na h\u0131z verir, Deri ve Z\u00fchrevi Hastal\u0131klar B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019nde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar nedeniyle h\u0131zla do\u00e7ent sonra da profes\u00f6r olur.<\/p>\n

Yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan edindi\u011fi deneyimle, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bir an \u00f6nce c\u00fczamla ilgili yasal prosed\u00fcrlerin geli\u015ftirilmesi ve taramalar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine karar verir. T\u00fcm b\u00fcrokratik yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri yapar, bu uzun ve zorlu s\u00fcre\u00e7ten sonra Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile protokol imzalamay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131r. 1976\u2019da C\u00fczamla Sava\u015f Derne\u011fi\u2019ni kurar. C\u00fczamla Sava\u015f Dispanseri a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar, hem bu dispanserde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n d\u00fczenli gitmesini sa\u011flar, hem de okuldaki g\u00f6revlerine devam eder. Ayr\u0131ca \u0130stanbul T\u0131p Fak\u00fcltesi\u2019nde Lepra Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve Uygulama Merkezi\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. C\u00fczaml\u0131 hastalar\u0131n\u0131 tedavi etmek i\u00e7in, onlar\u0131n iyile\u015fip hayatlar\u0131na devam etmeleri i\u00e7in didinir.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde Elaz\u0131\u011f\u2019daki c\u00fczam hastanesiyle de ilgilenmeye ba\u015flar. D\u00f6rt ayr\u0131 koldan devam eden \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar zaman\u0131n\u0131 yeteri kadar alm\u0131yormu\u015f gibi, g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc \u00f6\u011frencilerini de yan\u0131na alarak, 1980\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren, yaz\u0131n do\u011fuda k\u0131\u015f\u0131n bat\u0131da c\u00fczam taramalar\u0131 yapmaya ba\u015flar. Kad\u0131nlarla konu\u015fulmayan b\u00f6lgelerde, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerle anla\u015fman\u0131n yollar\u0131n\u0131 bulur, taramalara kat\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar, c\u00fczamla ilgili bilgi verir, tedavi eder. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de c\u00fczam hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bitiren ki\u015fidir. Bununla yetinmeyip, c\u00fczam hastalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 okutman\u0131n yollar\u0131n\u0131 arar. Kendi \u00e7evresinden buldu\u011fu bu burslar i\u00e7in daha fazla aile ba\u015fvurmaya ba\u015flay\u0131nca, kurucusu oldu\u011fu \u00c7YDD ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na devam eder. On yedi k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011funa burs vererek ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu yolda, derne\u011fin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla 5 binden fazla k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011funun e\u011fitim g\u00f6rmesini sa\u011flar. Art\u0131k sadece hastalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, \u00f6zellikle okumak isteyen ancak yokluklar nedeniyle okutulamayan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n, kendi b\u00f6lgelerinde okula gitmelerini sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. \u00dcniversite okumak isteyen \u00f6\u011frencilere burs bulunmas\u0131na \u00f6nayak olur. Binlerce doktor, avukat, \u00f6\u011fretmen, m\u00fchendis yeti\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk\u00e2n Saylan kendi \u00f6\u011frencilerine \u00f6nce \u015funu \u00f6\u011fretti: Hastalar\u0131n\u0131zla konu\u015facaks\u0131n\u0131z, onlar\u0131n dertlerini dinleyeceksiniz, onlara dokunacaks\u0131n\u0131z, onlarla e\u011flenmenin, onlar\u0131 mutlu etmenin yollar\u0131n\u0131 bulacaks\u0131n\u0131z ve tabi ki onlar\u0131 en do\u011fru bi\u00e7imde tedavi edeceksiniz. Mesle\u011finize ancak bu b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckle bakarsan\u0131z, memur de\u011fil ger\u00e7ek bir hekim olursunuz\u2026<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) \u201cBir \u201c\u00c7al\u0131ku\u015fu\u201d \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc\u2026 \u0130lk kad\u0131n kimyac\u0131m\u0131z, Remziye Hisar\u201d, F\u00fcsun Oralalp, Bilim ve Teknik <\/em>dergisi, A\u011fustos 1995, s. 57.<\/p>\n

2) \u201cBir \u201c\u00c7al\u0131ku\u015fu\u201d \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc\u2026 \u0130lk kad\u0131n kimyac\u0131m\u0131z, Remziye Hisar\u201d, F\u00fcsun Oralalp, Bilim ve Teknik dergisi<\/em>, A\u011fustos 1995, s. 62.<\/p>\n

3) Cumhuriyet\u2019te \u0130z B\u0131rakanlar \u2013 10. Y\u0131l Ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131<\/em>, Firdevs G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fo\u011flu, Kaynak Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2001, s. 54.<\/p>\n

4) Bir Dinozorun An\u0131lar\u0131<\/em>, M. Urgan, YKY, s. 216.<\/p>\n

5) Ben \u0130\u015f\u00e7iyim\u2026<\/em>, Zehra Kosova, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131,<\/p>\n

6) Ben \u0130\u015f\u00e7iyim\u2026<\/em>, Zehra Kosova, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131,<\/p>\n

7) Umut Pe\u015finde<\/em>, Oral \u00c7al\u0131\u015flar, \u00c7\u0131nar Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2000, s. 13.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Biyograyfa \u2013 Behice Boran<\/em>, Ba\u011flam Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 2002.<\/p>\n

2) Biyografya \u2013 Sabiha Sertel<\/em>, Ba\u011flam Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 2010.<\/p>\n

3) Umut Pe\u015finde<\/em>, Oral \u00c7al\u0131\u015flar, \u00c7\u0131nar Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2000.<\/p>\n

4) Cumhuriyet\u2019te \u0130z B\u0131rakanlar – 10. Y\u0131l Ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131<\/em>, Firdevs G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fo\u011flu, Kaynak Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2001.<\/p>\n

5) Hocalar\u0131n hocas\u0131 Nermin Abadan Unat<\/em>, Sedef Kaba\u015f, Do\u011fan Kitap, 2010.<\/p>\n

6) Hayat\u0131mda Hi\u00e7 Arkama Bakmad\u0131m<\/em>, M\u00fcbeccel K\u0131ray, Ba\u011flam Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 2001.<\/p>\n

7) Tek ve Tek Ba\u015f\u0131na T\u00fcrk\u00e2n<\/em>, Ay\u015fe Kulin, Everest Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2009.<\/p>\n

8) Yer G\u00f6k D\u00f6rt Duvar<\/em>, T\u00fcrkan Saylan ve \u00f6\u011frencileri, Cumhuriyet Kitap, 2009.<\/p>\n

9) Bir Dinozorun An\u0131lar\u0131<\/em>, Mina Urgan, YKY, 2010.<\/p>\n

10) Ak\u0131nt\u0131ya Kar\u015f\u0131 Behice Boran<\/em>, G\u00fczell\u00e2 Bay\u0131nd\u0131r, Yaz\u0131lama Yay\u0131nevi, 2010.<\/p>\n

11) Roman Gibi<\/em>, Sabiha Sertel, Belge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1987.<\/p>\n

12) Ben \u0130\u015f\u00e7iyim\u2026,<\/em> Zehra Kosova, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1996.<\/p>\n

13) K\u00e2inatta bir nokta: N\u00fczhet G\u00f6kdo\u011fan<\/em>, \u0130stanbul K\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2010.<\/p>\n

14) \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de\u011fi\u015fimin toplumbilimcisi M\u00fcbeccel B. K\u0131ray\u201d, G\u00f6khan Tok, Bilim ve Teknik <\/em>dergisi, Mart 1997.<\/p>\n

15) \u201cT\u00fcrkiye arkeolojisinde bir \u201chan\u0131mefendi\u201d Jale \u0130nan\u201d, Murat Dirican, Bilim ve Teknik<\/em> dergisi, A\u011fustos 1998.<\/p>\n

16) \u201cToplumcu Ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i T\u00fcrk Edebiyat\u0131nda Suat Dervi\u015f\u2019in Yeri\u201d, \u00c7imen G\u00fcnay, 2001, Y\u00fcksek lisans tez \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131.<\/p>\n

17) \u201cCumhuriyetin gururu kad\u0131n hekimimiz K\u00e2mile \u015eevki Mutlu\u201d, F\u00fcsun Oralalp, Bilim ve Teknik<\/em> dergisi, Nisan 1995.<\/p>\n

18) \u201cBir \u201c\u00c7al\u0131ku\u015fu\u201d \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc\u2026 \u0130lk kad\u0131n kimyac\u0131m\u0131z, Remziye Hisar\u201d, F\u00fcsun Oralalp, Bilim ve Teknik<\/em> dergisi, A\u011fustos 1995.<\/p>\n

19) \u201cYa\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 arkeolojiye ve Anadolu\u2019ya adam\u0131\u015f bir bilim kad\u0131n\u0131 Halet \u00c7ambel\u201d, Murat Dirican, Bilim ve Teknik<\/em> dergisi, Ekim 1997.<\/p>\n

20) \u201cKaratepe- Aslanta\u015f kaz\u0131lar\u0131, A\u00e7\u0131k Hava M\u00fczesi ve Bir Cumhuriyet k\u0131z\u0131\u201d, Nal\u00e2n Mahsereci, Bilim ve Gelecek<\/em> dergisi, Haziran 2005.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

1923\u2019den sonra kad\u0131n\u0131n yeri de\u011fi\u015fti \u00fclkemizde. \u0130lerleyen sayfalar\u0131 okurken \u015fa\u015f\u0131racaks\u0131n\u0131z. Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6nce s\u00f6z hakk\u0131 bile tan\u0131nmayan kad\u0131nlar, doktor olup kad\u0131n erkek herkesi tedavi etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar, at \u00fcst\u00fcnde k\u00f6y k\u00f6y dola\u015ft\u0131lar, laboratuvarlara girip deney yapt\u0131lar, \u00fcniversitede k\u00fcrs\u00fc kurdular, kitap yazd\u0131lar, gazete \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131lar, meclise girip emek\u00e7ilerin haklar\u0131n\u0131 savundular. Toplumu ilerletmek i\u00e7in, emek\u00e7i bir cumhuriyet kurmak i\u00e7in […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":366,"featured_media":21116,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[122,222],"tags":[604,2544,2542],"class_list":["post-21097","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-85-sayi","category-tarih","tag-cumhuriyet","tag-cumhuriyet-kadinlari","tag-kadin-bilimciler"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21097","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/366"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21097"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21097\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21116"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21097"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21097"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21097"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}