{"id":21255,"date":"2015-06-01T14:34:13","date_gmt":"2015-06-01T11:34:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=21255"},"modified":"2018-03-08T14:53:33","modified_gmt":"2018-03-08T11:53:33","slug":"telliamed","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2015\/06\/01\/telliamed","title":{"rendered":"Telliamed"},"content":{"rendered":"

Telliamed\u2019e g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn bilgisiyle bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, de Maillet\u2019nin kuram\u0131n\u0131n bir evrim kuram\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 fakat baz\u0131 iddialar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok isabetli oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz: Yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7ok uzun, yava\u015f ve rasgele s\u00fcre\u00e7ler sonucu \u015fekillendi\u011fini; D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n milyar senelerle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclece\u011fini; fosillerin, bizlere, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz bitki ve hayvanlar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imler sundu\u011funu; ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir varsay\u0131m olan, ya\u015fam\u0131n denizlerde ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve t\u00fcm canl\u0131lar\u0131n bu ilk \u015fekillerden d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc; i\u015fte t\u00fcm bunlar\u0131 do\u011fru g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc Kahire Konsolosu.<\/em><\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde az tan\u0131nan bir eser olsa da, Telliamed, bilim tarihinin gelmi\u015f ge\u00e7mi\u015f en s\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f\u0131, egzotik, hatta fantastik kitaplar\u0131ndan biridir. Ger\u00e7ekten bilimden mi, kurgudan m\u0131, yoksa bir sosyoloji veya felsefe eserinden mi s\u00f6z etmek gerekir, belli de\u011fil. Ama \u015furas\u0131 ger\u00e7ek ki eser, ister s\u0131radan vatanda\u015f ister entelekt\u00fcel tabakadan olsun, zaman\u0131n\u0131n okurlar\u0131n\u0131, hatta bir y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n bir s\u00fcre boyunca aralar\u0131nda Buffon, Cuvier ve Darwin gibi \u00fcnl\u00fc isimlerin bulundu\u011fu do\u011fa bilginlerini bile etkilemeyi ve tarihte iz b\u0131rakmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f bir eserdir.<\/p>\n

Telliamed 1748 y\u0131l\u0131nda, yazar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden on y\u0131l sonra yay\u0131mland\u0131. Kitab\u0131n ana temas\u0131, H\u0131ristiyan \u00e2leminin kutsal kitab\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6\u011fretisiyle taban tabana z\u0131tt\u0131: Evrenin ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sonsuz oldu\u011fu ima edilmekle kal\u0131nm\u0131yor, D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n da Eski Ahit\u2019te duyuruldu\u011funun aksine, birka\u00e7 bin y\u0131l de\u011fil, birka\u00e7 milyar y\u0131l dolaylar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu iddia ediliyordu. Ayr\u0131ca, hayat\u0131n denizlerde ba\u015flay\u0131p zamanla \u00e7e\u015fitlenmi\u015f, deniz sular\u0131n\u0131n geri \u00e7ekilip karalar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla da denizden karaya intikal etmi\u015f oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. \u0130nsano\u011flunun k\u00f6keni ise -Tekvin\u2019deki Adem ile Havva\u2019n\u0131n yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc bir yana- denizlerde aranmal\u0131yd\u0131: Biz insanlar, \u00e7ok uzun s\u00fcreler denizlerde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f insans\u0131 atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n, karada ya\u015fam s\u00fcrmeye ve hava solumaya ayak uydurmu\u015f torunlar\u0131yd\u0131k.<\/p>\n

Yazar: Beno\u00eet de Maillet<\/strong><\/p>\n

Peki kimdi bu kitab\u0131n yazar\u0131 ve nas\u0131l olmu\u015ftu da 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk on y\u0131llar\u0131nda b\u00f6ylesine iddial\u0131 bir eseri kaleme alma c\u00fcretini g\u00f6sterebilmi\u015fti?<\/p>\n

Beno\u00eet de Maillet\u2019nin ya\u015fam \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgiye sahip de\u011filiz.(1), (2) 1656 y\u0131l\u0131nda aristokrat bir ailenin evlad\u0131 olarak Fransa\u2019da d\u00fcnyaya gelir de Maillet. Kraliyet saray\u0131nda n\u00fcfuz sahibi dostlar\u0131n\u0131n kendisine arka \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle Kraliyet Evi\u2019nin Sekreterli\u011fi\u2019ni y\u00fcr\u00fcten Pontchartrain Kontu\u2019nun deste\u011fi ile, 1692 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Fransa\u2019n\u0131n M\u0131s\u0131r Konsoloslu\u011fu\u2019na atan\u0131r ve bu g\u00f6revi 16 y\u0131l boyunca, yani 1708\u2019e kadar icra eder. Fransa Kral\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bu Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda temsilcisi olan konsolusun g\u00f6revi, Kahire\u2019ye yerle\u015fmi\u015f k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir Frans\u0131z t\u00fcccar toplulu\u011funa g\u00f6z kulak olmak, bu ki\u015filerin vergi sorumluluklar\u0131n\u0131 yerine getirip getirmediklerini denetlemek ve olas\u0131 asayi\u015f sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmekti (asl\u0131nda de Maillet, g\u00f6revini g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kadar masumca icra etmiyordu: Emrinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir ajanlar tak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131, hem Frans\u0131z toplulu\u011fu hem de Kahire\u2019nin \u201chassas\u201d merkezleri hakk\u0131nda bilgi toplamak g\u00f6reviyle i\u015f ba\u015f\u0131na getirmi\u015fti). Ayr\u0131ca, Fransa Kral\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Habe\u015fistan \u00f6zel temsilcili\u011fini de \u00fcstlenmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki g\u00f6revi biter bitmez, bu sefer daha prestijli bir pozisyona, \u0130talya\u2019da Livorno Konsoloslu\u011fu\u2019na atan\u0131r de Maillet. Orada 1714 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar kal\u0131r ve sonralar\u0131, 1720\u2019ye kadar, L\u00f6van ile Barbarya \u00dclkeleri diye an\u0131lan (Barbarya \u00dclkeleri, Kuzey Afrika\u2019n\u0131n, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131ndan Atlas Okyanusu\u2019na kadar uzanan b\u00f6lgesidir) co\u011frafi alandaki Frans\u0131z yerle\u015fim noktalar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcfetti\u015fli\u011fini icra eder. Bu g\u00f6revi icab\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi geziler sayesinde do\u011fal d\u00fcnyay\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcp g\u00f6zlemler. Sonras\u0131nda emekli olup Fransa\u2019ya d\u00f6ner ve 1738 y\u0131l\u0131nda hayata veda edene kadar Marsilya kentinde ya\u015far. Mesle\u011fi ve g\u00f6revinin \u00f6tesinde pek \u00e7ok konuya merak saran de Maillet, kariyeri boyunca birka\u00e7 kitaba imza atar.<\/p>\n

\u2018Bir zamanlar t\u00fcm yery\u00fcz\u00fc deniz sular\u0131yla kapl\u0131yd\u0131\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kahire Ba\u015fkonsoloslu\u011fu y\u0131llar\u0131nda, Beno\u00eet de Maillet, diplomatik sorumluluklar\u0131 ve idari g\u00f6revlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131na ve t\u00fcrlerin k\u00f6kenine ili\u015fkin derin felsefi konulara kafa yorar. Daha sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde de \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam edece\u011fi Telliamed\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fte bu M\u0131s\u0131r y\u0131llar\u0131nda kaleme al\u0131r. Kitab\u0131n tam ismi, Telliamed, veya denizlerin azalmas\u0131, yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn olu\u015fumu ve insan\u0131n k\u00f6keni vs. hakk\u0131nda bir Hintli filozof ile bir Frans\u0131z misyoner aras\u0131ndaki sohbetler \u015feklindedir.(3)<\/p>\n

Kitap, ismini, hem D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n olu\u015fumunun hem de yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde ya\u015fayan canl\u0131 varl\u0131klar\u0131n k\u00f6keninin s\u0131rr\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zm\u00fc\u015f Hintli bir filozofun ad\u0131ndan al\u0131r. De Maillet, tahmin edilebilece\u011fi gibi, kendi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini bu hayali bilge insan\u0131n a\u011fz\u0131ndan aktar\u0131r. Zaten biraz dikkatli bir okur, Telliamed\u2019in, de Maillet\u2019nin tersten okunu\u015fu oldu\u011funu g\u00f6recektir<\/p>\n

De Maillet, nam\u0131 di\u011fer Telliamed, insanl\u0131k tarihini k\u00f6kten de\u011fi\u015ftirecek ve kendisine \u015f\u00f6hret kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7acak m\u00fcthi\u015f bir ger\u00e7e\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: \u00c7ok y\u00fcksek da\u011flar\u0131n zirvelerinde bile, tortul kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n i\u00e7erisine hapsolmu\u015f, deniz kabuklular\u0131 fosilleri vard\u0131. Bu g\u00f6zleminden yola \u00e7\u0131karak, eski \u00e7a\u011flarda t\u00fcm yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn deniz sular\u0131yla kapl\u0131 oldu\u011funa ve zamanla deniz sular\u0131n\u0131n geri \u00e7ekildi\u011fine kanaat getirmi\u015fti de Maillet. Bu varsay\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 pek \u00e7ok olgu do\u011fruluyordu asl\u0131nda. \u00d6rne\u011fin, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte liman vazifesi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f olan bir\u00e7ok mek\u00e2n art\u0131k su seviyesinin \u00fczerinde bulunuyordu. Bir di\u011fer kan\u0131t ise, Herodot\u2019u okurken \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131 de Maillet\u2019nin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na.(4) Milattan \u00f6nce 5. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan bu \u00fcnl\u00fc tarih\u00e7i, Herodot Tarihi ismiyle an\u0131lan eserinde, Nil Nehri co\u011frafyas\u0131na ait baz\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6ll\u00fck alanlarda, gemileri palamarlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan b\u00fcy\u00fck demir halkalar g\u00f6zlemledi\u011fini aktar\u0131r. Bu olaydan o kadar etkilenir ki de Maillet, kendi g\u00f6z\u00fcyle tan\u0131kl\u0131k etmek ister. Bu ama\u00e7la antik Memfis \u015fehrine ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in bir ke\u015fif seyahati d\u00fczenler. \u00c7abalar\u0131 bo\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kmaz: Kahire\u2019nin yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 km g\u00fcneyinde efsanevi \u015fehrin kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131nca, Herodot\u2019un yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, nehir k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndan hayli uzaklarda gemi ba\u011flamak amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131lan bir dizi demir halkalar g\u00f6zlemler. Sadece Herodot de\u011fil, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte ba\u015fka d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler de denizlerin azalmas\u0131na dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015fti asl\u0131nda, ki bunlardan biri \u00d6mer Hayyam\u2019\u0131n ta kendisiydi. Deniz sular\u0131n\u0131n zamanla azald\u0131\u011f\u0131na ikna olan de Maillet\u2019nin \u00f6n\u00fcnde \u015fimdi daha zor bir soru duruyordu: Denizlerin geri \u00e7ekilme h\u0131z\u0131 neydi?<\/p>\n

Bir saplant\u0131 haline gelen bu soruyu yan\u0131tlama \u00e7abas\u0131na giren de Maillet, ke\u015fif gezilerini s\u0131kla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r, jeoloji, yery\u00fcz\u00fc katmanlar\u0131 ve fosillerle ilgili bilgiler toplar, tarih kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 irdeler, antik belgelere ula\u015f\u0131r, Arap\u00e7a \u00f6\u011frenir, T\u00fcrk, Arap, H\u0131ristiyan ve Kopt \u00e2lim, tarih\u00e7i ve din bilginleriyle tan\u0131\u015f\u0131p ilk a\u011f\u0131zdan bilgi al\u0131r. T\u00fcm bu kaynaklardan elde etti\u011fi verilerden yola \u00e7\u0131karak, deniz sular\u0131n\u0131n geri \u00e7ekilme h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n, as\u0131rda yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 in\u00e7 oldu\u011funu hesaplar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki en y\u00fcksek da\u011flar dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, karalar\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u015fekliyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k 2,4 milyar y\u0131l s\u00fcrece\u011fi sonucuna var\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Denizinsan\u0131!<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylesine s\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir bulu\u015fun, canl\u0131lar\u0131n olu\u015fumu hakk\u0131nda da fevkalade \u00f6nemli sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 vard\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc hayat da kadim zamanlarda suda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131yd\u0131. Sular\u0131n geri \u00e7ekilmesi ve k\u0131talar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131yla, bitkiler ve hayvanlar karalara yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131lard\u0131. Karaya ge\u00e7i\u015f, kutuplara yak\u0131n b\u00f6lgelerde daha yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olmal\u0131yd\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc havan\u0131n daha nemli ve puslu oldu\u011fu bu ortamlarda, su ile hava aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131n asgari d\u00fczeyde olu\u015fu bu ge\u00e7isi kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran bir unsurdu. \u0130\u015fte bu \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda, yosunlardan a\u011fa\u00e7lar, u\u00e7an bal\u0131klardan da ku\u015flar t\u00fcremi\u015fti. Zaten karada g\u00f6zlemledi\u011fimiz her ya\u015fam \u015feklinin su ortam\u0131nda bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yok muydu? Sudan karaya ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcrecine g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015famda da tan\u0131kl\u0131k etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fc: \u00d6rne\u011fin foklar\u0131n su ortam\u0131n\u0131 terk edip karada ya\u015fam s\u00fcrme \u00e7abalar\u0131 -ki bu olay Fo\u00e7a, Smyrna ve Kontantinopolis gibi liman kentlerinde \u00e7ok say\u0131da g\u00f6rg\u00fc tan\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n aktar\u0131m\u0131yla belgelenmekteydi- bu s\u00fcrecin sadece canl\u0131 bir kan\u0131t\u0131 olabilirdi.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsan\u0131n atas\u0131 da bal\u0131kt\u0131 ve bu ata, insans\u0131 \u015feklini, hen\u00fcz deniz ortam\u0131ndayken kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.
\nTelliamed\u2019in aktard\u0131klar\u0131, de Maillet\u2019nin, insano\u011flunun denizalt\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131 hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da delil toplamay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funa i\u015faret ediyordu. Bunlar aras\u0131nda belki de en \u00f6nemli g\u00f6sterge, denizinsan\u0131na g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde h\u00e2l\u00e2 ara s\u0131ra rastlan\u0131l\u0131r olmas\u0131yd\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin 592 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nil Nehri b\u00f6lgesinde sular\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131dan seyreden bir subay, su y\u00fcz\u00fcnde peydahlanan biri erkek di\u011feri di\u015fi iki denizinsan\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlemi\u015fti. Erke\u011fin sa\u00e7\u0131 k\u0131z\u0131l, ten rengi ise kahverengiydi, ama buna kar\u015f\u0131n siyah sa\u00e7l\u0131 ve iri g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcsl\u00fc olan di\u015fi, p\u00fcr\u00fczs\u00fcz bir v\u00fccuda sahipti. 894 y\u0131l\u0131nda denizciler, yakalad\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bal\u0131\u011f\u0131n karn\u0131n\u0131 yard\u0131klar\u0131nda, bir denizk\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. 1430\u2019da Hollanda\u2019da Edam \u015fehrinde, \u00e7amurlardan bir denizk\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, Martinikler\u2019de 1671\u2019de yar\u0131 insan g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcnde bir deniz canavar\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlenmi\u015f, 1682\u2019de Sestri\u2019de erkek bir denizinsan\u0131 ve tekrar 1720\u2019de Newfoundland sahillerinde bir erkek denizinsan\u0131 bulunmu\u015ftu. Bu denizinsanlar\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f, ancak k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015flerdi. Demek ki insan\u0131n da denizlerden geldi\u011fi yads\u0131namaz bir ger\u00e7ekti. (G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de uzayl\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc iddia eden insan say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7 de az\u0131msanmayacak boyutta oldu\u011funu hat\u0131rlatal\u0131m!)<\/p>\n

Peki hayat\u0131n k\u00f6keni ne olabilirdi? Bilgin Telliamed\u2019e g\u00f6re hava ve denizler, D\u00fcnya\u2019daki t\u00fcm canl\u0131 varl\u0131klar\u0131n t\u00fcredi\u011fi tohumlarla doluydu fakat bu tohumlar o kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve narinlerdi ki onlar\u0131 en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc mikroskop yard\u0131m\u0131yla bile g\u00f6zlemlemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi. Tohumlar, solunum veya beslenme yoluyla canl\u0131lar\u0131n i\u00e7ine yerle\u015fir ancak belli bir ya\u015fa gelen erkek yarat\u0131\u011f\u0131n damarlar\u0131nda aktif hale gelir ve geli\u015firlerdi. Di\u015fi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n rahmine d\u00fc\u015fen bu tohumlar geli\u015fmelerine devam eder, g\u00fc\u00e7lenip b\u00fcy\u00fcrlerdi. S\u00f6z konusu tohumlar, evrenin yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan -belki de ezelden- beri mevcuttu. Burada tabii ki de Maillet, izi antik Yunan \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na uzanan ve tarihte zaman zaman ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan panspermia varsay\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 dile getirmi\u015fti. T\u00fcm bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bir ba\u015fka ayk\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc de felsefe edinmi\u015fti Telliamed: D\u00fcnya, insano\u011flu i\u00e7in yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f de\u011fildi, insan, ya\u015fam sahnesinde yer alan \u00e7ok say\u0131daki akt\u00f6rden sadece bir tanesiydi…<\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131n yay\u0131m \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, hem de Maillet\u2019nin mesle\u011fi icab\u0131 temsil etti\u011fi resmi pozisyona, hem de o zaman\u0131n ruhu ve \u00f6zellikle de dini inan\u00e7lar\u0131na ters d\u00fc\u015fen bir eserdi Telliamed. Bu sak\u0131ncal\u0131 durumun fark\u0131nda olan de Maillet, bir par\u00e7a tedbir almay\u0131 ihmal etmemi\u015fti. Bir defa kitab\u0131n bir sohbet \u015feklinde kurgulanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131yla -Galileo\u2019nun D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u0130ki Esas Sistemi \u00dczerine Diyaloglar (1632) veya Fontenelle\u2019in D\u00fcnyalar\u0131n \u00c7oklu\u011fu \u00dczerine Konu\u015fmalar (1686) eserleri benzer tarzda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131- \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen t\u00fcm iddialar\u0131n kendisine de\u011fil, Hintli bir filozofa ait oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebilirdi. Zaten yazar da, yani Frans\u0131z misyoner, Hintli filozofu sadece dinlemekle yetinmiyor, onun savlar\u0131n\u0131 sorgulay\u0131p reddetmekten ka\u00e7\u0131nm\u0131yordu. Ama de Maillet, ba\u015f\u0131na i\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyecek en \u00f6nemli tedbiri, kitab\u0131n\u0131 hayattayken yay\u0131mlamamakla alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 – her ne kadar taslak metinler Fransa\u2019da merakl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda elden ele dola\u015fmakta olsa da!<\/p>\n

1708 y\u0131l\u0131nda Livorno\u2019ya yerle\u015ftikten sonra, Telliamed \u00fczerine y\u0131llarca \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya, bilgi, belge ve delil toplamaya devam eder de Maillet. 1719 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, emeklili\u011fe ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan de Maillet, kitab\u0131n\u0131n redaksiyonunu \u00fcstlenecek bir edit\u00f6r ararken Paris\u2019te \u00e7almad\u0131k kap\u0131 b\u0131rakmaz. Herhangi bir edit\u00f6rle anla\u015famad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, kitap yay\u0131n ve ticaretinde devlet taraf\u0131ndan uygulanan a\u011f\u0131r sans\u00fcre \u015fahsen tan\u0131kl\u0131k eder. Bu \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda, Telliamed\u2019in ak\u0131beti ne olabilirdi? \u00dcstelik, kitapta ifade edilen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler, ne kadar do\u011fru ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131yd\u0131? Otorite sahibi bir ki\u015finin dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duyan de Maillet, kitab\u0131n\u0131, Bilim Akademisi Sekreteri \u00fcnl\u00fc Fontelle\u2019e sunmaya karar verir. Fontenelle\u2019in olumlu kanaati cesaretlendirir de Maillet\u2019yi, hatta ya\u015fl\u0131 akademisyen, kitab\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011finin daha da geni\u015fletilmesi ve o s\u0131ralar en g\u00fcncel konular aras\u0131nda yer alan t\u00fcrlerin k\u00f6keni meselesinde yeni bir teori varsa e\u011fer, ondan da mutlaka s\u00f6z edilmesi gerekti\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde tavsiyede bulunur.<\/p>\n

De Maillet, tekrar i\u015fe koyulur. Hayat\u0131n\u0131n eseri Telliamed\u2019i tam arzu etti\u011fi \u015fekle sokabilme saplant\u0131s\u0131na kap\u0131lan yazar, son y\u0131llar\u0131nda, daralan zaman\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda, bir trajik tiyatro akt\u00f6r\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr adeta. Ekleyerek, tekrar \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131p d\u00fczelterek ve s\u00fcrekli yeni bilgiler dahil ederek, bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc yay\u0131na kavu\u015famayan eseri \u00fczerine daha y\u0131llarca \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. 1733 y\u0131l\u0131nda tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, edit\u00f6rl\u00fck, yazarl\u0131k ve \u00e7evirmenlik i\u015fleri yapan 36 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Katolik rahip Jean-Baptiste le Mascrier, Telliamed\u2019in redakt\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fcstlenir. Hayat\u0131n\u0131n son aylar\u0131nda, art\u0131k iyice ya\u015flanm\u0131\u015f olan de Maillet, le Mascrier\u2019den redaksiyon i\u015fini bir an \u00f6nce tamamlamas\u0131n\u0131 ister. Hasta yata\u011f\u0131ndan bile, le Mascrier\u2019ye kitab\u0131 hakk\u0131nda d\u00fczeltme ve eklemelerini yollar. Ancak Ocak 1738\u2019de de Maillet\u2019nin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve maddi kayna\u011f\u0131n kesilmesiyle, le Mascrier, redaksiyon i\u015fini a\u011f\u0131rdan almaya ba\u015flar. Kaldi ki, de Maillet\u2019nin ortaya s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011fu ki\u015fisel kopyalar\u0131yla Telliamed Paris salonlar\u0131nda h\u00e2l\u00e2 elden ele ge\u00e7meye devam eder…
\nSonunda, le Mascrier, Telliamed\u2019i y\u0131llarca redakte ettikten sonra Paris\u2019te de\u011fil, sans\u00fcr bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n daha hafif oldu\u011fu Amsterdam\u2019da yay\u0131mlat\u0131r. Ancak ba\u015f\u0131na i\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131ndan endi\u015fe etti\u011finden, de Maillet\u2019nin orijinal metnine \u00e7ok say\u0131da de\u011fi\u015fiklik getirir. Genel olarak kitab\u0131, \u0130ncil ile \u00e7eli\u015fmeyecek en uyumlu \u015fekle sokar, \u00f6rne\u011fin, D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n milyarlarca y\u0131lla \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclece\u011fi iddias\u0131n\u0131 siler, yerine, binlerce y\u0131ldan bahsetme\u011fi ye\u011fler, ve de Maillet\u2019nin \u00f6nemli bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini -yerk\u00fcrenin olu\u015fumunu g\u00fcden raslant\u0131sal s\u00fcre\u00e7ler oldu\u011fu fikrini- bir tarafa iter. T\u00fcm bu de\u011fi\u015fikliklere ra\u011fmen, kitap, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir infial ile kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131r ve skandala yol a\u00e7ar; belki de tam bu y\u00fczden, asr\u0131n\u0131n en iyi satan kitaplar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yer almay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131r. Voltaire\u2019i bile \u00e7ileden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r Telliamed: \u201cKonsolos de Maillet Tanr\u0131\u2019ya \u00f6yk\u00fcnmek ve kelimeler ile bir d\u00fcnya yaratmak isteyen \u015farlatanlardan biriydi… Her \u015feyin denizin bir eseri oldu\u011funu, sular\u0131n\u0131n da\u011flar\u0131 \u015fekillendirdi\u011fini ve insanlar k\u00f6kenlerini bal\u0131klara bor\u00e7lu olduklar\u0131n\u0131 tahayy\u00fcl etmi\u015fti.\u201d<\/p>\n

Kitaba g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn bilgisiyle bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, de Maillet\u2019nin kuram\u0131n\u0131n(5) bir evrim kuram\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 fakat baz\u0131 iddialar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok isabetli oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz: Yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7ok uzun, yava\u015f ve rasgele s\u00fcre\u00e7ler sonucu \u015fekillendi\u011fini; D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n milyar senelerle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclece\u011fini; fosillerin, bizlere, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz bitki ve hayvanlar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imler sundu\u011funu; ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir varsay\u0131m olan, ya\u015fam\u0131n denizlerde ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve t\u00fcm canl\u0131lar\u0131n bu ilk \u015fekillerden d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc; ya\u015fam\u0131n s\u00fcrekli bir de\u011fi\u015fim, bir gelgit s\u00fcrecine tabi oldu\u011funu; i\u015fte t\u00fcm bunlar\u0131 do\u011fru g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc Kahire Konsolosu.<\/p>\n

Darwin ve de Maillet<\/strong><\/p>\n

1860 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, \u00fc\u00e7 ay \u00f6nce yay\u0131mlanan T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni\u2019nin ilk bask\u0131s\u0131na katmay\u0131 ihmal etti\u011fi bir \u00f6nc\u00fcller tarih\u00e7esini kaleme almaya ba\u015flayan Charles Darwin, \u00f6nc\u00fcller aras\u0131na de Maillet\u2019nin ismini dahil eder.(1), (6) Tarih\u00e7e, eserin ilk Amerikan bask\u0131s\u0131nda, ve daha geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u015fekilleriyle daha sonraki Londra bask\u0131lar\u0131nda yer al\u0131r. Ancak \u00f6nc\u00fcller listesi ve liste i\u00e7indeki de Maillet\u2019nin ismi, Darwin\u2019in ba\u015fl\u0131ca has\u0131mlar\u0131ndan olan Richard Owen\u2019in keskin g\u00f6z\u00fc ve ac\u0131mas\u0131z ele\u015ftirisinden ka\u00e7maz. Owen, Darwin\u2019in de zaten tam denizinsanlar\u0131na inanan de Maillet gibi fanteziperest bir ki\u015fi oldu\u011funu ima eder. Kitab\u0131 okumadan listesine dahil etmenin bir hata oldu\u011funu anlayan Darwin, de Maillet\u2019nin ismini T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni\u2019nin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bask\u0131s\u0131ndaki tarihi \u00f6zetten \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Darwin\u2019in Telliamed\u2019i bu olaylardan sonra okudu\u011funu; Darwin ailesinin evinde \u00e7at\u0131 aras\u0131na kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir kutu i\u00e7erisinde, 1993 y\u0131l\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Telliamed kopyas\u0131ndaki Darwin\u2019in kendi el yaz\u0131s\u0131yla d\u00fc\u015f\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f notlardan anlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn….<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Rebecca Stott, Darwin\u2019s Ghosts – In Search of the First Evolutionists, Bloomsbury, London, 2012.
\n2) http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beno%C3%AEt_de_Maillet
\n3) http:\/\/books.google.ch\/books\/about\/Telliamed_or.html?id=RurA8NqAfeUC&redir_esc=y
\n4) http:\/\/www.strangescience.net\/demaillet.htm
\n5) http:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/topic\/Benoit_De_Maillet.aspx
\n6) S. \u00d6l\u00e7er, \u201cDarwin\u2019in listesi\u201d, Bilim ve Gelecek, s.68-71, Nisan 2014.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Telliamed\u2019e g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn bilgisiyle bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, de Maillet\u2019nin kuram\u0131n\u0131n bir evrim kuram\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 fakat baz\u0131 iddialar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok isabetli oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz: Yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7ok uzun, yava\u015f ve rasgele s\u00fcre\u00e7ler sonucu \u015fekillendi\u011fini; D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n milyar senelerle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclece\u011fini; fosillerin, bizlere, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz bitki ve hayvanlar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imler sundu\u011funu; ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir varsay\u0131m olan, ya\u015fam\u0131n denizlerde ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve t\u00fcm canl\u0131lar\u0131n bu ilk […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":508,"featured_media":21263,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[173,21,32,1473],"tags":[1848,200,2552],"class_list":["post-21255","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-136-sayi","category-biyoloji","category-evrim","category-genis-aci","tag-canlilik-tarihi","tag-evrim","tag-telliamed"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21255","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/508"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21255"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21255\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21263"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21255"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21255"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21255"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}