Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar \u0130srail\u2019deki Karmel Da\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131 eteklerindeki bir ma\u011fara \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcnde, t\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn Afrika\u2019y\u0131 terk eden ilk modern \u00f6rneklerinden biri olabilecek kadim bir insan\u0131n \u00e7enekemi\u011fini buldular. Eski insanlar Akdeniz yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bulunan bu b\u00fcy\u00fck ma\u011farada tav\u015fan, kaplumba\u011fa, deveku\u015fu yumurtas\u0131 pi\u015firdiler ve \u00e7akmakta\u015f\u0131ndan yontulmu\u015f ta\u015f aletler yapt\u0131lar. E\u011fer ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar \u00e7enenin ve aletlerin tarihlemesini 177.000\u2019den 194.000 y\u0131la \u00e7ekerlerse, bu modern insan\u0131n Afrika\u2019y\u0131 san\u0131landan 40.000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce terk etti\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelecek. Bulgular, t\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn ne zaman ve nas\u0131l ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve ilk insanlar\u0131n Afrika\u2019y\u0131 ka\u00e7 koldan terk etti\u011fine dair yeni sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furabilir.<\/p>\n
Bundan \u00f6nce Afrika d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki en eski modern insan fosilleri, 80.000 ila 120.000 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131na tarihlenen Karmel Da\u011f\u0131\u2019ndaki Skhul ve\u00a0 Qafzeh Ma\u011faras\u0131\u2019nda bulundu. Fakat ge\u00e7en y\u0131l Fas\u2019ta bulunan bir kafatas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan tarihlemeye g\u00f6re, t\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz yakla\u015f\u0131k 300.000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.\u00a0 Baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar Ortado\u011fu, Arabistan ve \u00c7in\u2019deki ta\u015f aletler ve b\u00f6l\u00fck p\u00f6r\u00e7\u00fck fosillerden yola \u00e7\u0131karak Afrika\u2019dan erken bir g\u00f6\u00e7 oldu\u011funu iddia etti. Fakat Afrika d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f insan fosillerinin g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde tarihlenmesinin eksikli\u011fi de s\u00f6z konusu.<\/p>\n
Science<\/em> dergisinde konu edilen \u00fcst \u00e7enekemi\u011fi, 2002 y\u0131l\u0131nda Misilya Ma\u011faras\u0131\u2019n\u0131n zemininde kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yapan \u00f6\u011frenciler taraf\u0131ndan ke\u015ffedildi. \u00c7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015f ma\u011faran\u0131n i\u00e7indeki kal\u0131nt\u0131lar \u0130srail, Haifa\u2019n\u0131n 12 kilometre g\u00fcneyinde, Karmel Da\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131 eteklerinde kayal\u0131klara g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar sol taraf\u0131nda eksiksiz bir di\u015f dizisi i\u00e7eren \u00fcst \u00e7enekemi\u011fine ilk bak\u0131\u015fta onun Homo sapiens<\/em>\u2019e ait oldu\u011funu anlad\u0131lar. K\u00f6pek di\u015fleri ve di\u011fer di\u015fleri Skhul ve Qafzeh\u2019deki modern insanlar\u0131n di\u015flerine benziyordu ve bu \u00f6zellik Neandertellerde yoktu.<\/p>\n Haifa \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Mina Evron, \u00e7enekemi\u011finin, binlerce \u201cm\u00fcze de\u011ferinde\u201d elbaltas\u0131 ve ta\u015f aletlerle ayn\u0131 tortul tabakas\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi. Aletler, Levallois teknolojisi ad\u0131 verilen, soyut d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeyi gerektiren sofistike bir y\u00f6ntemle yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar y\u00f6ntemin Homo sapiens <\/em>taraf\u0131ndan icat edildi\u011fini ve varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve ilk izlerinin Afrika\u2019n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan geldi\u011finin i\u015faret\u00e7isi olabilece\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n \u00dc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 ekip birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak, mineral tanelerinin ne kadar zaman \u00f6nce \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa maruz kald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen, uranyum izotop bozunmas\u0131 ve birka\u00e7 l\u00fcminesans metodunu kullanarak bulgular\u0131 tarihlendirdi. \u0130srail\u2019de Levallois tarz\u0131 ile 140.000 ile 250.000 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131na tarihlenen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada oldu\u011fu gibi, yanm\u0131\u015f ta\u015ftan aletleri de 179.000 y\u0131l (art\u0131-eksi 48.000 y\u0131l) \u00f6ncesine tarihlediler. Ayn\u0131 zamanda di\u015fteki bir k\u0131ym\u0131\u011f\u0131 174.000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine tarihlediler ve \u00fcst\u00e7enede yap\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir tortunun en az 185.000 ya\u015f\u0131nda oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylediler.<\/p>\n Uzmanlar aletler \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan tarihlendirmelerin sa\u011flam g\u00f6z\u00fckt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Fakat fosillerin tarihlendirmesine dair birka\u00e7 soru i\u015fareti var. Bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 yazarlar\u0131n \u00e7enekemi\u011finin \u00fc\u00e7 kez bilgisayarl\u0131 tomografiyle tarand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazmas\u0131 ve x-ray\u2019in di\u015f minesi i\u00e7inde s\u0131k\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f radyasyonu etkileyip l\u00fcminesans metoduyla elde edilen tarihleri \u00e7arpt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fidir. Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k\u2019taki Southampton \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden uranyum tarihleme uzman\u0131 Alistair Pike, \u00e7enekemi\u011finin \u00fcst\u00fcndeki \u201cpisliklerle a\u011f\u0131r bir \u015fekilde kirletilmi\u015f\u201d tabakaya dikkat \u00e7ekiyor. Kaliforniya\u2019daki Berkeley Jeokronoloji Merkezi\u2019nden jeokronolog Warren Sharp, 70.000 y\u0131ldan daha \u00f6ncesine dayanan bozulman\u0131n, kabuktaki radyometrik tarihleri sapt\u0131rabilece\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. O ve di\u011ferleri, kemi\u011fin sonradan, alet ta\u015f\u0131yan katmana kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011finden dolay\u0131 kemi\u011fin yan\u0131ndaki aletlere g\u00fcvenmenin problemli oldu\u011funa dikkat \u00e7ekiyor.<\/p>\n Ekip \u00f6zenle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kontroll\u00fc kaz\u0131n\u0131n, ara\u00e7lar\u0131n ve fosillerin ayn\u0131 tabakaya ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla zamana s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirterek tarihlemelerin do\u011frulu\u011funu savunuyor.<\/p>\n Bulgulardan yola \u00e7\u0131karak modern insanlar\u0131n s\u00fcrekli bir \u015fekilde Afrika\u2019dan Ortado\u011fu\u2019ya \u00e7oklu gruplar halinde g\u00f6\u00e7 etti\u011fini s\u00f6yleyen Jena, Almanya\u2019daki \u0130nsan Tarihi Bilimi Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nden arkeolog Michael Petraglia, e\u011fer tarihler do\u011fruysa bunun \u201cdudak u\u00e7uklat\u0131c\u0131\u201d oldu\u011funu belirtiyor. Yeni bulgularla ilgilenmeyen Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k\u2019taki Cambridge \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden paleoantropolog Marta Mirazon Lahr ise modern insanlar\u0131n 240.000 ila 190.000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, iklim daha nemliyken Afrika\u2019dan t\u00fcremi\u015f, fakat iklim tekrar kurakla\u015f\u0131nca yok olmu\u015f olabileceklerini belirtiyor.<\/p>\n Bulu\u015fun, atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n san\u0131landan \u00e7ok daha erken bir tarihte ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyen \u0130srail\u2019deki Tel Aviv \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden fiziksel antropolog ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n yazarlar\u0131ndan Israel Hershkovitz ise izlerin \u00e7ok daha eskilere bile gidebilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor. \u201cE\u011fer t\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz 200.000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce \u0130srail\u2019deyse, bu t\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn sadece 300.000 ya\u015f\u0131nda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7ok daha ya\u015fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar \u0130srail\u2019deki Karmel Da\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131 eteklerindeki bir ma\u011fara \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcnde, t\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn Afrika\u2019y\u0131 terk eden ilk modern \u00f6rneklerinden biri olabilecek kadim bir insan\u0131n \u00e7enekemi\u011fini buldular. Eski insanlar Akdeniz yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bulunan bu b\u00fcy\u00fck ma\u011farada tav\u015fan, kaplumba\u011fa, deveku\u015fu yumurtas\u0131 pi\u015firdiler ve \u00e7akmakta\u015f\u0131ndan yontulmu\u015f ta\u015f aletler yapt\u0131lar. E\u011fer ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar \u00e7enenin ve aletlerin tarihlemesini 177.000\u2019den 194.000 y\u0131la \u00e7ekerlerse, bu modern insan\u0131n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1290,"featured_media":21562,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[211,19,32],"tags":[2605,497,1049],"class_list":["post-21561","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-antropoloji","category-bilim-gundemi","category-evrim","tag-afrikadan-ilk-cikis","tag-homo-sapiens","tag-insanin-evrimi"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21561","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1290"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21561"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21561\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21562"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21561"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21561"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21561"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}