{"id":21710,"date":"2018-03-14T11:59:06","date_gmt":"2018-03-14T08:59:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=21710"},"modified":"2018-03-14T16:22:33","modified_gmt":"2018-03-14T13:22:33","slug":"stephen-hawking-76-yasinda-aramizdan-ayrildi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/03\/14\/stephen-hawking-76-yasinda-aramizdan-ayrildi","title":{"rendered":"Stephen Hawking 76 ya\u015f\u0131nda aram\u0131zdan ayr\u0131ld\u0131…"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00dcnl\u00fc teorik fizik\u00e7i ve kozmolog Stephen William Hawking, bug\u00fcn, 14 Mart 2018’de, 76 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken aram\u0131zdan ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Genel g\u00f6relilik ve kuantum alan teorilerinin sonucu olarak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck karadeliklerin radyasyon yayarak yok olaca\u011f\u0131na dair teorisi en iyi bilinen bulu\u015fudur. Hawking, \u00f6zelde fizi\u011fi, genelde bilimi pop\u00fclerle\u015ftiren insanlardan biriydi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Stephen Hawking 8 Ocak 1942\u2019de \u0130ngiltere Oxford\u2019da do\u011fdu. St. Albans Okulu\u2019ndan sonra Oxford\u2019daki Trinity College\u2019da \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6rd\u00fc. \u00c7ocuklu\u011fundan beri matemati\u011fi \u00e7ok seviyordu, fakat \u00fcniversitede fizik e\u011fitimi ald\u0131. \u00dc\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra do\u011fa bilimlerinde birinci s\u0131n\u0131f onur madalyas\u0131yla \u00f6d\u00fcllendirildi. Hawking daha sonra\u00a0kozmoloji<\/a>\u00a0(evrenbilim) \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak \u00fczere\u00a0Cambridge<\/a>\u2019e gitti. O zamanlar Oxford\u2019da\u00a0evrenbilimi<\/a>\u00a0\u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yoktu. Doktoras\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131ktan sonra ilk \u00f6nce ara\u015ft\u0131rma asistan\u0131, daha sonra\u00a0Gonville and Caius College<\/a>\u2019de profes\u00f6r asistan\u0131 oldu.<\/span><\/p>\n

1973<\/a>\u2019de\u00a0G\u00f6kbilim<\/a>\u00a0Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nden ayr\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra Hawking,\u00a0uygulamal\u0131 matematik<\/a>\u00a0ve\u00a0kuramsal fizik<\/a>\u00a0b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne ge\u00e7ti. 1979<\/a>\u2019dan sonra Cambridge Matematik B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019nde\u00a0Lucasian matematik profes\u00f6r\u00fc<\/a>\u00a0oldu. Bu profes\u00f6rl\u00fck 1663 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fcniversite parlamento \u00fcyesi olan\u00a0Henry Lucas<\/a>\u00a0taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftu. \u0130lk olarak\u00a0Isaac Barrow<\/a>\u00a0sonra\u00a01669<\/a>\u2019da\u00a0Isaac Newton<\/a>\u2019a verilmi\u015fti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hawking, evrenin temel prensipleri \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\u00a0Roger Penrose<\/a>\u00a0ile birlikte\u00a0Einstein<\/a>\u2019\u0131n uzay ve zaman\u0131 kapsayan\u00a0genel g\u00f6relilik kuram\u0131n\u0131n<\/a>,\u00a0B\u00fcy\u00fck Patlama\u2019yla ba\u015flay\u0131p\u00a0karadeliklerle<\/a>\u00a0sonland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi. Bu sonu\u00e7\u00a0kuantum mekani\u011fi<\/a>\u00a0ile genel g\u00f6relilik kuram\u0131n\u0131n birle\u015ftirilmesi gerekti\u011fini ortaya koyuyordu. Bu 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck bulu\u015flar\u0131ndan biriydi. Bu birle\u015fmenin bir sonucu da karadeliklerin asl\u0131nda tamamen kara olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, fakat\u00a0radyasyon<\/a>\u00a0yay\u0131p buharla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez olduklar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyuyordu. Di\u011fer bir sonu\u00e7 da evrenin bir sonu ve s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fuydu. Bu da evrenin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n tamamen bilimsel kurallar \u00e7ercevesinde meydana geldi\u011fi anlam\u0131na geliyordu.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
Hawking yer\u00e7ekimsiz ortam\u0131 deneyimlerken.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Hawking 1960\u2019\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, 21 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken tedavisi bulunmayan bir hastal\u0131k olan amyotrofik lateral skleroza (ALS) yakaland\u0131. Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n giderek a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fan etkisine kar\u015f\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. Motor n\u00f6ronlar\u0131n zamanla y\u00fczde seksenini \u00f6ld\u00fcrerek sinir sistemini fel\u00e7 eden, ancak beynin zihinsel faaliyetlerine dokunmayan bu hastal\u0131k, Hawking\u2019i\u00a0tekerlekli sandalyede<\/a> ya\u015famaya mahk\u00fbm etti. \u00dcnl\u00fc biliminsan\u0131,\u00a01985<\/a>\u00a0y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana sesini de yitirmi\u015f oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, koltu\u011funa yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f, yaz\u0131lar\u0131 sese d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrebilen\u00a0bilgisayar\u0131<\/a>\u00a0sayesinde insanlarla ileti\u015fim kurabiliyordu. \u015eu anda Hawking, bilimsel u\u011fra\u015flar\u0131nda ve g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fant\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7evresinden\u00a0b\u00fcy\u00fck destek almaktad\u0131r. Konu\u015fmak istedi\u011fi anda, elindeki elektronik aleti s\u0131karak,\u00a0sandalyesine<\/a>\u00a0ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00f6zel bilgisayar\u0131n\u0131n ekran\u0131na, dakikada ortalama 10 kelimeyi s\u0131ralayabilmektedir. Bu sessiz dehan\u0131n, \u00f6zel bilgisayar\u0131n\u0131n haf\u0131zas\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 2600 kelime bulunmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece herhangi bir kelimeyi s\u00f6ylemek istedi\u011finde ekrana yazabilmektedir. Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131\u00a0insanlar\u0131n<\/a>\u00a0konu\u015fmalar\u0131nda kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 kelime say\u0131s\u0131 da 2500 civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Hawking, kendini ifade etmede kelime s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ekmemektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Stephen Hawking kuantum fizi\u011fi ve kara deliklerle ilgili iddialar\u0131yla, ya\u015fayan biliminsanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda d\u00fcnyada en \u00e7ok tan\u0131nan isimdi. Kitaplar\u0131, 40 dile \u00e7evrildi; evrenle ilgili \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131n teorik bilgilerini pop\u00fcler hale getirmek i\u00e7in gereken maddi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flayacak ve Cambridge \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ndeki Uygulamal\u0131 Matematik ve Teorik Fizik Laboratuvar\u0131’n\u0131 geli\u015ftirecek kadar da \u00e7ok satm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"Son kitaplar\u0131ndan Ceviz Kabu\u011fundaki Evren<\/em>\u2019de (The Universe in a Nutshell<\/a><\/em>), d\u00fcnyan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir felaketle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalabilece\u011fini belirterek uzayda\u00a0insan<\/a>\u00a0kolonileri kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirmi\u015fti.\u00a0Zaman\u0131n K\u0131sa Tarihi: B\u00fcy\u00fck Patlamadan Karadeliklere<\/a><\/em> (A Brief History of Time<\/a><\/em>) kitab\u0131, milyonlarca satm\u0131\u015f, fenomen haline gelmi\u015f ve Hawking\u2019i d\u00fcnyaca bilinir hale getirmi\u015f eseridir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ceviz Kabu\u011fundaki Evren<\/em> kitab\u0131nda Hawking, g\u00f6relilik kuram\u0131ndan zaman yolculu\u011funa, s\u00fcper k\u00fctle \u00e7ekiminden s\u00fcpersimetriye, kuantum teorisinden\u00a0M-kuram\u0131<\/a>na kadar evrenin bilinen en k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 s\u0131rlar\u0131na kap\u0131 aralamakta, Einstein\u2019in genel g\u00f6relilik kuram\u0131 ile\u00a0Richard Feynman\u2019\u0131n<\/a>\u00a0\u00e7oklu ge\u00e7mi\u015f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini birle\u015ftirerek evrende olup bitenleri tan\u0131mlayabilecek eksiksiz ve tek bir teori geli\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kitaplar\u0131nda genellikle bir \u201cyaratan\u201d\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 reddeden Stephen Hawking, kainat\u0131n yarat\u0131m s\u00fcrecinde, \u2018Tanr\u0131<\/a>\u2019 kavram\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da net bir dille ifade eder.<\/span><\/p>\n

Stephen Hawking, Einstein\u2019dan bu yana d\u00fcnyaya gelen en parlak teorik fizik\u00e7i olarak kabul edilmekteydi. 12 onur \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1982\u2019de\u00a0CBE<\/a>\u00a0ile \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilmi\u015f, bundan ba\u015fka bir\u00e7ok madalya ve \u00f6d\u00fcl alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0Royal Society\u2019nin<\/a>\u00a0ve National Academy of Sciences (Amerikan Ulusal Bilimler Akademisi<\/a>) \u00fcyesidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Stephen Hawking hakk\u0131nda, birisi kendisi taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nan \u00e7ok say\u0131da biyografi yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Gene ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 konu alan \u00e7ok say\u0131da film, belgesel \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir: Stephen Hawking’s Universe<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(1997), Hawking<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(2004), A Brief History of Time<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(1991) ve en son Her \u015eeyin Teorisi<\/em> (The Theory of Everything<\/em>) bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. Big Bang Theory<\/em>, The Simpsons<\/em>, Futurama,<\/em> Hawking\u2019in bizzat sesiyle ve\/ya g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcyle kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 dizilerden sadece birka\u00e7\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00dcnl\u00fc teorik fizik\u00e7i ve kozmolog Stephen William Hawking, bug\u00fcn, 14 Mart 2018’de, 76 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken aram\u0131zdan ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Genel g\u00f6relilik ve kuantum alan teorilerinin sonucu olarak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck karadeliklerin radyasyon yayarak yok olaca\u011f\u0131na dair teorisi en iyi bilinen bulu\u015fudur. Hawking, \u00f6zelde fizi\u011fi, genelde bilimi pop\u00fclerle\u015ftiren insanlardan biriydi. Stephen Hawking 8 Ocak 1942\u2019de \u0130ngiltere Oxford\u2019da do\u011fdu. St. Albans Okulu\u2019ndan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":21715,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[30,19,26,235],"tags":[2631,766,2629,2630],"class_list":["post-21710","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-astronomi","category-bilim-gundemi","category-fizik","category-guncel","tag-her-seyin-teorisi","tag-kara-delik","tag-stephen-hawking","tag-zamanin-kisa-tarihi"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t