{"id":21776,"date":"2015-04-01T12:39:46","date_gmt":"2015-04-01T09:39:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=21776"},"modified":"2018-03-15T12:57:28","modified_gmt":"2018-03-15T09:57:28","slug":"bilisim-dunyasinin-karanlik-yuzu-uluslararasi-dijital-isbolumu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2015\/04\/01\/bilisim-dunyasinin-karanlik-yuzu-uluslararasi-dijital-isbolumu","title":{"rendered":"Bili\u015fim d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n karanl\u0131k y\u00fcz\u00fc: Uluslararas\u0131 dijital i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130tiraf etmek gerekirse Fuchs\u2019un kitab\u0131n\u0131 okuyana kadar E\u0130T (Enformasyon ve \u0130leti\u015fim Teknolojileri)\u2019lerde kullan\u0131lan madenleri hi\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemi\u015ftim. Foxconn\u2019daki intiharlar\u0131 biliyordum, ama Silikon Vadisi\u2019ndeki farkl\u0131 d\u00fcnyalardan habersizdim. A\u00e7l\u0131k ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc bu kadar yo\u011funken E\u0130T \u00fczerine kurulu \u00fctopyalar\u0131 tekrar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemiz gerekiyor. E\u0130T, kime, ne getirmi\u015ftir? UD\u0130 (Uluslararas\u0131 Dijital \u0130\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc) \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yine yoksullar daha yoksulla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, zenginler daha \u00e7ok zenginle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/em><\/p>\n

Brecht\u2019in okuyan i\u015f\u00e7isi sorar:<\/p>\n

\u201cYedi kap\u0131l\u0131 Thebai \u015fehrini kuran kim?
\n<\/em>Kitaplar yaln\u0131z, krallar\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 yaz\u0131yor,
\n<\/em>yoksa krallar m\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131 kayalar\u0131?<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

Ama biz sormay\u0131z. Bilgisayarlar\u0131m\u0131z, yaz\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z, ak\u0131ll\u0131 telefonlar\u0131m\u0131z, tabletlerimiz… Her g\u00fcn kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin kimler taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretildi\u011fini bilmeyiz. Daha k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fc bilmedi\u011fimizi de bilmeyiz. S\u00f6z konusu \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin kimler taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretildi\u011fi soruldu\u011funda akl\u0131m\u0131za sadece markalar\u0131 gelir: HP, Apple, Samsung, LG, IBM, Acer, Asus, Dell, Sony vs\u2026 Haks\u0131zl\u0131k yapmayal\u0131m, Apple yerine Steve Jobs diyenlerimiz de vard\u0131r. Sol yan\u0131m\u0131z bast\u0131r\u0131r, biraz daha insafl\u0131 davran\u0131rsak ezberimizi konu\u015fturur HP \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131<\/strong>, Apple \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131<\/strong>, Samsung \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131<\/strong> deriz.<\/p>\n

\"\"\u00dcr\u00fcnlere marka kimli\u011fini veren ve onlar\u0131 son kullan\u0131c\u0131ya sunan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firketler, buzda\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnen k\u0131sm\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak bili\u015fim teknolojilerini olu\u015fturan CPU, RAM, kasa, pil, kablo, ekran, klavye, pil, disk gibi bile\u015fenlerin \u00fcretimi karma\u015f\u0131k emek s\u00fcre\u00e7leri \u00fczerine kuruludur. Minerallerin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131, donan\u0131m imalat\u0131 ve montaj\u0131, yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftirme ve sat\u0131\u015f sonras\u0131 destek farkl\u0131, birbirini tamamlayan emek s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine gereksinim duyar. Christian Fuchs, \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki ay Notabene Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019ndan T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00e7evirisi yay\u0131mlanacak olan Dijital Emek ve Karl Marx <\/em>(Digital Labour and Karl Marx) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6rneklerle bu emek s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini inceliyor ve bili\u015fim d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n pek bilinmeyen karanl\u0131k y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seriyor.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6rmek ve bakmak farkl\u0131 \u015feylerdir.<\/p>\n

Hayata egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n g\u00f6zl\u00fckleriyle bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda ger\u00e7ekte var olan\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ya da eksik g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki emek s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin tedarik zinciri<\/strong> ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 buna g\u00fczel bir \u00f6rnektir. Fuchs\u2019un da alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdi\u011fi gibi tedarik zinciri son y\u0131llar\u0131n pop\u00fcler terimlerinden biridir. Terim, bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn tasar\u0131m, \u00fcretim, pazarlama, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m ve destek a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r. Bili\u015fim teknolojilerindeki tedarik zinciri ise a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki halkalar\u0131 i\u00e7erir:<\/p>\n

– Temin etme.
\n– Donan\u0131m, \u00e7evre birimi, yaz\u0131l\u0131m, i\u015fletim sistemi imalat\u0131.
\n– Sat\u0131\u015f.
\n– Sat\u0131\u015f sonras\u0131 destek.<\/p>\n

Fuchs, tedarik zincirinin temel sorununun meta \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecine odaklan\u0131p \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131f ili\u015fkilerini g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmesi oldu\u011funu belirtir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, tedarik zincirinin yerine UD\u0130 (Uluslararas\u0131 Dijital \u0130\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc) kavram\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nerir. UD\u0130, s\u0131n\u0131f ili\u015fkilerine ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 vurguyla daha a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve sunar. UD\u0130, tedarik zinciri yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n aksine zincirin olu\u015fumunu \u00fcretimin ulus\u00f6tesi yeniden \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi ve \u015firketlerin \u00fcretimi emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn ucuz oldu\u011fu yerlere kayd\u0131rmas\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirir; buralardaki s\u0131n\u0131f ili\u015fkilerini tart\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tedarik zincirinden sonra Fuchs\u2019un di\u011fer ele\u015ftirisi ise toplumlar\u0131n tarihsel geli\u015fim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin \u00e7izgisel olarak ele al\u0131nmas\u0131nad\u0131r. Tarihsel geli\u015fim s\u00fcrecini, birbirini takip eden d\u00f6nemlere ay\u0131ran yakla\u015f\u0131mlara g\u00f6re insanl\u0131k s\u0131ras\u0131yla ataerkil, k\u00f6leci ve feodal d\u00f6nemlerden ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir; kom\u00fcnizm ise i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz kapitalist d\u00f6nemi takip edecektir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, bir \u00fcretim tarz\u0131ndan di\u011ferine ge\u00e7i\u015fler vard\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na yaln\u0131z solda de\u011fil, liberallerin bili\u015fim toplumu kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda da rastlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. \u201c\u0130nsanl\u0131k, s\u0131ras\u0131yla tar\u0131m toplumunu ve sanayi toplumunu ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eimdi de enformasyon toplumunday\u0131z\u201d denilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Fuchs, tarihsel d\u00f6nemler aras\u0131ndaki ge\u00e7i\u015flerin \u00e7izgisel de\u011fil diyalektik oldu\u011funu, her yeni d\u00f6nemin \u00f6ncekini i\u00e7erdi\u011fini savunur. Yeni bir d\u00f6nem, \u00f6ncekinin yerini al\u0131rken onu tamamen ortadan kald\u0131rmaz. Hegelci mant\u0131k \u00e7evresinde, ilk ba\u015fta ekonominin yeni nitelikleri belirmekte, \u00f6nceki \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n hakimiyeti kaybolmakta ama eski, yeni \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde spesifik ve yeni tarzla ili\u015fkili bir bi\u00e7imde varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, kapitalizm ataerkilli\u011fe son vermemi\u015f, ataerkillik emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yeniden \u00fcretimindeki rol\u00fcyle kapitalizm i\u00e7inde de varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Enformasyon ve \u0130leti\u015fim Teknolojileri (E\u0130T) \u00fcr\u00fcnleri i\u00e7in gerekli olan minerallerin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer Afrika\u2019d\u0131r. Telefonlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n o parlak ekranlar\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli mineraller s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ve \u015fiddetin \u00fcst d\u00fczeyde oldu\u011fu k\u00f6lelik ko\u015fullar\u0131nda elde edilir. (Sebastiao Salgado\u2019nun bir foto\u011fraf\u0131)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Fuchs, UD\u0130\u2019nin kapitalizmle iki yoldan eklemlendi\u011fini belirtir. Birincisi, \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7ler d\u00fczeyinde, farkl\u0131 emek t\u00fcrleri (tar\u0131msal, end\u00fcstriyel, enformasyonel, \u00fccretli, \u00fccreti \u00f6denmeyen) k\u00fcresel d\u00fczeyde bir araya getirilir. \u0130kincisi, k\u00e2r\u0131 \u00fccretleri k\u0131sarak art\u0131rabilmek i\u00e7in, \u00fcretimin belirli ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvencesizle\u015ftirildi\u011fi yerlere ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu yerlerdeki kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri, kapitalizm \u00f6ncesi \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri ile bir arada bulunur.<\/p>\n

Fuchs, bizi UD\u0130\u2019de bir gezintiye \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk dura\u011f\u0131m\u0131z, E\u0130T (Enformasyon ve \u0130leti\u015fim Teknolojileri) \u00fcr\u00fcnleri i\u00e7in gerekli olan minerallerin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Afrika\u2019d\u0131r. Telefonlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n o parlak ekranlar\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli mineraller s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ve \u015fiddetin \u00fcst d\u00fczeyde oldu\u011fu k\u00f6lelik ko\u015fullar\u0131nda elde edilir. Burada k\u00f6lelik mecazen de\u011fil, ger\u00e7ek anlam\u0131yla kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Daha sonra, ak\u0131ll\u0131 telefonlar\u0131n \u00fcretildi\u011fi Foxconn\u2019a gidece\u011fiz. Bir\u00e7ok \u015firket, \u00fcretimini emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn ucuz ve g\u00fcvencesiz oldu\u011fu yerlere kayd\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Yeni \u00e7\u0131kan iPhone\u2019lara bir an \u00f6nce kavu\u015fmak i\u00e7in ma\u011fazalar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde kuyru\u011fa girenlerin haberlerini okuruz. Ama o telefonlar\u0131 sat\u0131\u015fa yeti\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in geceli g\u00fcnd\u00fczl\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan i\u015f\u00e7ilere dair haberlere pek rastlanmaz.<\/p>\n

Yaln\u0131z T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de\u011fil, d\u00fcnyada da yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftirenlerin \u00fccretleri bili\u015fim sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki di\u011fer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlardan daha y\u00fcksektir. Hindistan i\u00e7in de ayn\u0131 durum s\u00f6z konusudur; yaz\u0131l\u0131m m\u00fchendisleri daha y\u00fcksek \u00fccretler al\u0131r. Fakat di\u011fer \u00fclkelerdeki meslekta\u015flar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00fccretleri \u00e7ok daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Bu nedenle, yaz\u0131l\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki baz\u0131 i\u015fler Hintli yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lara yapt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Silikon Vadisi, bili\u015fim sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn merkezi konumundad\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok yenilik Silikon Vadisi\u2019nden d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131l\u0131r. Silikon Vadisi denilince de ilk akla gelen beyaz yakal\u0131 m\u00fchendisler olmaktad\u0131r. S\u0131k s\u0131k Google\u2019\u0131n \u201cr\u00fcya gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131\u201d hakk\u0131nda haberler \u00e7\u0131kar. (http:\/\/www.sabah.com.tr\/ekonomi\/2010\/12\/18\/google_boyle_calisiyor, http:\/\/www.fortuneturkey.com\/fotograf\/2015te-calisilacak-en-iyi-20-sirket-5725). Fuchs, \u201cdijital emek aristokrasisinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan Google m\u00fchendislerinin r\u00fcya gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresini (dolay\u0131s\u0131yla art\u0131 de\u011feri) art\u0131rman\u0131n bir yolu oldu\u011funu belirtmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca Silikon Vadisi \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 d\u00fcnyalar i\u00e7erir. Burada son derece sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131z ko\u015fullarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan i\u015f\u00e7iler ve ailecek par\u00e7a ba\u015f\u0131 i\u015f yapan g\u00f6\u00e7menler de vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Son olarak da \u015firket i\u00e7i g\u00f6zetimin ve g\u00fcvencesizli\u011fin \u00fcst seviyelerde oldu\u011fu \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezlerinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 incelenecek. (1)<\/p>\n

\"\"
Foxconn gibi \u015firketler k\u00f6ylerinden kopart\u0131lan ve emek g\u00fc\u00e7lerini satarak ya\u015famaya mecbur b\u0131rak\u0131lan \u00c7inli i\u015f\u00e7ileri \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bili\u015fim teknolojileri i\u00e7in gerekli madenler<\/strong><\/p>\n

2012 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n A\u011fustos ay\u0131nda G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019daki Marikana platin madenindeki i\u015f\u00e7iler, daha y\u00fcksek \u00fccret talebiyle greve gider. Polis 34 madenciyi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr, \u00e7ok say\u0131da madenciyi yaralar. BBC<\/em>, The Guardian<\/em>, The NewYork Times<\/em> gibi yay\u0131n organlar\u0131nda yer alan haberlerde polis \u015fiddetine odaklan\u0131l\u0131r. Ama greve konu olan madenin, platinin, E\u0130T ile ilgili oldu\u011fu g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilir. Platin, hard disklerin \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in gerekli bir madendir; hard disk ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n %35\u2019ini olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

E\u0130T \u00fcr\u00fcnleri i\u00e7in gerekli madenlerin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelere bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda Afrika\u2019n\u0131n madenler y\u00f6n\u00fcnden zengin oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Maden<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00dcretici \u00fclke<\/strong><\/td>\nBT end\u00fcstrisinde kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/td>\nEn b\u00fcy\u00fck ithalat\u00e7\u0131<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Berilyum<\/td>\nABD, Mozambik, \u00c7in<\/td>\nBilgisayarlar, cep telefonlar\u0131<\/td>\nRusya, Kazakistan, Japonya, Kenya<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kobalt<\/td>\nDemokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti (DKC), Avustralya, Rusya, Yeni Kaledonya, Zambiya, Kanada<\/td>\nDiz\u00fcst\u00fc bilgisayarlardaki bateriler, cep telefonlar\u0131, mp3 \u00e7alarlar, dijital kameralar, hard disk kaplama, kulakl\u0131k<\/td>\n\u00c7in, Norve\u00e7, Rusya, Kanada<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Galyum<\/td>\n\u00c7in, Japonya, Almanya, Ukrayna<\/td>\nMobil telefonlar<\/td>\nAlmanya, Kanada, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k, \u00c7in<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0130ndiyum<\/td>\n\u00c7in, Kore Cumhuriyeti, Japonya, Kanada, Bel\u00e7ika, Brezilya<\/td>\nDiz\u00fcst\u00fc bilgisayarlar, d\u00fcz ekranlar, cep telefonlar\u0131<\/td>\n\u00c7in, Kanada, Japonya, Bel\u00e7ika<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Paladyum<\/td>\nRusya, G\u00fcney Afrika, Kanada, ABD, Zimbabve<\/td>\nMobil telefonlar, kapasit\u00f6rler, bilgisayarlar<\/td>\nRusya, G\u00fcney Afrika, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k, Norve\u00e7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Platin<\/td>\nG\u00fcney Afrika, Rusya, Kanada, Zimbabve<\/td>\nHard diskler<\/td>\nAlmanya, G\u00fcney Afrika, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k, Kanada<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nadir element<\/td>\n\u00c7in, Hindistan, Brezilya, Malezya<\/td>\nCep telefonlar\u0131, diz\u00fcst\u00fc bilgisayarlar, dijital kameralar<\/td>\n\u00c7in, Fransa, Estonya, Japonya<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tantal \/ Koltan<\/td>\nAvustralya, Brezilya, DKC, Ruanda, Mozambik, Kanada<\/td>\nCep telefonlar\u0131, dijital kameralar ve \u00e7e\u015fitli alanlarda kullan\u0131lan kapasit\u00f6rler<\/td>\nBrezilya, Kanada, Almanya, Rusya<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bak\u0131r<\/td>\n\u00c7in, Endonezya, Peru, Bolivya, Brezilya, DKC, Vietnam<\/td>\nBas\u0131l\u0131 devre kartlar\u0131, bilgisayarlarda kullan\u0131lan lehim, mobil telefonlar, mp3 \u00e7alarlar, oyun konsollar\u0131<\/td>\nPeru, Bolivya, Endonezya, \u00c7in<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Bili\u015fim teknolojilerinin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131yla beraber yukar\u0131da belirtilen madenlere y\u00f6nelik talep de artm\u0131\u015f, sermaye emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn ucuz oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelere, \u00f6zellikle Afrika \u00fclkelerine y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir. Ama Fuchs bu y\u00f6nelimin Afrika \u00fclkeleri i\u00e7in olumlu sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Afrika \u00fclkeleri tedarik zincirinin en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck halkas\u0131d\u0131r. E\u0130T \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinden elde edilen zenginlikten pay almak bir yana insanlar k\u00f6lelik ko\u015fullar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130nsanlar \u00f6l\u00fcmle tehdit edilip madenlerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya zorlanmakta ve \u00e7e\u015fitli i\u015fkencelere maruz kalmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n zorla evlendirilmesi veya fahi\u015feli\u011fe zorlanmas\u0131 yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kongolular, salongo<\/strong> adl\u0131 bir sistemle haftan\u0131n belirli bir g\u00fcn\u00fc Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti Ordusu\u2019nun yetkilileri i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya zorlanmaktad\u0131r. Bu angaryan\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yine Kongo\u2019da uygulanan bir di\u011fer sistem ise madencilerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilmek i\u00e7in kontrol\u00f6rlere ve h\u00fck\u00fcmete belirli bir miktar \u00f6deme yapmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu miktar o kadar y\u00fcksektir ki, madenciler kendilerini i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131kamad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u015f ili\u015fkilerinin i\u00e7inde bulmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma \u015fartlar\u0131 \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r ve sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131zd\u0131r; bedenler d\u00f6rt-be\u015f y\u0131l sonra iflas eder. Ayr\u0131ca d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en kanl\u0131 sava\u015flar\u0131ndan biri olan, milyonlarca insan\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Hutular ve Tutsiler aras\u0131ndaki sava\u015f\u0131n nedenlerinden biri de E\u0130T i\u00e7in gerekli olan maden kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn E\u0130T\u2019den elde edilen zenginli\u011fin temelinde zorla ya da angarya ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan insanlar\u0131n eme\u011fi ve kan\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Foxconn i\u015f\u00e7ileri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rong Bo, Ma Xianqian, Li Hongliang, Tian Yu, Li Wei, Liu Zhijun, Rao Shuqin, Ning, Lu Xin, Zhu Chenming, Liang Chao, Nan Chang, Li Hai, He, Chen Lin, Liu, Liu Ming.<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da isimleri belirtilen 17 Foxconn i\u015f\u00e7isi, a\u011f\u0131r \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 nedeniyle intihar etti; 13\u2019\u00fc \u00f6ld\u00fc. \u0130ntiharlara kadar Apple \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin imalat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olan Foxconn \u015firketinin ad\u0131 pek bilinmiyordu. T\u00fcketiciler i\u00e7in iPhone, Steve Jobs\u2019tu! iPhone\u2019lar\u0131n\u0131n parlak ekran\u0131ndan Foxconn i\u015f\u00e7ilerini g\u00f6rebilmeleri imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131.<\/p>\n

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17 Foxconn i\u015f\u00e7isi, a\u011f\u0131r \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 nedeniyle intihar etti; 13\u2019\u00fc \u00f6ld\u00fc. Foxconn i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin protesto g\u00f6sterilerinden bir kare.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Peki, bu 17 i\u015f\u00e7iyi intihara s\u00fcr\u00fckleyen nedenler neydi? Bu sorunun yan\u0131t\u0131, Foxconn\u2019un ve \u00c7in\u2019in UD\u0130\u2019deki yeriyle ili\u015fkilidir.<\/p>\n

Foxconn, Tayvanl\u0131 bir \u015firkettir. \u00c7e\u015fitli elektronik cihazlar\u0131 \u00fcretir ve satar. 995000 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u015eirketin sahibi Terry Gou, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n 184. zenginidir ve Forbes\u2019\u0131n 2012 verilerine g\u00f6re serveti 5,5 milyar dolard\u0131r. iPad, iMac, iPhone ve Kindle\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00e7e\u015fitli oyun konsollar\u0131 da imal eder. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca m\u00fc\u015fterileri Apple, Dell, HP, Motorola, Nokia, Sony ve Sony Ericsson\u2019dur.<\/p>\n

\u00c7in, E\u0130T sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00f6nemli bir akt\u00f6rd\u00fcr; fakat ABD (donan\u0131m, yaz\u0131l\u0131m, yar\u0131 iletken, yaz\u0131l\u0131m hizmetleri ve telekom\u00fcnikasyon te\u00e7hizat\u0131), Tayvan (donan\u0131m) ve Japonya (t\u00fcketici elektroni\u011fi) taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edilen sekt\u00f6rde belirleyici bir rol\u00fc yoktur. Ancak montaj hatlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan ucuz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcyle do\u011frudan yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 \u00e7eker.<\/p>\n

\u0130lkel birikim, \u00fcreticiyi \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan ay\u0131ran ve sermayenin hizmetine sokan tarihsel bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir. \u00c7in\u2019de bunun bir \u00f6rne\u011fi ya\u015fanmaktad\u0131r. 2001-2005 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcmet politikalar\u0131 sonucunda 40 milyon k\u00f6yl\u00fc topraklar\u0131ndan kopart\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in \u015fehirlere gitmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle son y\u0131llarda tar\u0131m, bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve madencilik istihdam\u0131nda bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6zlemlenirken imalat ve vas\u0131fs\u0131z hizmetlerde bir istihdam art\u0131\u015f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Foxconn gibi \u015firketler k\u00f6ylerinden kopart\u0131lan ve emek g\u00fc\u00e7lerini satarak ya\u015famaya mecbur b\u0131rak\u0131lan bu i\u015f\u00e7ileri \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu \u015firketlerde, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretlerin ve zorunlu, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6denmeyen fazla mesailerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kanunlar\u0131na da uyulmaz. Vardiyalar\u0131n s\u0131k s\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fmesi, g\u00fcnde 10 saatten fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, molalar\u0131n yetersizli\u011fi, montaj hatlar\u0131ndaki monoton i\u015fler ve kullan\u0131lan kimyasal maddelerin olumsuz etkileri intiharlar hakk\u0131nda ipucu verir. Meslek lisesi \u00f6\u011frencileri okul y\u00f6netimlerinin zorlamas\u0131yla montaj hatlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Birbirini tan\u0131mayan i\u015f\u00e7iler mesai sonras\u0131nda 6-22 ki\u015filik ko\u011fu\u015flarda kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130ntihar giri\u015fiminde bulunan Tian Yu adl\u0131 gen\u00e7 k\u0131z, her g\u00fcn sabah 7\u2019den ak\u015fam 7\u2019ye kadar \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma h\u0131z\u0131ndan memnun kalmayan g\u00f6zetmenlerce azarland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, maa\u015f\u0131n\u0131 zaman\u0131nda alamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemektedir.<\/p>\n

Sipari\u015flerin teslim zaman\u0131 yakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u015fartlar\u0131 daha da a\u011f\u0131rla\u015f\u0131r. iPhone 5 sipari\u015flerini yeti\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in 30 g\u00fcn aral\u0131ks\u0131z \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; 30 g\u00fcn boyunca \u00e7al\u0131\u015f, uyu, \u00e7al\u0131\u015f… Taylorcu ilkelerin etkisi alt\u0131nda son derece kat\u0131 bir i\u015fyeri g\u00f6zetimi vard\u0131r. S\u00fcrekli yeni hedefler konmakta, i\u015f\u00e7iler daha fazla \u00fcretmeye zorlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sorun Apple ya da Foxconn ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fil. Foxconn sadece bir \u00f6rnek. AMD, Fujitsu Siemens ve Intel i\u00e7in anakartlar\u0131n, \u00e7iplerin ve grafik kartlar\u0131n\u0131n montaj\u0131n\u0131 yapan Excelsior Electronics firmas\u0131nda da benzer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 ge\u00e7erli.<\/p>\n

Foxconn\u2019daki intiharlar\u0131n artmas\u0131ndan sonra denetimler de artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu denetimler sonucunda \u00e7\u0131kan baz\u0131 ele\u015ftirel raporlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u015firketleri aklamaya y\u00f6nelik raporlar da \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Adil Emek Birli\u011fi\u2019nin (Fair Labor Association) en b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131, denetledi\u011fi \u015firketlerdir. Bu durum, do\u011fal olarak sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 da etkiler. Raporlarda, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda pembe bir tablo \u00e7izildir. En ilginci de Apple\u2019\u0131n tedarik\u00e7ileri hakk\u0131nda haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rapordur. Apple, gururla \u201chaftada en fazla 60 saat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma\u201d hedefine %92 oran\u0131nda eri\u015fildi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemektedir. Fakat uluslararas\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kanunlar\u0131nda bu s\u0131n\u0131r 48 saattir. Apple, kurals\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kural haline getirip, bundan ba\u015far\u0131 olarak s\u00f6z etmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca Apple, i\u015f\u00e7i intiharlar\u0131n\u0131 ki\u015fisel bir soruna indirgemektedir: Apple\u2019a g\u00f6re i\u015f\u00e7iler, yetersiz \u00fccretler, uzun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatleri, yetersiz beslenme ve insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 nedeniyle de\u011fil, gen\u00e7 ve cahil olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in intihar etmi\u015flerdir; psikolog yard\u0131m\u0131yla intiharlar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilebilir!<\/p>\n

Hintli yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hintli yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar, \u00c7inli montaj i\u015f\u00e7ilerine g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha kalifiyedir. Ama Hindistan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc de \u00c7in\u2019inkine benzer. Hindistan h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, 1980\u2019lerin ortas\u0131nda bilgisayar end\u00fcstrisindeki k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 d\u00fczenlemeleri kald\u0131rarak yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 \u00e7ekmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bangalore, Bhubaneswar, Pune, Madras ve Hyderabad\u2019da yaz\u0131l\u0131m teknolojisi parklar\u0131 kuruldu. Kalifiye i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc, iyi \u0130ngilizce ve \u00fccretlerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc uluslararas\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131m \u015firketlerinin i\u015ftah\u0131n\u0131 kabartt\u0131. Nas\u0131l ki \u00c7in, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretlerle donan\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u015firketlerin k\u00e2rlar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015fsa, Hindistan da yaz\u0131l\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde benzer bir rol \u00fcstlendi.<\/p>\n

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Hintli yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar. Nas\u0131l ki \u00c7in, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretlerle donan\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u015firketlerin k\u00e2rlar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015fsa, Hindistan da yaz\u0131l\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde benzer bir rol \u00fcstlendi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Hintli yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar, kalifiye ve iyi e\u011fitim alm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n UD\u0130 do\u011frultusunda yapt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u015fler niteliklerine g\u00f6re daha basittir. Uluslararas\u0131 \u015firketler, daha \u00e7ok kritik olmayan, teknolojik olarak daha basit ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck i\u015flerde d\u0131\u015f kaynak kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 tercih etmektedirler.<\/p>\n

Hintli yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar, beden al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi (body shopping) ad\u0131 verilen bir bi\u00e7imde ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan \u00fclkelere g\u00f6nderir. Beden al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi ajanslar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6revi ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 i\u015fverenle tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmakla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Vizelerin al\u0131nmas\u0131ndan konaklaman\u0131n ayarlanmas\u0131na kadar t\u00fcm i\u015fler ajanslarca halledilir. Beden al\u0131\u015fveri\u015finde yer alan bir yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131, maa\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 \u00fccret olarak ajansa verir; ajansa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r, d\u00fczenlenen kontratlarla ba\u015fka bir i\u015fte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 engellenir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, i\u015fveren ve Hintli yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 aras\u0131nda do\u011frudan bir ili\u015fki yoktur. Hintli yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lara \u00e7o\u011funlukla monoton, g\u00f6rece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretli ve Hintlilerin \u201ce\u015fek i\u015fi\u201d dedikleri basit programlama i\u015fleri yapt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci d\u0131\u015f kaynak kullan\u0131m metodu olan sanal g\u00f6\u00e7 (virtual migration) ise uzaktan \u00e7al\u0131\u015f(t\u0131r)ma ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. Yerel bir firmada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Hintli yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar ABD \u015firketlerine uzaktan hizmet edebilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Beden al\u0131\u015fveri\u015finde, yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar E\u0130T sermayesinin ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu yerlere ihra\u00e7 edilirler. B\u00f6ylece, sermayenin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re s\u00fcrekli hareket eden bir emek g\u00fcc\u00fc vard\u0131r. Sanal g\u00f6\u00e7te ise \u015firketlerin Hindistan\u2019a do\u011fru geni\u015flemesi s\u00f6z konusudur. Fuchs, her iki stratejide de \u00fccretlerden k\u0131s\u0131larak k\u00e2rlar\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir. Hintli yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n maa\u015flar\u0131, di\u011fer Hintliler ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda y\u00fcksektir. Ancak Amerikal\u0131 meslekta\u015flar\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7ok daha azd\u0131r. Amerikal\u0131 \u015firketler, Amerika\u2019da 100 dolara yapt\u0131rabilecekleri bir i\u015fi Hintli yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lara 20-30 dolara yapt\u0131rabilmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u015firketler, sadece ihtiya\u00e7 duyduklar\u0131 zaman \u00fccret verecekleri ve sosyal haklardan yoksun (sosyal g\u00fcvenlik, sa\u011fl\u0131k sigortas\u0131, i\u015fsizlik sigortas\u0131) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara kavu\u015fmu\u015f olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015f bask\u0131s\u0131, seyahatler ve teslim tarihleri i\u015f-aile dengesini olumsuz etkiler. Hintli yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma nedeniyle \u00f6zel ya\u015famlar\u0131na vakit ay\u0131ramamaktan \u015fikayet etmektedirler. G\u00fcvencesiz ve esnek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, sendikala\u015fman\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck engel y\u00f6neticilerin ve yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n (yani i\u015f\u00e7ilerin!) sendikalar\u0131n Hint kapitalizmine zarar verece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeleridir. Bat\u0131 Bengal eyaletinde, BT sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde grev yapmak yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca sendikalar, politik partilere fazlaca ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeler olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Ama en \u00f6nemlisi de Hintli yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n kendilerini i\u015f\u00e7i olarak de\u011fil, bilgi profesyonelleri olarak g\u00f6rmeleridir. Bunda \u00fccretlerinin g\u00f6receli olarak y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131 kadar i\u015fyerlerinde uygulanan yumu\u015fak y\u00f6netim (soft management) tekniklerinin de rol\u00fc vard\u0131r. Tak\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k, a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k, y\u00f6netimin hedeflerinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlarca i\u00e7selle\u015ftirilmesi, \u00f6z disiplin, kurumsal k\u00fclt\u00fcr, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel e\u011fitim programlar\u0131 vs yumu\u015fak y\u00f6netimin ana unsurlar\u0131d\u0131r. Fuchs, bunun sonucunun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar aras\u0131nda rekabet ve son derece g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir bireyselle\u015fme oldu\u011funu vurgular. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n bir yandan kendi kendini y\u00f6netmesi beklenirken di\u011fer yandan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yo\u011fun bir g\u00f6zetim alt\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hindistan\u2019da yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 i\u015fyerine daha \u00e7ok ba\u011flama y\u00f6ntemlerinden biri de i\u015fyerlerinin daha e\u011flenceli hale getirilmesidir. Google\u2019\u0131 \u00f6rnek alan bir\u00e7ok BT \u015firketi i\u015fyerlerini, spor salonlar\u0131, basketbol ve badminton sahalar\u0131, oyun alanlar\u0131 ve restoranlar i\u00e7erecek \u015fekilde yeniden tasarlamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Silikon Vadisi ve Google<\/strong><\/p>\n

Silikon Vadisi, bir\u00e7ok E\u0130T firmas\u0131na ev sahipli\u011fi yapan bir b\u00f6lgedir. 2012 verilerine g\u00f6re d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck 2000 \u015firketi aras\u0131nda Silikon Vadisi\u2019nden 21 \u015firket vard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

– Donan\u0131m: Apple, HP.<\/p>\n

– Bilgisayar hizmeti: Google, Yahoo!.<\/p>\n

– Depolama cihazlar\u0131: SanDisk, NetApp.<\/p>\n

– \u0130nternet\u2019te perakende sat\u0131\u015f: eBay.<\/p>\n

– Yar\u0131 iletken: Intel, Applied Materials, Altera, KLA-Tencor, Nvidia, Advanced Micro Devices, Xilinx, Maxim Integrated Products, Linear Technology.<\/p>\n

– Yaz\u0131l\u0131m: Oracle, Symantec, VMWare, Adobe Systems, Intuit.<\/p>\n

Silikon Vadisi\u2019nin d\u00fcnyan\u0131n teknoloji merkezi haline gelmesinin temelinde ABD Savunma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n So\u011fuk Sava\u015f d\u00f6neminde ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve geli\u015ftirme faaliyetleri i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar vard\u0131r. Yine 2012 verilerine g\u00f6re donan\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki k\u00e2rlar\u0131n %84,9\u2019u, bilgisayar hizmetlerindekinin %26,2\u2019si, depolama cihazlar\u0131ndakinin %26,2\u2019si, \u0130nternet\u2019te perakende sat\u0131\u015flardan elde edilenin %68,1\u2019i, yar\u0131 iletken teknolojisinden elde edilenin %39,4\u2019\u00fc ve yaz\u0131l\u0131m end\u00fcstrisinden elde edilenin %27,1\u2019i Silikon Vadisi \u015firketlerinindir. Silikon Vadisi i\u00e7in bili\u015fim sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn co\u011frafi merkezidir de diyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u201cR\u00fcyalar Vadisi\u201d denen Silikon Vadisi\u2019nde de \u015firketler \u00e7e\u015fitli bask\u0131 y\u00f6ntemlerini kullanarak i\u015f\u00e7ileri daha fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya zorlar. Bu, i\u015fyerini e\u011flenceli hale getirerek, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 olabildi\u011fince i\u015fyerinde tutarak yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130\u015f, hayat\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Silikon Vadisi denilince ilk akla gelen, iyi e\u011fitim alm\u0131\u015f ve alanlar\u0131nda d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda uzmanl\u0131klar\u0131 olan bili\u015fim profesyonelleridir. Silikon Vadisi, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyadaki en yenilik\u00e7i giri\u015fimleri b\u00fcnyesine katmaktad\u0131r. \u201cR\u00fcyalar Vadisi\u201ddir.<\/p>\n

Ancak bu k\u0131smen do\u011frudur. Ger\u00e7ekten de Vadi\u2019nin belirli bir kesimi i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek \u00fccretler ve daha iyi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan bahsedilebilir. Fakat Vadi\u2019nin sakinleri aras\u0131nda sadece y\u00fcksek \u00fccretli yaz\u0131l\u0131m m\u00fchendisleri yoktur. Montaj hatlar\u0131nda a\u011f\u0131r ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7iler de vard\u0131r. 1990 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra Silikon Vadisi\u2019nde geli\u015fen en b\u00fcy\u00fck sekt\u00f6r \u0130nternet ve yaz\u0131l\u0131m sekt\u00f6rleri olmu\u015ftur. \u0130malat i\u015fleri, \u00f6nceki paragraflarda belirtildi\u011fi gibi emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn daha ucuz oldu\u011fu yerlere kayd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130malatta a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kla g\u00f6\u00e7men ve kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7iler tercih edilir. \u0130\u015fyerleri, zehirli kimyasallar nedeniyle son derece sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131zd\u0131r. Bu zehirli maddeler, \u00e7e\u015fitli kad\u0131n hastal\u0131klar\u0131na neden olur: g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs kanseri, adet d\u00fczensizlikleri, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckler, zehirli anne s\u00fct\u00fc, sakat do\u011fumlar\u2026 \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ra\u011fmen sendikala\u015fma oran\u0131 \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. \u0130nsanlar i\u015flerini kaybetmekten korkar. Ayr\u0131ca par\u00e7aba\u015f\u0131 i\u015f de yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Aileler evlerinde E\u0130T bile\u015fenlerini zehirli kimyasallarla temizler. Bu par\u00e7aba\u015f\u0131 i\u015f daha sonra bas\u0131l\u0131 devre kartlar\u0131n\u0131n ya da kablolar\u0131n montaj\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Par\u00e7aba\u015f\u0131 i\u015fin do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi aileler \u00e7ocuklar\u0131yla beraber daha \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya, \u00fcretmeye zorlan\u0131r. K\u0131sacas\u0131, r\u00fcyalar vadisinde de s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc oran\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu, sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tehdit eden i\u015fler vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Peki, daha y\u00fcksek \u00fccret alan yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 nas\u0131ld\u0131r? Fuchs, Silikon Vadisi\u2019nin en bilinen \u015firketini, Google\u2019\u0131 inceler. Google\u2019\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in sundu\u011fu olanaklar s\u0131k s\u0131k medyada yer almaktad\u0131r: bedava yiyecekler, restoranlar, spor salonlar\u0131, oyunlar… \u0130\u015fyerini e\u011flenceli hale getirmek i\u00e7in akla gelebilecek her \u015fey.<\/p>\n

S\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc oran\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rman\u0131n iki temel yolu vard\u0131r. Birincisi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma zaman\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak, ikincisi ise bilim ve teknolojideki geli\u015fmeler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla eme\u011fin verimlili\u011fini art\u0131rmak.<\/p>\n

Google da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma zaman\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rarak art\u0131 de\u011fer oran\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r. Foxconn \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatinin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla zorla olur. \u015eirketler \u00e7e\u015fitli bask\u0131 y\u00f6ntemlerini kullanarak i\u015f\u00e7ileri daha fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya zorlar. Google\u2019da ise bu i\u015fyerini e\u011flenceli hale getirerek, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 olabildi\u011fince i\u015fyerinde tutarak yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130\u015f, hayat\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irir. Google\u2019\u0131n eski ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Marissa Mayer, haftada 130 saat \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemektedir. Hafta 168 saattir ama, Mayer, i\u015fyerinde yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda ve du\u015f ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda bunun pekala m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funu belirtmektedir. (2)<\/p>\n

Google\u2019daki yaz\u0131l\u0131m m\u00fchendisleri, meslekta\u015flar\u0131na g\u00f6re daha fazla kazan\u0131r. Ancak ayn\u0131 durum t\u00fcm Google \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli de\u011fildir. Google kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 tarayan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar, Google ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131ndan faydalanamazlar.<\/p>\n

\u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dijital i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn bir di\u011fer boyutu da \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131d\u0131r. Telefon hizmetleri \u00f6nceden de vard\u0131. Fakat son y\u0131llarda telekom\u00fcnikasyondaki ilerlemeler, t\u00fcketici k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi, medya becerilerinin artmas\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezlerinin do\u011fu\u015funu tetiklemi\u015ftir. 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda, AB \u00fclkelerinde \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezi faaliyetlerinde uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f 8240 \u015firket vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezlerinin temelinde m\u00fc\u015fteri ili\u015fkileri bulunur ve aramalar\u0131n y\u00f6n\u00fcne g\u00f6re ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Birincisi, \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezlerinin m\u00fc\u015fteri taraf\u0131ndan aranmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezleri, \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezlerinin %71\u2019ini olu\u015fturur. \u0130kinci \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezi tipinde ise \u015firketler potansiyel m\u00fc\u015fterilerini arar ya da piyasa ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 yaparlar. \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezleri \u00f6zellikle telekom\u00fcnikasyon ve finans sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda, 17 \u00fclkede (Avusturya, Brezilya, Kanada, Danimarka, Fransa, Almanya, Hindistan, \u0130rlanda, \u0130srail, Hollanda, Polonya, G\u00fcney Afrika, G\u00fcney Kore, \u0130spanya, \u0130sve\u00e7, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k ve ABD), 2500 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezinde yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n %69\u2019u kad\u0131nd\u0131r. %71\u2019i tam zamanl\u0131, %17\u2019si yar\u0131 zamanl\u0131 ve %12\u2019si ge\u00e7ici s\u00fcreyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Yar\u0131 zamanl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n oran\u0131 baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde daha fazlad\u0131r: \u0130srail\u2019de %48, Hollanda\u2019da %46, \u0130spanya\u2019da %44 ve G\u00fcney Kore\u2019de %60. \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezlerinin %40\u2019\u0131nda toplu s\u00f6zle\u015fme anla\u015fmalar\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r; %50\u2019sinde toplu temsil bi\u00e7imleri vard\u0131r. Bu oranlar Fransa, Hollanda ve Brezilya\u2019da daha y\u00fcksekken \u0130srail, ABD, Kanada, Hindistan, Polonya ve G\u00fcney Kore\u2019de yok denecek kadar azd\u0131r. \u00dccretler, toplu s\u00f6zle\u015fme ve temsil bi\u00e7imlerinin oldu\u011fu \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezlerinde daha y\u00fcksektir. Alt y\u00fcklenicilere devredilen \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezlerinde \u00fccretler daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar g\u00fcvencesizdir.<\/p>\n

\u0130ngilizce konu\u015fan \u00fclkeler, \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezi hizmetlerini Hindistan\u2019a kayd\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r; Fortune\u2019un 500 \u015firketinden 400\u2019\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezi Hindistan\u2019dad\u0131r. Hintli \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 meslekta\u015flar\u0131na g\u00f6re daha e\u011fitimlidir ve \u00e7o\u011fu bu i\u015fi ge\u00e7ici g\u00f6rmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131, \u015firketle m\u00fc\u015fteriler aras\u0131nda, yo\u011fun duygulan\u0131msal emek i\u00e7eren zorlu bir g\u00f6rev \u00fcstlenirler. \u0130\u015fin standartla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve s\u00fcrekli g\u00f6zetim, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 yo\u011fun bir bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131r, beyinlerini ve bedenlerini daha yo\u011fun (daha az zamanda daha \u00e7ok m\u00fc\u015fteri) bir bi\u00e7imde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya zorlar. \u0130\u015fin tekrarl\u0131, kat\u0131 disiplin ve s\u00fcrekli g\u00f6zetim alt\u0131nda yap\u0131l\u0131yor olmas\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olumsuz etkiler: Kas gerilmesi, ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131, i\u015fitme kay\u0131plar\u0131, g\u00f6z yorgunlu\u011fu, stres, panik atak, ba\u015f d\u00f6nmesi, mide bulant\u0131s\u0131\u2026 Fuchs, \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131 Taylorcu disiplin alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan beyaz yakal\u0131lar olarak tan\u0131mlar ve gri yakal\u0131 olarak nitelendirir.<\/p>\n

***<\/h2>\n

\u201cG\u00fcl\u00fc \u00e7i\u011fdemi filan b\u0131rak
\n<\/em>Sardunyay\u0131 karidesi filan b\u0131rak
\n<\/em>Ac\u0131y\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00fcmleri b\u0131rak
\n<\/em>Oy pusulalar\u0131n\u0131 ve se\u00e7imleri b\u0131rak
\n<\/em>Evet
\n<\/em>Se\u00e7imleri \u00f6zellikle b\u0131rak
\n<\/em>\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc a\u00e7l\u0131k \u00e7o\u011funluktad\u0131r<\/em>\u201d (Turgut Uyar)<\/p>\n

\u0130tiraf etmek gerekirse Fuchs\u2019un kitab\u0131n\u0131 okuyana kadar ben de E\u0130T\u2019lerde kullan\u0131lan madenleri hi\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemi\u015ftim. Foxconn\u2019daki intiharlar\u0131 biliyordum, ama Silikon Vadisi\u2019ndeki farkl\u0131 d\u00fcnyalardan habersizdim. A\u00e7l\u0131k ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc bu kadar yo\u011funken E\u0130T \u00fczerine kurulu \u00fctopyalar\u0131 tekrar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemiz gerekiyor. E\u0130T, kime, ne getirmi\u015ftir? UD\u0130 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yine yoksullar daha yoksulla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, zenginler daha \u00e7ok zenginle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Fuchs\u2019un UD\u0130 tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 bu \u00f6rneklerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fil. Kitapta sosyal medya kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fccretsiz i\u00e7erik \u00fcretimi de tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Bu konuyu ba\u015fka bir yaz\u0131da, daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 planl\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n

2) Fuchs\u2019un Hindistan ve Google \u00f6rneklerinde belirtti\u011fi, i\u015fyerinin e\u011flenceli hale getirilmesi ve yumu\u015fak y\u00f6netim teknikleriyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresinin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fc i\u00e7in s\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f\u0131 de\u011fildir. Yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar kendilerini ba\u015fka g\u00f6rseler de yaz\u0131l\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc oran\u0131 \u00e7ok daha y\u00fcksektir. Yaz\u0131l\u0131m m\u00fchendisli\u011finde uygulanan yumu\u015fak y\u00f6netim stratejilerinin (\u00e7evik s\u00fcre\u00e7ler, XP, Scrum vs) bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede yeniden de\u011ferlendirilmesi ve ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde incelenmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130tiraf etmek gerekirse Fuchs\u2019un kitab\u0131n\u0131 okuyana kadar E\u0130T (Enformasyon ve \u0130leti\u015fim Teknolojileri)\u2019lerde kullan\u0131lan madenleri hi\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemi\u015ftim. Foxconn\u2019daki intiharlar\u0131 biliyordum, ama Silikon Vadisi\u2019ndeki farkl\u0131 d\u00fcnyalardan habersizdim. A\u00e7l\u0131k ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc bu kadar yo\u011funken E\u0130T \u00fczerine kurulu \u00fctopyalar\u0131 tekrar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemiz gerekiyor. E\u0130T, kime, ne getirmi\u015ftir? UD\u0130 (Uluslararas\u0131 Dijital \u0130\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc) \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yine yoksullar daha yoksulla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, zenginler daha \u00e7ok zenginle\u015fmi\u015ftir. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":276,"featured_media":21786,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[171,453,1465],"tags":[454,2137,1606,2638,1467,402],"class_list":["post-21776","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-134-sayi","category-bilisim","category-bilisim-dunyasindan","tag-bilisim","tag-dijitallesme","tag-google","tag-silikon-vadisi","tag-toplumsal-siniflar","tag-yazilim"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t