{"id":21878,"date":"2005-03-01T11:35:11","date_gmt":"2005-03-01T09:35:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=21878"},"modified":"2018-03-16T11:42:09","modified_gmt":"2018-03-16T08:42:09","slug":"galileo-galilei","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2005\/03\/01\/galileo-galilei","title":{"rendered":"Galileo Galilei"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kopernik ve Bruno\u2019dan sonra s\u0131ra Galileo\u2019ya gelmi\u015fti! Do\u011fru bildi\u011fi \u015feyleri Kilise\u2019nin bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda yads\u0131mas\u0131 Bertholt Brecht\u2019in tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, \u201ck\u0131nanacak bir durum\u201d muydu? Yads\u0131may\u0131 izleyen y\u0131llarda, \u00f6\u011fretilerini gizli olarak yaymay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesi, engizisyon kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki y\u00fcreklili\u011fini g\u00f6stermiyor muydu?<\/em><\/p>\n

Erken 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda g\u00fcnl\u00fck gazetelerde, \u201cKilise Galile\u2019yi affetti: D\u00fcnya d\u00f6n\u00fcyor\u201d, \u201cGalile 359 y\u0131l sonra beraat etti\u201d, vb. ba\u015fl\u0131klarda haberler vard\u0131! Bu haberlerin kayna\u011f\u0131, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131nda ba\u015flayan ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de s\u00fcrmekte olan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel devrimin en \u00f6nemli \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinden birisi olan, Galileo\u2019nun Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems<\/em> (D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u0130ki B\u00fcy\u00fck Sistemi \u00dczerine Diyalog) adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kopernik<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kopernik, g\u00f6kbilim kuram\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fruluk ve basitli\u011finin geli\u015ftirilmesi gerekti\u011fine inanan bir g\u00f6kbilimciydi. Gezegenler g\u00f6kbilimine getirdi\u011fi yeni d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini 1543 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 De Revolutionibus Orbium Caelestium<\/em> (G\u00f6ksel K\u00fcrelerin Dolan\u0131m\u0131) adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131nda toplad\u0131. Bu yap\u0131t a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak matematikseldi ve \u00e7izelgelerle doluydu. \u00c7ok az say\u0131da yetkin g\u00f6kbilimci d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kimseye bir \u015fey anlatm\u0131yordu. Gezegen devinimlerinde g\u00f6zlenen bir dizi \u201canormallikleri\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klamada yetersiz kalan Batlamyus (Ptolemy) evren modeline bir se\u00e7enek olu\u015fturuyordu. Batlamyus evren modelinde Yer\u2019in yerine getirmek zorunda oldu\u011fu bir dizi i\u015flev, Kopernik evreninde G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019e y\u00fckleniyordu. Kopernik\u2019ten \u00f6nce Yer, gezegen ve y\u0131ld\u0131z devinimlerinin hesapland\u0131\u011f\u0131 sabit konsay\u0131 d\u00fczene\u011fini (koordinat sistemi) olu\u015fturuyordu. Kopernik\u2019le birlikte G\u00fcne\u015f, yeni konsay\u0131 d\u00fczene\u011finin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131 oluyor; Yer, g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcndeki \u00f6zg\u00fcn konumunu yitiriyor ve di\u011fer gezegenler gibi \u201cayr\u0131cal\u0131ks\u0131z\u201d konumuna \u00e7ekiliyordu.<\/p>\n

Ancak Kopernik\u2019in ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilimsel devrim g\u00f6kbilimle k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 kalmad\u0131. Kopernik\u2019in gezegen kuram\u0131 ve G\u00fcne\u015f \u00f6zekli evren kavram\u0131 Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019dan \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f Bat\u0131 toplumuna ge\u00e7i\u015fte \u00f6nemli bir g\u00f6revi ba\u015fard\u0131. Bu kuram, insan\u0131n evren ve Tanr\u0131yla olan ili\u015fkilerini k\u00f6kten etkiledi. Din, felsefe ve toplumsal kuram alanlar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan b\u00fcy\u00fck tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n odak noktas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu. Yer\u2019in sonsuz say\u0131daki y\u0131ld\u0131zlardan biri olan G\u00fcne\u015f \u00e7evresinde doland\u0131\u011f\u0131na inanan Kopernik ve yanda\u015flar\u0131, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kozmik \u00e7er\u00e7evedeki yerini, yine Yer\u2019in Tanr\u0131n\u0131n \u201cyarad\u0131l\u0131\u015fta\u201d kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir odak noktas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6ren d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceden ayr\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Bu nedenle Kopernik Devrimi, Bat\u0131 insan\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fer yarg\u0131lar\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturuyordu. Ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca Kopernik kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, Tycho Brahe\u2019nin, son derece g\u00fcvenilir ve do\u011fru g\u00f6zlemleri, daha sonra Kepler\u2019in g\u00f6zlemlerinden t\u00fcretti\u011fi eliptik y\u00f6r\u00fcngeler ve gezegen devinimlerinin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc, Kopernik \u00f6\u011fretisinin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kan\u0131tl\u0131yordu. Ancak bunlardan hi\u00e7biri Galileo\u2019nun teleskop g\u00f6zlemlerinin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 etkiyi yapamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Teleskop, g\u00f6kbilimi yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 da Kopernik g\u00f6kbilimiydi!<\/p>\n

Teleskop<\/strong><\/p>\n

Galileo\u2019nun teleskop g\u00f6zlemlerine gelen ilk tepkiler olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc. Teleskopla birlikte Kopernik\u00e7i evren g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yaln\u0131zca dar bir g\u00f6kbilimciler grubunun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel doyum alan\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu nedenle yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tedirginlik ve baz\u0131lar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00e7ekince, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck boyutlara s\u0131\u00e7ram\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Teleskop g\u00f6zlemleri, k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra, resmi Katolik muhalefetin Kopernik\u00e7i evren g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 devinime ge\u00e7mesi i\u00e7in gerekli d\u00fcrt\u00fcy\u00fc vermi\u015fti. Teleskop bulgular\u0131, \u00e7ekinceye giren \u0130ncil<\/em> evreninin ge\u00e7ersizli\u011fini, sayfalar dolusu matematikten daha \u00e7abuk ve daha a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde sergilemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Galileo teleskopunun, Kopernik evreni yarar\u0131na sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kan\u0131tlar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu denli tuhaft\u0131! Bu g\u00f6zlemlerin hi\u00e7biri, Ven\u00fcs gezegeninin evrelerini sergileyen g\u00f6zlemler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, Kopernik kuram\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca sav\u0131na -G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in \u00f6zeksel konumda olup, gezegenlerin onun \u00e7evresinde doland\u0131\u011f\u0131- kan\u0131t olu\u015fturam\u0131yordu. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda teleskop Kopernik\u2019in kuramsal modelinin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini kan\u0131tlayamad\u0131. Ancak ayn\u0131 teleskop, Batlamyus evrenine kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen \u201csava\u015f\u201dta son derece etkin bir silah olu\u015fturmu\u015ftu: kan\u0131t de\u011fil ama propaganda arac\u0131yd\u0131!<\/p>\n

Fiziksel d\u00fcnyan\u0131n matematikle\u015ftirilmesi <\/strong><\/p>\n

Galilei, s\u00fcredurum yasas\u0131n\u0131 form\u00fcle edemedi. Eski\u00e7a\u011f ve Orta\u00e7a\u011f biliminin d\u00fczenli Kosmos\u2019undan klasik bilimin sonsuz Evren\u2019ine giden yolun hepsini katedemedi. Bunu ba\u015faran Descartes oldu. Yine de Galilei\u2019yi klasik bilimin babas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6ren geleneksel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f yanl\u0131\u015f de\u011fildir. \u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihinde matematiksel fizik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, daha do\u011frusu fiziksel d\u00fcnyan\u0131n matematikle\u015ftirilmesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ilk kez Galilei\u2019nin (Descartes\u2019in de\u011fil) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda somutla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Galilei\u2019nin arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011fan\u0131n nas\u0131l i\u015flemek zorunda oldu\u011fu de\u011fil, do\u011fan\u0131n nas\u0131l i\u015fledi\u011fi, hangi nedensel ili\u015fkilere g\u00f6re i\u015fledi\u011fi sorusunun yan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. Buradan hareket eden Galilei\u2019nin tavr\u0131, Descartes\u2019den farkl\u0131 olarak, saf matematik\u00e7i bir tav\u0131r de\u011fildir. Bu tav\u0131r, fiziko-matematik\u00e7i bir tav\u0131rd\u0131r. Galilei bize deneyden yola \u00e7\u0131kmaktan s\u00f6z eder. Ama bu deney, g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam\u0131n dolays\u0131z alg\u0131lara ve sa\u011fduyuya dayal\u0131 deneyimleriyle ayn\u0131 \u015fey de\u011fildir. Aristocu ampirizmin \u0131srarla istedi\u011fi \u015fey, kuram\u0131n temelini ve ana ilkelerini olu\u015fturabilecek deneyimlerdir; Galileici epistemolojinin sundu\u011fu ise bir kuramdan yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131larak kurulmu\u015f olan deneylerdir. Bu deneylerin i\u015flevi, farkl\u0131 bir yerde temellendirilmi\u015f ilkelerden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan yasalar\u0131n fiziksel d\u00fcnyay\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131p a\u00e7\u0131klayamad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Galilei\u2019ye g\u00f6re evrenin en temel \u00f6zelliklerinden birisi de, i\u015fleyi\u015findeki basitliktir. Bu basitlik, evrenin genel yasalar\u0131na basit fenomenlerin incelenmesi yoluyla ula\u015f\u0131labilmesini sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi (Galilei hemen her zaman bu y\u00f6ntemi izleyecektir), elde edilen yasalar\u0131n do\u011faya uygunluklar\u0131n\u0131n deney yoluyla ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na da olanak verir. Oysa \u00f6rne\u011fin Descartes\u2019ta bunun tam tersi s\u00f6zkonusudur. B\u00fct\u00fcn cisimlerin birbirine dokundu\u011fu ve bo\u015flu\u011fun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da bir cismin hareket etmesinin b\u00fct\u00fcn evrenin hareket etmesi anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fi. Descartes\u2019\u0131n evreni o kadar karma\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r ki, belirli bir fenomenin tek ba\u015f\u0131na ele al\u0131nabilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Do\u011fa yasalar\u0131n\u0131n deneyle uygunluk ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131p ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131klar\u0131na da, d\u0131\u015f etkilerin g\u00f6zard\u0131 edilebilece\u011fi bir deney d\u00fczenlemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olamayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, kolay kolay karar verilemez. Galilei\u2019nin basit evreninde deney, Descartes\u2019\u0131n karma\u015f\u0131k evrenindekinden \u00e7ok daha farkl\u0131 bir yere sahip olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Galilei belki Eski\u00e7a\u011f ve Orta\u00e7a\u011f biliminin d\u00fczenli Kozmos\u2019undan klasik bilimin sonsuz Evren\u2019ine giden yolun hepsini katedemedi. Ama insanl\u0131k tarihinde matematiksel fizik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, daha do\u011frusu fiziksel d\u00fcnyan\u0131n matematikle\u015ftirilmesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ilk kez onun att\u0131\u011f\u0131 dev ad\u0131mlarda somutla\u015ft\u0131. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bu ad\u0131mlara paha bi\u00e7ebilmesi ise hi\u00e7 de kolay g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

(Alexandre Koyre’nin “Etudes Galileennes” adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.)<\/em><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Engizisyon<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130ncil<\/em>\u2019deki evrenbilim \u00f6\u011fretisiyle \u00e7eli\u015fen, bu \u00f6\u011fretiyi yads\u0131yan Kopernik\u00e7i g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler, Katolik Kilisesi\u2019nin 1616 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kararla \u201cyasak yay\u0131nlar indeksi<\/strong>\u201dne girdi! Ancak Galileo, Kopernik evren g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu \u00e7abalar\u0131, 1632 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131, bir Kopernik evren g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc savunusu olan Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems<\/em> adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131nda doruk noktas\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131. Bu \u00e7abaya Katolik Kilisesi\u2019nin yan\u0131t\u0131 hemen geldi. Bruno\u2019dan istendi\u011fi gibi, Galileo\u2019dan da g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinden hemen vazge\u00e7mesi istendi ve evinde g\u00f6z hapsine al\u0131nd\u0131. Giordano Bruno, \u00a0uzayda ve zamanda s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z, ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olmayan evren d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini benimsemi\u015f ve yaym\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak Kopernik \u00f6\u011fretisine inand\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fil, \u201cBaba\u201d, \u201cO\u011ful\u201d ve \u201cKutsal Ruh\u201d gibi \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 simgeyi bir tek olguda toplayan H\u0131ristiyan dogmas\u0131na (Trinity) kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri nedeniyle yak\u0131ld\u0131. Kilise, Bruno\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lamalar\u0131 kamu \u00f6n\u00fcnde yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan Galileo bunu, Kilise\u2019nin Kopernik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine kar\u015f\u0131 bir d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak alg\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

S\u0131ra Galileo\u2019ya gelmi\u015fti! Do\u011fru bildi\u011fi \u015feyleri Kilise\u2019nin bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda yads\u0131mas\u0131 Bertholt Brecht\u2019in tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, \u201ck\u0131nanacak bir durum\u201d muydu? Yads\u0131may\u0131 izleyen y\u0131llarda, \u00f6\u011fretilerini gizli olarak yaymay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesi, engizisyon kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki y\u00fcreklili\u011fini g\u00f6stermiyor muydu? Galileo, Kilise\u2019nin gazab\u0131na, \u201cD\u00fcnya d\u00f6n\u00fcyor\u201d dedi\u011fi i\u00e7in u\u011framad\u0131. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini ortaya atan ki\u015fi ne Kopernik ne de Galileo\u2019dur. Kopernik, bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi ortaya atan ilk ki\u015fi oldu\u011funu da savunmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kitab\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6ns\u00f6z\u2019\u00fcnde, Yer\u2019in devindi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle Cicero\u2019nun yap\u0131tlar\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlatan Kopernik, Cicero\u2019nun Sirak\u00fczal\u0131 Hicetas\u2019tan (M\u00d6 5. y\u00fczy\u0131l) s\u00f6z etti\u011fini yazar. Daha sonra Plutarch\u2019\u0131n yap\u0131tlar\u0131ndan ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n da benzer d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere sahip oldu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frenir. Yine Kopernik\u2019in \u00e7ok erken d\u00f6nemlerinden kalan el yazmalar\u0131ndan, Aristarchus\u2019un G\u00fcne\u015f \u00f6zekli evreninin kendi evren modeline benzedi\u011finden s\u00f6z etti\u011fini \u00f6\u011freniyoruz. \u00d6yleyse Kilise Galileo\u2019yu ni\u00e7in ve neyle su\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131? Dialogue<\/em>\u2019da sak\u0131ncal\u0131 olan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler nelerdi?<\/p>\n

\u201cDialogue by Galileo Galilei, Lyncean Academician, Extraordinary Mathematician at the University of Pisa, and Philosopher and Chief Mathematician to the Most Serene Grand Duke of Tuscany<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131daki ba\u015fl\u0131k, Galileo\u2019nun Dialogue<\/em> olarak bilinen ba\u015fyap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ngilizce\u2019ye \u00e7evrilmi\u015f olan tam kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Dialogue<\/em> \u00fc\u00e7 ki\u015fi aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7en ve d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fiye s\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6nderi yap\u0131lan bir \u201cs\u00f6yle\u015fi\u201d bi\u00e7iminde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ki\u015filer: Salviati<\/strong> (Kopernik s\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fc); Simplicio<\/strong> (basit, s\u0131radan bir ki\u015fi) ve Sagredo<\/strong>. Lynce\u2019li akademisyen olan d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fi, Galileo olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. Galileo kitab\u0131n ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00d6ns\u00f6z\u2019de a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor: 1) Kopernik\u00e7i savlar\u0131n Peripatetik (Aristoteles\u00e7i) savlardan daha iyi olduklar\u0131; 2) Yer\u2019de yap\u0131lan deneylerin Yer\u2019in devindi\u011fini kan\u0131tlayamayaca\u011f\u0131; 3) G\u00f6kbilim g\u00f6zlemlerinin Kopernik\u00e7i hipotezler yarar\u0131na sonu\u00e7 verdi\u011fi ve 4) E\u011fer Yer\u2019in devindi\u011fini varsayarsak, denizlerdeki al\u00e7alma y\u00fckselme olay\u0131n\u0131n nedenine \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutabiliriz.<\/p>\n

Yine kitab\u0131n \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcnde kitab\u0131n amac\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle belirtiliyor: 1616 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan Kopernik kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 karar\u0131n, Katoliklerin cehaletinden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yolundaki s\u00f6ylentiler yads\u0131nmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lacak; Katoliklerin de yasaklanm\u0131\u015f konularda en az Protestanlar kadar bilgi sahibi olduklar\u0131 g\u00f6sterilerek bu kan\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclecektir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Galileo, 1616 y\u0131l\u0131nda ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 karar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamadan \u00f6nce Kilise\u2019nin kendisine dan\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Galileo\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6neltti\u011fi su\u00e7lamada Kilise, bir konunun \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 bi\u00e7imde ele al\u0131nabilece\u011finden s\u00f6z ediyor: mutlak<\/strong> (absolute), hipotetik<\/strong> (hypothetical) ve yans\u0131z<\/strong> (indeterminate). Kilise su\u00e7lamas\u0131nda, Galileo\u2019nun Yer\u2019in d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc konusunu hipotetik olarak de\u011fil, mutlak veya yans\u0131z inceledi\u011fini belirtiyor. Yer\u2019in devinimini mutlak olarak incelemek demek, Yer\u2019in d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ger\u00e7e\u011finin ko\u015fulsuz olarak vurgulanmas\u0131 demektir. B\u00f6ylesi bir yakla\u015f\u0131m, kullan\u0131lan savlar\u0131n t\u00fcmdengelimsel olarak (deductively) ge\u00e7erli olmas\u0131 ve varsay\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n da tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z olarak ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelir. Yer\u2019in deviniminin yans\u0131z olarak incelenmesiyse, lehte ve aleyhteki t\u00fcm savlar\u0131n sunulmas\u0131yla olur. Bu sunu\u015f bi\u00e7imi, \u00e7\u0131kan sonucun ger\u00e7ek veya yan\u0131lg\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funa ili\u015fkin bir karar\u0131 i\u00e7ermemelidir. Hipotetik incelemedeyse, destekleyen savlar \u00f6yle bir niteli\u011fe sahiptir ki, sonu\u00e7 (Yer\u2019in devingenli\u011fi) bilinen ger\u00e7eklerin mant\u0131ksal bir uzant\u0131s\u0131 olarak de\u011fil, bu ger\u00e7eklerin bir a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 olarak sunulur.<\/p>\n

Galileo Dialogue<\/em>\u2019da Yer\u2019in devindi\u011fine ili\u015fkin lehteki savlar\u0131n aleyhteki savlardan daha iyi oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcne ili\u015fkin karar veriyor. Dialogue<\/em>, yans\u0131z<\/strong> bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsayd\u0131, yine lanetlenecekti! \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc orijinal duyurunun (yasaklaman\u0131n) son t\u00fcmcesinde Yer\u2019in d\u00f6n\u00fcp d\u00f6nmedi\u011fi konusunun a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmenin yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu s\u00f6yleniyordu. Kilise\u2019ye g\u00f6re bu soruya, \u0130ncil<\/em>\u2019de ve 1616 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan yasaklama karar\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yan\u0131t verilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Galileo\u2019nun Dialogue<\/em>\u2019da bize s\u0131k s\u0131k an\u0131msatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7ek \u015fudur: \u201cBenim ele\u015ftirilerim, Aristoteles yanl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n Yer\u2019in d\u00f6nmedi\u011fine ili\u015fkin savlar\u0131n\u0131n, Yer\u2019de yap\u0131lan g\u00f6zlemlerle kan\u0131tlanamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterip bu savlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctmek y\u00f6n\u00fcndedir, amac\u0131m Yer\u2019in d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kan\u0131tlamak de\u011fil!\u201d<\/p>\n

Sons\u00f6z<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dialogue<\/em>, bilimsel, y\u00f6ntemsel, felsefi, mant\u0131ksal, retorik, teolojik, dinsel ve edebi yanlar\u0131yla \u00e7ok zengin bir kitapt\u0131r. Bat\u0131 toplumunun tarihinde ve yaz\u0131ya d\u00f6k\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde \u00f6zg\u00fcn \u00f6neme sahip ki\u015filer olarak Platon, Augustine, Galileo ve Marx say\u0131l\u0131r. Bu ki\u015filerin, klasikler d\u00fczeyine y\u00fckselmi\u015f olan yap\u0131tlar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Platon\u2019nun Socratic Dialogue<\/em> adl\u0131 eserini keyifle okumak i\u00e7in profesyonel filozof; Augustine\u2019in Confession<\/em> adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in H\u0131ristiyan; Galileo\u2019nun Dialogue<\/em>\u2019undan zevk almak i\u00e7in bilim insan\u0131 ve Marx\u2019\u0131n Das Kapital<\/em>\u2019ini zevkle okuyup anlamak i\u00e7in kom\u00fcnist olmak gerekmiyor! Bu eserlerin evrensel de\u011fere sahip olmalar\u0131n\u0131n nedeni, kolayca okunabilir olmalar\u0131, yaz\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 tarihsel ba\u011flamlar ve k\u0131smen de \u00f6zg\u00fcn konulara de\u011finmi\u015f olmalar\u0131d\u0131r: Platon, tinsel de\u011ferler ve e\u011fitim; Augustine, din; Galileo, bilim; Marx, toplumsal kuram ve uygulama.<\/p>\n

Galileo\u2019nun uzmanl\u0131k alan\u0131 bilimdir, ancak daha genel a\u00e7\u0131dan bakarsak, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131, insan\u0131n temel d\u00fcrt\u00fclerinden biri olan \u201cger\u00e7e\u011fi ara\u015ft\u0131rma<\/strong>\u201dya \u00f6rnek olarak g\u00f6sterebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) T. S. Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution, Harvard Univ. Press, 1966.<\/p>\n

2) E. J. Lerner, The Big Bang Never Happened, 1991.<\/p>\n

3) M. Finnocchiaro, Galileo and the Art of Reasoning, D. Reidel Pub. Co., 1980.<\/p>\n

4) B. Russel, The Impact of Science on Society.<\/p>\n

5) S. M. Uzdilek, Galileo Experimental Philosophy and its Influence Upon Classical Physics, Gruppo Italiano di Storia Della Scienza, 1964.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kopernik ve Bruno\u2019dan sonra s\u0131ra Galileo\u2019ya gelmi\u015fti! Do\u011fru bildi\u011fi \u015feyleri Kilise\u2019nin bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda yads\u0131mas\u0131 Bertholt Brecht\u2019in tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, \u201ck\u0131nanacak bir durum\u201d muydu? Yads\u0131may\u0131 izleyen y\u0131llarda, \u00f6\u011fretilerini gizli olarak yaymay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesi, engizisyon kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki y\u00fcreklili\u011fini g\u00f6stermiyor muydu? Erken 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda g\u00fcnl\u00fck gazetelerde, \u201cKilise Galile\u2019yi affetti: D\u00fcnya d\u00f6n\u00fcyor\u201d, \u201cGalile 359 y\u0131l sonra beraat etti\u201d, vb. ba\u015fl\u0131klarda haberler vard\u0131! […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":475,"featured_media":21879,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[51,30,1464,222],"tags":[206,2421,519,656,1845],"class_list":["post-21878","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-13-sayi","category-astronomi","category-dosya","category-tarih","tag-bilim-tarihi","tag-engizisyon","tag-galileo","tag-kopernik","tag-teleskop"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t