Ma\u011farada, bir ergen ve yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki bir \u00e7ocuk da dahil, yamyaml\u0131\u011f\u0131n kesin kan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren birka\u00e7 ki\u015fiye ait tarih\u00f6ncesi insan kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 bulundu.<\/p>\n
Kemiklerin \u00e7o\u011fu insanlarca \u00e7i\u011fnenmi\u015fti. Uzun kemikler ve kaburga kemikleri k\u0131r\u0131larak a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ilik ve ya\u011f\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in kemirilmi\u015fti. Di\u011fer kemiklerdeki kesik izleri, yumu\u015fak dokunun \u00f6zenle s\u0131yr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyordu. \u00dc\u00e7 kafatas\u0131, dikkatlice, kap ya da tas yapmak i\u00e7in \u015fekillendirilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n
En eski insan kemi\u011fi oymac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n Ma\u011farada en \u00e7ok hayranl\u0131k uyand\u0131ran bulgulardan birisi de, bir \u00f6n-kol \u00fczerine kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak desen yapmak i\u00e7in kaz\u0131nm\u0131\u015f zikzakl\u0131 kesiklerin ke\u015ffiydi.<\/p>\n \u201cBu kesiklerin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlamak zordu\u201d diyor Silvia ve ekliyor: \u201cDi\u011fer i\u015flenmi\u015f kemik kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla birlikte \u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu analiz ve kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma kullanarak, onlar\u0131n asl\u0131nda desenler oldu\u011funu ke\u015ffettik. Bu \u015fimdiye kadar bilinen en eski i\u015flenmi\u015f kemik \u00f6rne\u011fi.\u201d<\/p>\n Bu davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n ard\u0131nda ne olabilir?<\/strong><\/p>\n Yamyaml\u0131k insan do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n karanl\u0131k ve deh\u015fet verici taraf\u0131n\u0131n hat\u0131rlat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 da olabilir; fakat ayn\u0131 zamanda karma\u015f\u0131k davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n bir \u00f6rne\u011fi, sembolizm ve bir inan\u00e7 sisteminin d\u0131\u015fsal g\u00f6stergesi de olabilir.<\/p>\n Cro-Magnon ma\u011fara sakinleri<\/strong><\/p>\n Gough Ma\u011faras\u0131\u2019nda ya\u015fayan erken modern insanlar, g\u00fcneybat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da Cro-Magnon avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir grup olan Magdalenianlard\u0131. (\u00e7.n: Magdelenian k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc<\/strong>: Avrupa\u2019daki \u00fcst paleolitik d\u00f6nemde \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan d\u00f6rt k\u00fclt\u00fcr d\u00f6neminden birisidir. Duvar resimleri me\u015fhurdur. Cro-Magnon insan\u0131<\/strong>: Avrupa \u00fcst-paleolitik d\u00f6nemde, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc modern insana fiziksel olarak benzeyen, onlar\u0131n atas\u0131 olan Homo t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr.)<\/p>\n Magdalenianlar, iklim \u0131s\u0131nmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, yakla\u015f\u0131k 15 biny\u0131l \u00f6nce, Bel\u00e7ika ve Hollanda\u2019dan \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye girdiler. Bir kara k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u0130ngiltere\u2019yi Avrupa\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n Bu paleolitik insanlar, yetenekli alet-yap\u0131c\u0131lard\u0131. Binlerce \u00e7akmakta\u015f\u0131 aletle birlikte, Gough Ma\u011faras\u0131\u2019ndaki kaz\u0131lar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hayvanlar\u0131n kemiklerinden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f (delikler a\u00e7mak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan) t\u0131\u011flar, fildi\u015finden ve rengeyi\u011fi boynuzundan oyulmu\u015f objeler a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/p>\n Atlar temel besin kayna\u011f\u0131yd\u0131. Ma\u011farada bulunan at kemikleri genellikle kesik izleri ta\u015f\u0131yordu ve k\u0131rma\/ay\u0131rma izleri, besleyici beynin ve kemik ili\u011finin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lma pratikleriyle uyumluydu. Geyik, ormantavu\u011fu ve yabantav\u015fanlar\u0131 gibi di\u011fer hayvanlar da Magdalenianlar\u0131n diyetine dahildi.<\/p>\n Radyokarbon tarihleme (y\u00f6ntemi \u00e7.n.), insan ve hayvan kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131sa bir zaman dilimi i\u00e7erisinde, muhtemelen bir seri mevsimsel konaklamada, 14.700 y\u0131l \u00f6nce tortula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Bu, insanlar\u0131n b\u00f6lgeye avlanmak ve muhtemelen \u00f6l\u00fclerini g\u00f6mmek gibi k\u0131sa-vadeli nedenlerle geri geldiklerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n Yamyaml\u0131k: Hayatta kalmak i\u00e7in mi, yoksa rit\u00fcel mi? <\/strong><\/p>\n \u201cHayvan etinin bollu\u011fu, Gough Ma\u011faras\u0131\u2019ndaki yamyaml\u0131k i\u00e7in, a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131 telafi etmenin \u00f6tesinde \u015feyler oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcyor\u201d diyor Silvia. M\u00fcze bilimcilerinin insan kemikleri \u00fczerindeki detayl\u0131 analizi, bunu savunmak i\u00e7in daha \u00f6te kan\u0131tlar sa\u011fl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n \u0130nsan kafatas\u0131ndan saklama kaplar\u0131 yapmak kula\u011fa \u00fcrk\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fc gelebilir, fakat uygulama d\u00fcnya genelinde iyi biliniyor. Bu, Vikinglerden \u0130skitlere ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz insan\u0131na kadar belgelenmi\u015f bir uygulama. Gough Ma\u011faras\u0131\u2019nda bulunan insan kafatas\u0131-kaplar\u0131 bilinen en erken tarihlenmi\u015f \u00f6rneklerdir.<\/p>\n \u0130\u015flenmi\u015f insan kafataslar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fczedeki analizi, Magdalenianlar\u0131n kafatas\u0131-kaplar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l haz\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ayd\u0131nlat\u0131yor. \u201c\u00d6l\u00fcmden k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra, kafataslar\u0131 titizlikle yumu\u015fak deriden temizleniyordu. \u0130zler, dudaklar\u0131n, yanaklar\u0131n, dilin ve g\u00f6zlerin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor\u201d diyor Silvia, \u201cArd\u0131ndan y\u00fcz kemikleri ve kafatas\u0131n\u0131n taban\u0131 dikkatlice yerinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131yordu. Son olarak kafatas\u0131 kemerleri \u00f6zenle kaplara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyordu.\u201d<\/p>\n Kafatas\u0131-kaplar\u0131n\u0131n itinal\u0131 yap\u0131m\u0131, sadece beslenmenin \u00f6tesinde \u00f6zel bir ama\u00e7 i\u00e7in haz\u0131rland\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Neticede, i\u00e7indeki tombul beyne ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in kafatas\u0131n\u0131 par\u00e7alamak daha kolay ve h\u0131zl\u0131 olurdu.<\/p>\n \u201cHer ikisi de Fransa\u2019da bulunan Isturitz ve Le Placard\u2019daki di\u011fer iki Magdalenian yerle\u015fiminde ele ge\u00e7irilen kafatas\u0131-kaplar\u0131 kan\u0131tlar\u0131, kafataslar\u0131n\u0131 bi\u00e7imlendirmenin sembolik ama\u00e7lar\u0131 olabilece\u011finin bir ba\u015fka a\u00e7\u0131k belirtisi\u201d diyor Silvia.<\/p>\n \u0130\u015flenmi\u015f \u00f6n-kol kemi\u011fi, Gough Ma\u011faras\u0131\u2019nda ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n hayatta kalma stratejilerinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olmas\u0131ndan ziyade, rit\u00fcel ama\u00e7larla yamyaml\u0131k pratikleri g\u00f6sterdiklerini kuvvetle destekliyor.<\/p>\n M\u00fcze ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fitli bi\u00e7imlendirmelerin \u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu analizlerini kullanarak, \u00f6nkol kemi\u011finin k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p i\u00e7indeki ilik \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce ayn\u0131 ta\u015f aletle etin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7i\u011fnendi\u011fini, sonra kemi\u011fin zikzak \u00e7izgilerle kaz\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit edebildiler.<\/p>\n \u201cBu muhte\u015fem,\u201d diye a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor Silvia, \u201ckemi\u011fe yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imlendirmelerin birbiri ard\u0131na geli\u015fi, kaz\u0131man\u0131n yamyaml\u0131k rit\u00fcelinin i\u00e7sel bir par\u00e7as\u0131 ve gizlenmi\u015f sembolik bir anlam\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kuvvetle g\u00f6steriyor.\u201d<\/p>\n Gough Ma\u011faras\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n Gough Ma\u011faras\u0131 Cheddar Gorge\u2019da, Bristo yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda Mendip Hills\u2019deki kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 bo\u011faz\u0131nda yer al\u0131yor. Ma\u011fara, ke\u015ffedildi\u011fi 19. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan beri \u00f6nemli bir arkeolojik yerle\u015fim alan\u0131.<\/p>\n Ma\u011faran\u0131n en me\u015fhur v\u00fccudu, Cheddar Adam\u0131 olarak bilinen modern insan. 1903\u2019te g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan Cheddar Adam\u0131\u2019n\u0131n neredeyse b\u00fct\u00fcne yak\u0131n iskeleti yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 biny\u0131l \u00f6ncesine tarihleniyor.<\/p>\n Antik insan g\u00f6m\u00fcleri olduk\u00e7a nadirdir. Yine de, bir\u00e7ok antik insan kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 y\u0131llar i\u00e7erisinde, \u00f6zellikle 1980\u2019ler sonlar\u0131 ve 1990\u2019lar ba\u015f\u0131ndaki y\u0131llardaki b\u00fcy\u00fck kaz\u0131lar s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Gough Ma\u011faras\u0131\u2019nda g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n Bu rit\u00fceller ni\u00e7in yap\u0131ld\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n Her ne kadar paleolitik yamyaml\u0131k, en az\u0131ndan Gough Ma\u011faras\u0131\u2019ndaki insanlar i\u00e7in, hayatta kalmak i\u00e7in bir gereklilikten ziyade k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir tercih olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131ksa da, rit\u00fcellerin arkas\u0131ndaki nedenleri anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak o kadar kolay de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n \u0130skeletlerin \u00fczerinde, bireylerin \u00f6lmeden \u00f6nce \u015fiddete u\u011frad\u0131klar\u0131na dair g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir i\u015faretler yoktur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00f6l\u00fcmleri do\u011fal nedenlerden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc olabilir.<\/p>\n Silvia, insan kemiklerini oyman\u0131n, \u00f6l\u00fclerin ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 ya da \u00f6l\u00fcmlerini hat\u0131rlaman\u0131n bir yolu olmu\u015f olabilece\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcyor, fakat bu durumu tahmin etmekten \u00f6te bir \u015fey yapamayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 vurguluyor.<\/p>\n \u201cYamyaml\u0131k rit\u00fcellerinin sembolik t\u00f6renlerin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olabilece\u011fine inan\u0131yoruz\u201d diyor ve ekliyor, \u201c\u0130ster \u00f6l\u00fc kanda\u015flar\u0131 anmak i\u00e7in y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olsun, ister ba\u015fka bir sebeple; bu konuda bir bilgiye sahip de\u011filiz.\u201d<\/p>\n Silvia gelecekteki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n bizi cevaba daha fazla yak\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131raca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 umuyor ve son olarak ekliyor: \u201cYamyaml\u0131k sadece \u00f6l\u00fc bedenlerle ba\u015f etme prati\u011fi de olmu\u015f olabilir. Pratikte farkl\u0131 ama asl\u0131nda yakma, g\u00f6mme ve mumyalamadan daha farkl\u0131 anlamlarda olmayarak.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Lisa Hendry\u2019nin \u0130ngiltere Do\u011fa Tarihi M\u00fczesi\u2019nin sitesinde yer alan haberine g\u00f6re, 14.700 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, Somerset\u2019te bir ma\u011farada atalar\u0131m\u0131z di\u011fer insanlar\u0131 yiyordu. Do\u011fa Tarihi M\u00fczesi ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, Buz \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 Britanyal\u0131lar\u0131 gereklilikten de\u011fil, ama bir rit\u00fcelin par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak insan eti yiyorlard\u0131. \u00d6l\u00fc g\u00f6mme ve yamyaml\u0131k pratikleri dahil, insan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n evrimini inceleyen m\u00fcze ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131s\u0131 Dr. Silvia […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":673,"featured_media":21937,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[211,19],"tags":[2045,1589,230,1813,1089],"class_list":["post-21936","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-antropoloji","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-cro-magnon","tag-insan-fosili","tag-insanlik-tarihi","tag-rituel","tag-yamyamlik"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/yamyamlik-1.jpg\")
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