{"id":21943,"date":"2018-03-18T00:05:11","date_gmt":"2018-03-17T21:05:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=21943"},"modified":"2018-04-20T14:37:11","modified_gmt":"2018-04-20T11:37:11","slug":"buyuk-alman-fizikcinin-nazilerle-imtihani-planck-trajedisi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/03\/18\/buyuk-alman-fizikcinin-nazilerle-imtihani-planck-trajedisi","title":{"rendered":"B\u00fcy\u00fck Alman fizik\u00e7inin Nazilerle imtihan\u0131: Planck trajedisi!"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kuantum kuram\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck fizik\u00e7i Max Planck\u2019\u0131n 70\u2019li ya\u015flar\u0131, Almanya\u2019n\u0131n kritik bir d\u00f6nemine denk d\u00fc\u015fer: Hitler \u00f6nderli\u011findeki Nazi partisinin politik iktidara y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi 1930\u2019lu y\u0131llar. <\/em><\/p>\n

Max Planck (1858-1947) 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti\u011fi kuantum kuram\u0131yla fizikte devrim ba\u015flatan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir biliminsan\u0131d\u0131r. Kendi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan \u201cPlanck sabiti\u201dni ve \u201cPlanck \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m yasas\u0131\u201dn\u0131 bulan, 1918 Nobel Fizik \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn sahibi Alman fizik\u00e7i, sadece Almanya\u2019da de\u011fil t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada fizik\u00e7ilerin sayg\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc, bilim toplulu\u011funun tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaz otoritesidir.<\/p>\n

Nazileri \u2018uzla\u015farak dizginleme\u2019 \u00e7izgisi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Max Planck\u2019\u0131n 70\u2019li ya\u015flar\u0131, Almanya\u2019n\u0131n kritik bir d\u00f6nemine denk d\u00fc\u015fer: Hitler \u00f6nderli\u011findeki Nazi partisinin politik iktidara y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi 1930\u2019lu y\u0131llar.<\/p>\n

Planck muhafazak\u00e2r bir d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne sahiptir. Daha do\u011frusu kat\u0131ks\u0131z bir devlet\u00e7idir; Alman milliyet\u00e7isidir. Bir di\u011fer b\u00fcy\u00fck fizik\u00e7i Max Born onun bu tutumunu, \u201cDevlete hizmet bi\u00e7imindeki Prusya gelene\u011fi onda derinden yer etmi\u015fti\u201d diye ifade edecektir. Planck, Alman devletinin Alman bilimindeki timsalidir bir anlamda.<\/p>\n

Planck, Nazizme kar\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Hitler\u2019in \u201cu\u00e7uk\u201d fikirlerinin ve uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n Almanya\u2019ya ve Alman bilimine zarar verdi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir. Fakat Nazilerin h\u00fck\u00fcmet etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131nda ister istemez k\u00f6kl\u00fc Alman devlet gelenekleri taraf\u0131ndan dizginlenecekleri ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7ecekleri g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u201cuzla\u015farak dizginlemek\u201d bi\u00e7iminde form\u00fcle edilebilecek bir muhalefet \u00e7izgisini benimser.<\/p>\n

\u0130stemeye istemeye \u2018Heil Hitler!\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

3. Reich\u2019\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda sayg\u0131n bir devlet ara\u015ft\u0131rma kurulu\u015fu olan Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft\u2019\u0131n (KWG) ba\u015fkan\u0131 olan Max Planck, bir enstit\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla konu\u015fma yapacakt\u0131r. Fizik\u00e7i P. P. Ewald olay\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131yor:<\/p>\n

\u201cHepimiz Planck\u2019a bak\u0131yor, a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015fta ne yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmek istiyorduk. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc o s\u0131ralarda bu t\u00fcr a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015flara \u2018Heil Hitler!\u2019 ile ba\u015flamak resmi bir tutum haline getirilmi\u015fti. Elini yar\u0131m yukar\u0131 kald\u0131rd\u0131 ve sonra indirdi. Bunu ikinci bir kez daha yapt\u0131. Sonra, nihayet, eli tamamen kalkt\u0131 ve \u2018Heil Hitler!\u2019 dedi\u011fi duyuldu.\u201d<\/p>\n

Planck, ara\u015ft\u0131rma kurumunu tehlikeye atmamak i\u00e7in bunu yapmak zorunda oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyecektir. Olay 1934 y\u0131l\u0131nda ge\u00e7iyor. Oysa daha 1933\u2019te, Nazi iktidar\u0131n\u0131n ilk y\u0131l\u0131nda, Alman bilim kurumlar\u0131nda ac\u0131mas\u0131z bir Yahudi tasfiyesi ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f, Yahudi bilimciler Devlet Memurlar\u0131 Yasas\u0131 ile i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u00fclkeyi terk etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7lerinde, ba\u015fta Einstein olmak \u00fczere, Richard Caurant, Paul Hertz, James Franck, Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger, Max Born, Fritz Haber, Hans Bethe gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck bilimciler de vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hitler\u2019den azar i\u015fitmek<\/strong><\/p>\n

Planck geli\u015fmelerden b\u00fcy\u00fck kayg\u0131 duymakta ama bir orta yol bulma \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131n tek ge\u00e7erli politika oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir. Uzla\u015fmaya ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 uzla\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7abas\u0131na devam eder.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Albert Einstein, Planck Madalyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 Max Planck\u2019\u0131n kendi ellerinden al\u0131yor (1929).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin, o d\u00f6nemde Almanya\u2019y\u0131 terk ederek Nazilere kar\u015f\u0131 sert bir muhalefet \u00e7izgisi izleyen ve \u201cvatan haini\u201d ilan edilen Einstein hakk\u0131nda, hem \u201conun b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Kepler ve Newton\u2019unkiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacak d\u00fczeydedir\u201d deme cesaretini g\u00f6stermekte, hem de bunu \u201cEinstein politik \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla Akademi\u2019nin kendisini kazanmas\u0131n\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131z hale getiriyor\u201d diyerek dengelemektedir.<\/p>\n

Planck\u2019\u0131n KWG\u2019nin ba\u015fkan\u0131 s\u0131fat\u0131yla Hitler\u2019i ziyaret etmesi ve aralar\u0131nda ge\u00e7en diyalog da simge olaylardan biridir. Planck, Hitler\u2019i, Yahudiler aras\u0131nda ayr\u0131m yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi, s\u0131rf Yahudi olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in bilimcilerin i\u015ften at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n, \u00f6rne\u011fin Einstein gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck bilimcilerin kayb\u0131n\u0131n Alman bilimine zarar verdi\u011fi noktalar\u0131nda ikna etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hitler nettir: \u201cBu do\u011fru de\u011fil. Yahudi Yahudi\u2019dir. B\u00fct\u00fcn Yahudiler kene gibi birbirlerine yap\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. Bir yerde bir Yahudi varsa di\u011fer b\u00fct\u00fcn Yahudiler hemen orada toplan\u0131rlar.\u201d diyerek b\u00fcy\u00fck biliminsan\u0131n\u0131 azarlar.<\/p>\n

Planck bir \u015feyler daha anlatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, Hitler aniden konuyu de\u011fi\u015ftirir ve sesini gitgide y\u00fckselterek \u00f6fkelenir. Sayg\u0131n bilim adam\u0131 \u201cBenim i\u00e7in susmaktan ve \u00e7ekip gitmekten ba\u015fka yapacak bir \u015fey kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u201d diyecektir.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Max Planck\u2019\u0131n Naziler taraf\u0131ndan idam edilen o\u011flu Erwin Planck.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Uzla\u015fman\u0131n ideolojik temeli<\/strong><\/p>\n

Uzla\u015farak dizginleme \u00e7izgisini sadece bir \u201chayal\u201d olarak nitelemek yanl\u0131\u015f olur. Bu tutumun bir temeli vard\u0131r. \u00c7o\u011fu muhafazak\u00e2r ve Alman milliyet\u00e7isi entelekt\u00fcel, Nazilerin \u201ca\u015f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131na\u201d kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karken, asl\u0131nda onlar\u0131n \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131\u201d payla\u015fmaktad\u0131r: Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonunda k\u0131r\u0131lan Alman onurunun yeniden kazan\u0131lmas\u0131, Versay Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n getirdi\u011fi y\u00fcke son verilmesi, ortak \u00e7\u0131karlar i\u00e7in ki\u015fisel isteklerden vazge\u00e7ilmesinde \u00f6zveri g\u00f6sterilmesi\u2026<\/p>\n

Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck ama\u00e7lar u\u011fruna -gelip ge\u00e7ici oldu\u011fu san\u0131lan- baz\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131klara g\u00f6z yumulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u2018Biat et, o\u011flun kurtulsun!\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

Max Planck ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir trajedi ya\u015far. Ya\u015famda kalan tek o\u011flu 1944\u2019te Hitler\u2019e suikast su\u00e7lamas\u0131yla yakalananlar aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Naziler ya\u015fl\u0131 Planck\u2019a \u015fu \u201cbasit\u201d \u00f6neriyi getirirler: \u201cNazizme inan\u00e7 ve ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k duyurusunu imzala, o\u011flun idamdan kurtulsun!\u201d<\/p>\n

Uzla\u015fmaya devam edemez Max Planck! (bu son tutumuyla biz onu sayg\u0131yla anmaya devam ediyoruz)<\/p>\n

Duyuruyu imzalamay\u0131 reddeder. O\u011flu idam edilir. Fakat bu olay\u0131 kald\u0131ramaz, b\u00fcy\u00fck ac\u0131larla ge\u00e7en birka\u00e7 y\u0131l\u0131n sonunda o da ya\u015fama veda eder (1947).<\/p>\n

Tarihte hi\u00e7bir \u015fey tekerr\u00fcr etmez. E\u011fer ders \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131rsa\u2026<\/p>\n

Kaynak<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Alan D. Beyerchen, Nazi D\u00f6neminde Bilim<\/em>, \u00c7ev. Haluk Tosun, Alan Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, Ekim 1985<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kuantum kuram\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck fizik\u00e7i Max Planck\u2019\u0131n 70\u2019li ya\u015flar\u0131, Almanya\u2019n\u0131n kritik bir d\u00f6nemine denk d\u00fc\u015fer: Hitler \u00f6nderli\u011findeki Nazi partisinin politik iktidara y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi 1930\u2019lu y\u0131llar. Max Planck (1858-1947) 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti\u011fi kuantum kuram\u0131yla fizikte devrim ba\u015flatan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir biliminsan\u0131d\u0131r. Kendi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan \u201cPlanck sabiti\u201dni ve \u201cPlanck \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m yasas\u0131\u201dn\u0131 bulan, 1918 Nobel […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":493,"featured_media":21946,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2314,26,222],"tags":[277,2663,1533,2661,2662],"class_list":["post-21943","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-oykuleri","category-fizik","category-tarih","tag-einstein","tag-erwin-planck","tag-kuantum","tag-max-planck","tag-naziler-ve-bilim"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t