{"id":22203,"date":"2007-01-01T22:46:49","date_gmt":"2007-01-01T20:46:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=22203"},"modified":"2018-03-22T23:06:38","modified_gmt":"2018-03-22T20:06:38","slug":"kepler-yasam-oykusu-ve-astronomia-nova","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2007\/01\/01\/kepler-yasam-oykusu-ve-astronomia-nova","title":{"rendered":"Kepler: Ya\u015fam \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc ve Astronomia Nova"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kepler\u2019in \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f bilimin olu\u015fmas\u0131na, \u00f6zellikle de astronomi bilim dal\u0131na katk\u0131lar\u0131 o kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck, o kadar paha bi\u00e7ilmez d\u00fczeydedir ki, be\u015fer tarihinde \u201cMilattan \u00d6nce\u201d ve \u201cMilattan Sonra\u201d terimleri kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, astronomide de Kepler\u2019den \u00d6nce ve Sonra terimleri rahatl\u0131kla kullan\u0131labilir. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle onunla birlikte astronomide yeni bir devir, Kepler-Devri ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, halen de devam etmektedir diyebiliriz. Zaten \u00fcnl\u00fc eserinin ad\u0131 da Nova Astronomia, yani Yeni Astronomi de\u011fil mi? <\/em><\/p>\n

Astronomi \u00e7ok pahal\u0131 ve \u00e7ok zahmetli bir bilim dal\u0131. Zaman zaman, \u201cD\u00fcnya\u2019dan milyonlarca km uzakl\u0131kta olan g\u00f6k cisimlerini g\u00f6zlemlemek i\u00e7in bu kadar zahmet ve masrafa katlanmam\u0131za de\u011fer mi?\u201d gibi sorular sorulmaktad\u0131r. Halk de\u011fimi ile ifade edersek: \u201cAtt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ta\u015f, \u00fcrk\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz kurba\u011faya de\u011fer mi?\u201d D\u00fcnyada yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken \u00e7ok say\u0131da, ertelenmesi neredeyse imk\u00e2ns\u0131z g\u00f6z\u00fcken i\u015flerimizin olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bu sorular\u0131n yan\u0131t\u0131 kesin olarak \u201cEvet!\u201d olmu\u015f ve san\u0131r\u0131m olmaya da devam edecektir. Ve bunun nedeni hi\u00e7 de denizcilik, uzaydan g\u00f6zlemlerle (ters astronomi) maden aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131 vs. alanlarda onun insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yararlar de\u011fildir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, toplumdaki etkisi zamanla art\u0131p azalan ve \u201castronominin evlilik d\u0131\u015f\u0131 k\u0131z\u0131\u201d gibi nitelendirilen Astroloji de bir neden olarak kabul edilemez.<\/p>\n

\"\"Bize g\u00f6re as\u0131l nedeni, astronomi bilim dal\u0131n\u0131n be\u015fer evlad\u0131n\u0131 kendi g\u00f6zlerinde, bir ba\u015fka bilim dal\u0131n\u0131n yapamayaca\u011f\u0131 bir \u015fekilde y\u00fcceltebilmesinde aramak gerekmektedir. Astronomi bize maddi olarak, D\u00fcnya\u2019m\u0131zla birlikte bu sonsuz evrende t\u0131pk\u0131 bir \u201ckum tanesi\u201d gibi ne kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olmam\u0131z\u0131 g\u00f6stermenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, bu sonsuz \u00e2lemi kucaklayabilecek bir maneviyata sahip oldu\u011fumuzu da anlatm\u0131\u015f, evrenin efendisi olabilece\u011fimiz y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bize g\u00fcvence vermi\u015ftir. \u0130\u015fte bu nedendendir ki, insanl\u0131k bu k\u0131ymetli duyguyu sahiplenebilmek yolunda her masrafa katlanmaktad\u0131r. \u0130lave edelim ki, \u201cuzak y\u0131ld\u0131zlardan bize sadece g\u00f6zlerimizle alg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z kaba \u0131\u015f\u0131n de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda tefekk\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fczle idrak etti\u011fimiz, evrendeki d\u00fczen ve harmoniden getirdi\u011fi haberle kaostaki yolumuzu ayd\u0131nlatan, bununla da bizim kendimize olan g\u00fcvenimizi artt\u0131ran, \u00e7ok daha ince bir \u0131\u015f\u0131n da gelmektedir.\u201d ( H. Poincare)<\/p>\n

Kepler\u2019den \u00f6nceki astronomi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7ekten Kepler\u2019in \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f bilimin olu\u015fmas\u0131na, \u00f6zellikle de astronomi bilim dal\u0131na katk\u0131lar\u0131 o kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck, o kadar paha bi\u00e7ilmez d\u00fczeydedir ki, be\u015fer tarihinde \u201cMilattan \u00d6nce\u201d ve \u201cMilattan Sonra\u201d terimleri kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, astronomide de Kepler\u2019den \u00d6nce ve Sonra terimleri rahatl\u0131kla kullan\u0131labilir. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle onunla birlikte astronomide yeni bir devir, Kepler-Devri ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, halen de devam etmektedir diyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Hem bizim konumuz astronomi biliminin temel yap\u0131tlar\u0131ndan say\u0131lan, Kepler\u2019in Astronomia<\/em> Nova<\/em>\u2019s\u0131, yani \u201cYeni Astronomi\u201dsi oldu\u011fundan, ona kadar var olan \u201ceski\u201d astronomiye de bir miktar de\u011finmemiz nerdeyse zorunlu olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda dikilmektedir. Bu konuya k\u0131saca de\u011finmek gerekirse, tarih boyunca bu alanda iki sistem, \u201cD\u00fcnya merkezli\u201d ve \u201cG\u00fcne\u015f merkezli\u201d sistem h\u00e2kim olmak u\u011fruna s\u00fcrekli olarak m\u00fccadele etmi\u015ftir diyebiliriz. Ve san\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, \u00f6zellikle de Sokrates\u2019in \u00f6\u011frencisi olan Plato\u2019nun \u00f6\u011frencisi ve B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender\u2019in \u00f6\u011fretmeni, eski Yunan bilgini Aristo\u2019nun me\u015fhur Metafizik<\/em> eserinde ortaya koydu\u011fu tav\u0131rla 2000 sene boyunca \u201cD\u00fcnya merkezli\u201d sistem \u015fuurlara h\u00e2kim olmu\u015ftur. Bu a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k, 300 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f me\u015fhur \u0130skenderiyeli bilim adam\u0131 Ptolomeus\u2019un \u201cD\u00fcnya merkezli\u201d sistemi sa\u011flam temeller \u00fczerine oturtmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bunda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu Almagest adl\u0131 eserini ortaya koymas\u0131 ile bir miktar daha artm\u0131\u015f oldu. Bu sisteme g\u00f6re D\u00fcnya evrenin merkezinde yer almakta, G\u00fcne\u015f, Ay ve o zaman i\u00e7in belli olan gezegenler, D\u00fcnya merkezli \u00e7emberler boyunca de\u011fi\u015fmez, de\u011feri sabit h\u0131zla d\u00f6nmekteydiler. Bu arada gezegenlerin D\u00fcnya\u2019dan g\u00f6zlemlenen ileriye do\u011fru hareketlerinin, belli zamanlarda neden geriye d\u00f6n\u00fck oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in Ptolomeus varsaym\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki, asl\u0131nda gezegenler merkezleri D\u00fcnya merkezli \u00e7emberler (diferentler) boyunca hareket eden \u00e7emberler (episikller) boyunca d\u00f6nmekteler ve bu hareketlerin hepsi sabit h\u0131zla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. Sistem bir miktar karma\u015f\u0131k olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Ay ve G\u00fcne\u015f tutulmalar\u0131 gibi olaylar\u0131 \u00f6nceden haber verebildi\u011finden uzunca bir s\u00fcre ayakta kalabilmi\u015ftir. Tabi\u00ee ki, bu arada kilisenin D\u00fcnya merkezli sistemi s\u00fcrekli olarak savunmas\u0131n\u0131n etkilerini de g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edemeyiz.<\/p>\n

Konuyla ilgili T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131na g\u00f6z att\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, g\u00f6zlemlenen y\u0131ld\u0131zlar kadar parlak ve \u00f6nemli olan iki olayla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmaktay\u0131z. Bunlardan birincisi Azeri T\u00fcrk\u00fc Nasiredd\u00een et-T\u00fbsi (1201-1274) taraf\u0131ndan, 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n Mara\u011fa \u015fehrinde kurulmu\u015f g\u00f6zlemevi, bir ikincisi Timur\u2019un torunlar\u0131ndan, 1409-1449 aras\u0131 Mavera\u00fcnnehir\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 olmu\u015f Ulu\u011f Bey\u2019in (1394-1409) kurdu\u011fu ve d\u00f6neminin sayg\u0131n matematik\u00e7ilerinden say\u0131lan Ali Ku\u015f\u00e7u\u2019nun da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu Samarkand g\u00f6zlemeviydi. Ekleyelim ki, Mara\u011fa\u2019da \u201cZicc \u0130lhani\u201d ad\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan y\u0131ld\u0131z katalo\u011fu d\u00fczenlenip, sferik trigonometri geli\u015ftirilirken, Samarkant\u2019ta da d\u00f6nemin en do\u011fru y\u0131ld\u0131z katalo\u011fu san\u0131lan \u201cZicc- Sultani\u201d meydana getirilmi\u015ftir ve bunlar uzun s\u00fcre bat\u0131l\u0131larca kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ulu\u011f Bey\u2019in \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden sonra bu de\u011ferli eser Ali Ku\u015f\u00e7u taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6nce Tebriz\u2019e, Akkoyunlu h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Uzun Hasan\u2019a, sonra ise \u0130stanbul\u2019a, Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131 Fatih Sultan Mehmet\u2019e g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bir de III. Murat d\u00f6neminde, Tophane\u2019de Takiy\u00fcdd\u00een taraf\u0131ndan kurulan ve 1580 y\u0131l\u0131nda, yine ayn\u0131 zat\u0131n, fetvaya dayal\u0131 emriyle y\u0131k\u0131lan g\u00f6zlemevini de hat\u0131rlatmak yararl\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Kepler, Brahe\u2019nin 35 y\u0131ll\u0131k y\u0131ld\u0131z g\u00f6zlemlerinin zengin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n tek varisi oldu.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

G\u00fcne\u015f merkezli sistemin savunucular\u0131 da bo\u015f durmuyorlard\u0131. \u0130sa\u2019dan \u00f6nce 300 y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki Samoslu Aristarh\u2019tan beri bu u\u011furda \u00e7ok kavgalar \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ama D\u00fcnya merkezli sisteme en etkili darbe Polonyal\u0131 N. Kopernik (1473-1543) taraf\u0131ndan indirilmi\u015ftir. Bunun arkas\u0131nca onun ate\u015fli savunucular\u0131 G. Galilei (1564-1601) engizisyon mahkemesince a\u015fa\u011f\u0131land\u0131 ve yanl\u0131\u015f yolda oldu\u011funu \u201citiraf\u201d etmeye zorland\u0131. Bir din g\u00f6revlisi olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan G. Bruno (1642-1727) ise G\u00fcne\u015f merkezli sistemi destekleyen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinden dolay\u0131 Roma\u2019n\u0131n \u201c\u00c7i\u00e7ek Meydan\u0131\u201dnda ate\u015fe verildi. Ger\u00e7i Kopernik ve onu takip edenler evrenin merkezine G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019i yerle\u015ftirdiler, fakat y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerin \u00e7ember ve y\u00f6r\u00fcngesel h\u0131zlar\u0131n sabit oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinden vazge\u00e7mediklerinden, Ptolomeus\u2019dan kalma diferent ve episikllerden de kurtulamad\u0131lar do\u011fal olarak. \u0130\u015fte bu \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Kurtulu\u015f\u201d yaln\u0131zca, bizim yaz\u0131n\u0131n as\u0131l kahraman\u0131 olan Johannes Kepler\u2019in (1571-1630) gayr\u0131 insani sabr\u0131, direni\u015fi ve ak\u0131l almaz \u00e7abalar\u0131 sonucunda meydana gelmi\u015f, bilim tarihine alt\u0131n harflerle yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kepler\u2019in yasalara kadarki ya\u015fam \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc ve yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fler<\/strong><\/p>\n

Johannes Kepler Almanya\u2019n\u0131n W\u00fcrtenberg eyaletinin Weil der Stadt \u015fehrinde 27 Aral\u0131k 1571 y\u0131l\u0131nda 7,5 ayl\u0131k olarak, erken do\u011fmu\u015ftur. \u015eu anda onun do\u011fdu\u011fu bu \u015fehrin merkez meydan\u0131nda bu b\u00fcy\u00fck astronom, fizik ve matematik\u00e7inin heykeli dimdik ayakta ve tarihe meydan okumaktad\u0131r. Denilene g\u00f6re \u0130kinci Cihan Harbinin sona yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 1945 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u015fehri topa tutmakta olan Frans\u0131z birli\u011finin komutan\u0131, bu \u015fehrin Kepler\u2019in do\u011fdu\u011fu \u015fehir oldu\u011funu duyunca, bu fikrinden vazge\u00e7mi\u015ftir (!).<\/p>\n

Kepler\u2019in babas\u0131 Henrich dengesiz biri idi ve ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca de\u011fi\u015fik yerlerde dola\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve nihayet 1589 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamen ortadan kaybolmu\u015ftur. Ondan kalan tek ho\u015f hat\u0131ra 1680\u2019de a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, fakat \u201cZur Sone\u201d(\u201cG\u00fcne\u015fe Do\u011fru\u201d) gibi g\u00fczel ve sanki 9 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Hans\u2019\u0131n gelece\u011finden haber veren bir isim tak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f lokantayd\u0131 ki, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Hans zaman zaman burada hizmet vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Annesi Katerine, e\u011fitim g\u00f6rmemesine ra\u011fmen, ila\u00e7 olarak kullan\u0131labilen de\u011fi\u015fik otlar\u0131 bilir, onlar\u0131 toplar ve kaynatarak \u00e7evresindeki insanlar\u0131 tedavi ederdi. Bu bilgileri edinmi\u015f oldu\u011fu ki\u015fi ise onun, cad\u0131l\u0131k yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle ate\u015fte yak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f teyzesinden ba\u015fka birisi de\u011fildi. Gelecekte onun kendisi de bu ak\u0131beti ya\u015famaktan, sadece Kepler\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7abalar\u0131 sonucunda kurtulacakt\u0131r. Buradan da g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, Hans\u2019\u0131n \u00e7evresi onun gelece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hi\u00e7 de \u00fcmit verici olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ama manevi \u00e2lemde bo\u011fu\u015ftu\u011fu bu olumsuzluklar azm\u0131\u015f gibi, bedensel a\u00e7\u0131dan da \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu, s\u00fcrekli bir m\u00fccadele i\u00e7erisinde bulmu\u015ftur kendini. Derisindeki irinli \u00e7\u0131banlar, iyile\u015fmek bilmeyen yaralar, karaci\u011fer ve mide a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131, s\u0131tma ve ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131 ya\u015fam boyu onu takip etmi\u015fti. Meselenin en ilgin\u00e7 yan\u0131 ise onun \u00e7ocukluktan yak\u0131n g\u00f6rme ve monokulyar polioniya (\u00e7ok g\u00f6rme) hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahip olmas\u0131yd\u0131 herhalde. Yani bir g\u00f6zle Aya bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bir tane de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7ok say\u0131da Ay g\u00f6rmekteydi. T\u00fcm bu olumsuzluklara ra\u011fmen ve belki de bu olumsuzluklara kocaman bir tepki olarak, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yoluna \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutacak nitelikte temel yap\u0131tlar ortaya koymak; daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kahramanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek bile zor olsa gerek.<\/p>\n

Bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u00e7ocukluk y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n iki parlak hat\u0131ras\u0131n\u0131 da aktaral\u0131m. 1577 y\u0131l\u0131nda, hen\u00fcz 6 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken, \u00a0annesi onu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir tepeye g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f ve g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn kuyruklu y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n\u0131-kometi seyretmi\u015fler. 9 ya\u015f\u0131nda ise anne ve babas\u0131 onu Ay tutulmas\u0131n\u0131 seyretmek i\u00e7in soka\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. \u201cAy\u0131n tamam\u0131 k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 renkteydi\u201d diye kendisi sonralar\u0131 bu olay\u0131 an\u0131ms\u0131yordu. Burada, Einstein\u2019\u0131 \u00e7ocuklu\u011funda \u00e7ok etkilemi\u015f olan \u00d6klit Geometrisi-pusula \u00e7ifti ile bir paralellik akla gelebilir ve bu bir tesad\u00fcf de\u011fildir. \u0130leride onlar\u0131n yollar\u0131 bir daha kesi\u015fecektir, Einstein \u201cGenel G\u00f6recelik\u201d kuram\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftururken.<\/p>\n

Bir zamanlar K. Marx\u2019tan taktir etti\u011fi kahramanlar var m\u0131 ve kimlerdir diye sorulunca, hi\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeden Spartak\u00fcs ile Kepler\u2019in adlar\u0131n\u0131 zikretmi\u015ftir ve bu hi\u00e7 de s\u0131radan bir laf say\u0131lmaz. \u00d6te yandan Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn m\u00fccadelesi k\u00f6lelerin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in oldu\u011fu halde, Kepler\u2019in m\u00fccadelesi insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve Evrenin Efendili\u011fine soyunmas\u0131 yolunda verilen bir sava\u015f idi.<\/p>\n

E\u011fitimi ile ba\u011fl\u0131 vurgulamam\u0131z gereken hususlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda iki \u015fey gelir. Birincisi e\u011fitim sisteminin ac\u0131mas\u0131z olmas\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin 1586\u2019da ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu lisede, uykudan kalk\u0131\u015f yaz\u0131n saat 4\u2019te, k\u0131\u015f\u0131n ise saat 5\u2019te olur ve \u00f6\u011frenciler hemen i\u015fe koyulurlard\u0131. \u0130kincisi ise, zeki \u00e7ocuklara g\u00f6sterilen \u00f6zel ilgi ve destekti. \u00d6rne\u011fin 1589 y\u0131l\u0131nda kazanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu T\u00fcbingen \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde fakir aileden gelen zeki \u00e7ocuklar, \u00dcniversite hesab\u0131na bar\u0131nma ve yemekle temin edilmekteydiler. Tabi\u00ee ki, burada da ko\u015fullar yeterince zordu. 5 y\u0131ll\u0131k din e\u011fitiminin ilk 2 y\u0131l\u0131 matematik, astronomi, Yunan ve eski Yahudi dili, nutuk ve \u015fiir sanat\u0131, etik ve Aristo felsefesinin \u00f6\u011frenimi i\u00e7in ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dcniversite Senatosu Kepler\u2019in ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurarak, onun \u00f6zel burs talebini yerine getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u00dcniversiteden mezun olan Kepler, Graz \u015fehrinde matematik \u00f6\u011fretmeni olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise, \u015fehrin ileri gelenleri bu ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 genci \u015fehre daha s\u0131k\u0131 ba\u011flamak i\u00e7in, onu Barbara adl\u0131 bir k\u0131zla evlendirmi\u015flerdi (1597). B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar e\u011fitim s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7ekilen \u00e7ilelerin etkisini hafifleterek, onu yeni zorluklardan ka\u00e7\u0131nmamak ve onlarla ba\u015f edebilmek i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli olarak motive ediyordu. Bu uygulanan bir sistemdi ve alternatifi de yok gibi g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Brahe ve Kepler\u2019in Prag\u2019da bulunan heykeli.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0130\u015fte burada Kepler, hen\u00fcz 25 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken (1596), gezegenlerin \u00e7evresel y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerinin yar\u0131\u00e7ap de\u011ferlerinin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u201ca\u00e7\u0131klayan\u201d ilk kitab\u0131n\u0131 (Kozmografik S\u0131r – Misterium Cosmographicum<\/em>) yazd\u0131. Onun zaman\u0131nda G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019ten olan uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re Merk\u00fcr, Ven\u00fcs, D\u00fcnya, Mars, J\u00fcpiter ve Sat\u00fcrn gibi 6 gezegen bilindi\u011finden, Kepler bu gezegenlerin y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerinin 5 tane me\u015fhur Plato fig\u00fcrlerinin i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7izilmi\u015f k\u00fcre y\u00fczeyleri \u00fczerinde yerle\u015fti\u011fi sonucuna varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u0131ralama (d\u0131\u015ftan i\u00e7e do\u011fru) sembolik olarak \u015f\u00f6yleydi: Sat\u00fcrn, heksaedr, J\u00fcpiter, tetraedr, Mars, dodekaedr, D\u00fcnya, ikosaedr, Ven\u00fcs, tetraedr ve nihayet Merk\u00fcr. Bu G\u00fcne\u015f merkezli bir sistemdi ve y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerin yar\u0131\u00e7aplar\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak ger\u00e7e\u011fe yak\u0131nd\u0131. Ger\u00e7e\u011fe biraz daha yakla\u015fmak i\u00e7in, Kepler i\u00e7e ve d\u0131\u015fa \u00e7izilmi\u015f k\u00fcre y\u00fczeylerinin bir miktar de\u011fi\u015fik kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa sahip oldu\u011fu varsay\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kabullenmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle G\u00fcne\u015f sisteminde ba\u015fka gezegenlerin de varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra, bu eserin bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u201cuyduruk\u201d bir model oldu\u011fu bilinmesine ra\u011fmen, hem bilim tarihi, hem de Kepler\u2019in gelecek \u201cger\u00e7ek\u201d ke\u015fifleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, bu eserin \u00f6zel bir \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylememiz laz\u0131m. Ve bu \u00f6nemin ana nedeni orada kullan\u0131lan \u201csimetri prensibi\u201dnde yatmaktad\u0131r ki, Kepler\u2019in ya\u015fam boyu s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda bu prensip bir anahtar rol\u00fcn\u00fc oynam\u0131\u015f ve Kepler de sonuna kadar ona sad\u0131k kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kitap ayn\u0131 zamanda d\u00f6nemin \u00f6nder astronomi uzmanlar\u0131ndan Galileo Galilei ve Ticho Brahe\u2019nin (1546-1601) de ilgisini \u00e7ekti. Galileo onu tebrik etti, Ticho ise Prag\u2019da birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya davet etti. Zengin bir Danimarkal\u0131 aileden gelen Brahe hen\u00fcz 13 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken Kopenhag \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nin \u00f6\u011frencisi olmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f ve burnunun d\u00fcelloda kaybolmu\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131n-g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f kar\u0131\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 protezinin d\u00fc\u015fmemesi i\u00e7in yan\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli olarak \u00f6zel yap\u0131\u015fkan ta\u015f\u0131maktayd\u0131. Danimarka Kral\u0131 II. Friederic Kopenhag\u2019dan 20 km mesafede olan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Ven adas\u0131nda onun i\u00e7in Uraniborg (Sema Kasr\u0131) isimli g\u00f6zlemevi yapt\u0131rd\u0131 (1580-\u0130stanbul g\u00f6zlemevi y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131rken). Tabi\u00ee ki, bundan \u00f6nce de onun yeterince \u00e7ok say\u0131da g\u00f6zlem sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 vard\u0131. H\u00e2misinin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, o, Danimarka\u2019y\u0131 terk etti ve Prag\u2019da II. Rudolf\u2019un yan\u0131nda saray matematik\u00e7isi (hem de y\u0131ld\u0131z fal\u0131 vs.) olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na devam etti. 1600\u2019da daveti kabul eden Kepler, bir sene sonra, onun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle, 35 senelik titiz g\u00f6zlemlerin bir hazine niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan zengin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n tek varisi oluverdi.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7ta, me\u015fhur \u201cKepler Yasalar\u0131\u201dna g\u00f6t\u00fcrecek olan azami ve hummal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u015fte bu noktadan ba\u015flad\u0131. Kepler\u2019in kendi deyimine g\u00f6re, art\u0131k \u201cmuhte\u015fem bir bina\u201d (yasalar) in\u015fa etmek i\u00e7in gereken malzemeler vard\u0131 ve bunu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirecek mimar\u0131 bekliyordu. Oysa bana g\u00f6re Kepler\u2019in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fi bir mimariden daha \u00e7ok, tonlarca kumu y\u0131kayarak \u201calt\u0131n\u201d bulan ki\u015finin veya yine de tonlarca uranyum madenini kazanda kaynatarak, ondan 1 gr miktar\u0131nda radyoaktif radyumu ay\u0131rmay\u0131 ba\u015faran Marie ve Pierre Curie\u2019lerin i\u015fine benzetirsek daha ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i oluruz. Paralelli\u011fi devam ettirirsek her iki ke\u015fif de iyi ve k\u00f6t\u00fc ama\u00e7larla kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Curie\u2019lerin ke\u015fifleri sonucunda meydana \u00e7\u0131kan n\u00fckleer bombalar\u0131 hedefe ta\u015f\u0131yan roketler, Kepler\u2019in belirledi\u011fi yasalar gere\u011fi uygun y\u00f6r\u00fcngeler boyunca hareket etmek zorundad\u0131rlar. Bu yasalar \u00fc\u00e7 tanedir ve \u015fimdi bunlar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131yla ele alal\u0131m.<\/p>\n

\"\"Kepler\u2019in \u0130kinci Yasas\u0131 (1601)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu yasay\u0131 Kepler, Mars gezegeninin 1580-1600 tarihleri aras\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen on tane kar\u015f\u0131 durmas\u0131n\u0131n Brahe taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6zlemlenmesinin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00fczerine yo\u011funla\u015farak bulmu\u015ftu. Kar\u015f\u0131 durma, G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019le gezegenin D\u00fcnya\u2019dan 180 dereceli a\u00e7\u0131 alt\u0131nda, ters y\u00f6nlerde bulunmas\u0131 ve buna g\u00f6re de daha net bir bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6zlemlenebilir olmas\u0131 durumuna denir. Belli olmu\u015ftur ki, y\u00f6r\u00fcnge \u00e7evre de\u011fil, oval bi\u00e7imindedir ve de gezegenin h\u0131z\u0131 y\u00f6r\u00fcnge boyu sabit kalmay\u0131p de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. Tam bu s\u0131rada, Kepler sona (\u201cmezara\u201d) kadar sad\u0131k kalaca\u011f\u0131 \u201csimetri prensibi\u201dnden yola \u00e7\u0131karak, bu \u201cde\u011fi\u015fen\u201d i\u00e7erisinde var olmas\u0131 gereken bir \u201cde\u011fi\u015fmeyeni\u201d aramaya koyulmu\u015f ve bunda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Acaba neydi bu de\u011fi\u015fmez? \u0130\u015fte bu sorunun yan\u0131t\u0131 Kepler\u2019in 2. yasas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmakta: Gezegenin y\u00f6r\u00fcnge boyu hareket h\u0131z\u0131 \u00f6ylesine de\u011fi\u015fiyor ki, onu G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019e \u201cba\u011flayan do\u011fru par\u00e7as\u0131\u201d (yar\u0131\u00e7ap) e\u015fit zaman aral\u0131klar\u0131nda e\u015fit alanlar \u201cs\u00fcp\u00fcrs\u00fcn\u201d. <\/strong>Sonu\u00e7 olarak bu sabitli\u011fi korumak i\u00e7in, gezegenin h\u0131z\u0131 G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019ten olan mesafesiyle ters orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fmeli, yani G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019e yak\u0131nla\u015f\u0131rken artmal\u0131, ondan uzakla\u015f\u0131rken ise azalmal\u0131yd\u0131 ki, g\u00f6zlem sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 da bunu kan\u0131tlamaktayd\u0131. Simetri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ise bu yasa, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel olarak iki t\u00fcr yorumlanabilir. Gezegenin h\u0131zla ba\u011fl\u0131 kinetik enerjisini, y\u00f6r\u00fcnge boyunca k\u00fctle (E<\/em> = mc<\/em>2<\/sup> ) yo\u011funlu\u011fu olarak ele al\u0131rsak, G\u00fcne\u015f-Y\u00f6r\u00fcnge sisteminin merkezi G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in merkezinde ve dengeli durumda olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201ck\u00fctle yo\u011funlu\u011funun\u201d G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019e yak\u0131n mesafede \u00e7ok, uzak mesafede ise az olmas\u0131 laz\u0131m. Yasan\u0131n bir di\u011fer d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel yorumu ise, gezegenin tam enerjisinin de\u011fi\u015fmezli\u011fi ile ba\u011flanabilir. Gezegen G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019ten uzakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman onun potansiyel (gizli) enerjisi artt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, toplam\u0131n sabit kalmas\u0131 i\u00e7in onun kinetik enerjisinin, yani h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131 gerekmektedir ve tersine.<\/p>\n

Keplerin Birinci Yasas\u0131 (1605)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Evet, y\u00f6r\u00fcnge boyu s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015fen h\u0131z i\u00e7in invaryant-de\u011fi\u015fmez bulunmu\u015ftur, fakat G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019ten olan de\u011fi\u015fen mesafe i\u00e7in b\u00f6yle bir de\u011fi\u015fmez hen\u00fcz bulunamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun i\u00e7in, yani y\u00f6r\u00fcngenin as\u0131l formunun ke\u015ffi i\u00e7in daha 4 sene \u00e7aba sarf etmek, g\u00f6zlem sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 bir daha incelemek, yeni varsay\u0131mlar olu\u015fturmak ve onlar\u0131 denemek gerekecekti. Kepler\u2019e g\u00f6re, \u201cger\u00e7ek nerdeyse \u00e7emberle ovalin aras\u0131nda bir yerde olmal\u0131, sanki Mars\u2019\u0131n y\u00f6r\u00fcngesi tam da bir elipstir\u201d. Elips, d\u00fczlemde verilen iki noktadan (F<\/em>1<\/sub> ve F<\/em>2<\/sub>) mesafelerinin toplam\u0131 sabit olup 2a<\/em>\u2019ya e\u015fit olan noktalar\u0131n geometrik yeri olan kapal\u0131 e\u011fridir. <\/strong>Elips bir \u00e7ap\u0131 do\u011frultusunda merkeze do\u011fru bas\u0131k bir \u00e7ember olmakla, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7ap\u0131 odak noktalar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7iyor ve uzunlu\u011fu 2a<\/em>\u2019d\u0131r. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ap\u0131 [F<\/em>1<\/sub>, F<\/em>2<\/sub>] par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n orta dikeyidir ve uzunlu\u011fu 2b<\/em>\u2019dir. E\u011fer odaklar aras\u0131ndaki mesafe 2c<\/em> olarak al\u0131n\u0131rsa, a<\/em>, b<\/em>, c<\/em> aras\u0131nda, a<\/em> hipoten\u00fcs olmakla Pisagor ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r: a<\/em>2<\/sup> = b<\/em>2<\/sup> + c<\/em>2<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\"\"Kepler y\u00f6r\u00fcngenin elips oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yordu, fakat G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in bu elipsin merkezinde (\u00e7aplar\u0131n arakesiti noktas\u0131nda) al\u0131nmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, elips y\u00f6r\u00fcngeden yola \u00e7\u0131karak yap\u0131lan hesaplar g\u00f6zlem sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na uyum sa\u011flam\u0131yordu. Tabi, elips d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine varmadan \u00f6nce de\u011fi\u015fik oval bi\u00e7imler (az bas\u0131k, \u00e7ok bas\u0131k vs.) denenmi\u015f ve uyum sa\u011flamad\u0131klar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 \u201c\u00e7\u00f6pe at\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131\u201d. Nerdeyse elips y\u00f6r\u00fcnge de \u00f6tekilerle ayn\u0131 talihi payla\u015facakt\u0131 ki, Kepler G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019i merkezden \u201ckald\u0131r\u0131p\u201d, odak noktalar\u0131ndan birine \u201ckoydu\u201d ve t\u00fcm \u201cta\u015flar\u201d sanki bir mucize eseri olarak birer birer yerlerine oturmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Ve belli oldu ki, \u201cGezegenin y\u00f6r\u00fcngesi, odak noktalar\u0131ndan birinde G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in yerle\u015fti\u011fi elipstir<\/strong>\u201d. Kepler\u2019in birinci yasas\u0131 denilen kuram i\u015fte bu. Bunun de\u011fi\u015fmezi ise, gezegenin G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019ten ve G\u00fcne\u015fi olmayan di\u011fer odak noktas\u0131ndan (\u201ck\u00f6r nokta\u201d) mesafelerinin toplam\u0131d\u0131r ki, bu toplam b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7ap\u0131n uzunlu\u011funa e\u015fit olmakla hep sabit kal\u0131yor. Bu iki yasay\u0131, bu muhte\u015fem sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7eren kitap, 1609 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Astronomia Nova<\/em> (Yeni Astronomi) ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda Heidelberg\u2019te yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kepler\u2019in kendi deyimine g\u00f6re, \u201c\u2026kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kan her \u015feyi el yordam\u0131yla kontrol etmek suretiyle, nihayet bat\u0131l\u0131n zifir karanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, ger\u00e7e\u011fin parlak ayd\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u201d. Ve bunda da onun ilk kitab\u0131n\u0131n ve de bir de\u011fi\u015fmezin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na olan inanc\u0131n\u0131n rol\u00fcn\u00fc bir kez daha hat\u0131rlatmakta yarar vard\u0131r diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n

Kepler\u2019in \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Yasas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131nt\u0131lara girmeden hemen belirtelim ki, Kepler\u2019in hayat\u0131n\u0131n son d\u00f6nemleri hep olumsuzluklarla dolu olmu\u015ftur. Ger\u00e7i Brahe\u2019nin vefat\u0131ndan sonra II. Rudolf onu saray matematik\u00e7isi olarak atam\u0131\u015ft\u0131, fakat onun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra i\u015fler k\u00f6t\u00fcye gitti ve Kepler ailesi ile Lunz \u015fehrine ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. Burada e\u015fi ve \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7ocu\u011fu \u00f6ld\u00fc (1611) ve o, yeniden evlenerek d\u00f6rt \u00e7ocuk babas\u0131 oldu. Onu s\u00fcrekli takip eden para yetersizli\u011fi, Protestan, Katolik ve Kalvinistler aras\u0131nda s\u00fcren \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n olumsuz etkileri, yerli krallar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fik oyunlar\u0131 azm\u0131\u015f gibi, bir de 1616\u2019da annesini cad\u0131l\u0131kla su\u00e7layarak tutuklad\u0131lar ve ate\u015fte yak\u0131lma talebiyle yarg\u0131lamaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Astronomi ve di\u011fer bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, s\u00fcrekli olarak annesinin savunmas\u0131n\u0131 da \u00fcstlenen Kepler, t\u00fcm bu zorluklara ra\u011fmen 1619 y\u0131l\u0131nda, kendi deyimi ile hayat\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli yap\u0131t\u0131 olan Evrenin Harmonisi<\/em> (Harmonices Mundi) adl\u0131 eserini ortaya koymay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Be\u015f k\u0131s\u0131mdan olu\u015fan kitapta di\u011fer ilgin\u00e7 bilgilerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, 5. k\u0131s\u0131mda, kitab\u0131n yaz\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n as\u0131l nedeni olan 3. Yasa da yer al\u0131yordu. 1. Yasada mesafe, 2. Yasada ise sadece h\u0131z yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde, 3. Yasada mesafe ve zaman yer almaktayd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca ilk iki yasa ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 gezegenlere mahsus de\u011fi\u015fmezler ortaya koydu\u011fu halde, 3. Yasa G\u00fcne\u015f sisteminin t\u00fcm gezegenlerine mahsus olan ortak bir de\u011fi\u015fmezi tespit ediyordu. Neydi bu de\u011fi\u015fmez acaba? Bu bir orand\u0131r: \u201cGezegen y\u00f6r\u00fcngesinin b\u00fcy\u00fck yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131 k\u00fcp\u00fcn\u00fcn, onun G\u00fcne\u015f etraf\u0131ndaki bir tam devri i\u00e7in gereken zaman\u0131n karesine olan oran\u0131, G\u00fcne\u015f sisteminin t\u00fcm gezegenleri i\u00e7in de\u011fi\u015fmez olarak sabit kal\u0131yor<\/strong>\u201d. 3. Kepler Yasas\u0131 i\u015fte bu!<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Bu fikir ilk defa (tabi uzun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmelerin sonucu olarak) 8 Mart 1618\u2019de akl\u0131na gelmi\u015f, fakat hesapta yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hatadan dolay\u0131, yanl\u0131\u015f bir karar diye \u201c\u00e7\u00f6pe at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u201d. Fakat ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n 15 May\u0131s\u0131nda, tutkucu bir merak sonucu bir daha, bu sefer kusursuz hesap yapt\u0131ktan sonra, bir \u00f6nceki hatas\u0131n\u0131 anlam\u0131\u015f ve \u00e7\u00f6pe att\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 alarak, ba\u015f\u0131na ta\u00e7 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcme son vermeden \u00f6nce ba\u015fka bir paralele, Kepler-Arf paraleline g\u00f6z atal\u0131m. \u015eafak Alpay\u2019\u0131n da ifade etti\u011fi gibi \u201c\u2026Cahit Hoca\u2019n\u0131n her probleme \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 vard\u0131. Yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n ortak yan\u0131 daima de\u011fi\u015fmez olanlar\u0131n aranmas\u0131d\u0131r\u201d. Ekleyelim ki, onlar\u0131n her ikisinin de de\u011fi\u015fmezi aramak ve bulmak tutkusu, Zweig\u2019in me\u015fhur \u201cAmok\u201duna konu olacak d\u00fczeydeydi bana g\u00f6re.<\/p>\n

Final: Ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmas\u0131 olanaks\u0131z son<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olan her \u015fey gibi, Kepler\u2019in ya\u015fam\u0131 da sona yakla\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Bu arada onun di\u011fer iki eserini, optik olaylar\u0131n incelenmesini i\u00e7eren Dioptrice<\/em> (1611) ve gezegenlerin de\u011fi\u015fik zamanlardaki yerlerini y\u00fcksek kesinlikle belirleyen Rudolf Tabelalar\u0131<\/em>\u2019n\u0131 (1627) hat\u0131rlatal\u0131m sadece. Me\u015fhur 30 Y\u0131ll\u0131k Sava\u015f\u2019tan (1618-1648) dolay\u0131 uzunca bir s\u00fcre maa\u015f\u0131n\u0131 alam\u0131yordu ve ge\u00e7imini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesi \u00e7ok zorla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 2 Kas\u0131m 1630 senesinde Kepler, Devlet Kurumunun toplant\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131lan Regensburg \u015fehrine gitti. Amac\u0131 kendisine bir emeklilik maa\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakt\u0131. Fakat buna gerek kalmad\u0131, Regensburg onun son dura\u011f\u0131 oldu. Orada hastalanan Kepler, 15 Kas\u0131m 1630\u2019da ebediyete intikal etti ve orada da topra\u011fa verildi. Sade olan mezar ta\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerine kendine mahsus bir ikili yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131:<\/p>\n

\u201cBen g\u00f6kleri \u00f6l\u00e7erdim, \u015fimdi D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6lgeleridir \u00f6l\u00e7t\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm,<\/p>\n

Ruhum s\u00fcrekli olarak g\u00f6kleri dola\u015f\u0131yordu; burada yatansa tenimin g\u00f6lgesidir sadece.\u201d<\/p>\n

30 Y\u0131ll\u0131k Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda, 1631\u2019le 1634 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131 Regensburg \u00fc\u00e7 defa sava\u015f meydan\u0131 olmu\u015f ve Kepler\u2019in mezar\u0131ndan geriye sadece kuru hat\u0131ra kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Onun emeklili\u011fine bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc kavu\u015famay\u0131\u015f\u0131 haf\u0131zalarda T\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u00fcnl\u00fc \u015fairi Muhammed Fuzuli ile bir paralellik \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 hanedan\u0131 ona ayl\u0131k 9 ak\u00e7e olarak emeklilik maa\u015f\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131\u015f, fakat ya\u015fl\u0131 \u015fair b\u00fcrokratik engeller y\u00fcz\u00fcnden bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc bu maa\u015f\u0131n\u0131 alamam\u0131\u015f. Nihayet \u201c\u015eikayetn\u00e2me\u201d adl\u0131 me\u015fhur mensur mektubundan sonra, birikmi\u015f maa\u015f\u0131 Kerbela\u2019ya giden bir kervanla kendisine g\u00f6nderilmi\u015f. Fakat kervan bir kap\u0131dan \u015fehre girdi\u011finde (1556), Fuzuli\u2019nin n\u00e2\u015f\u0131 di\u011fer kap\u0131dan son yolculu\u011funa u\u011furlan\u0131yordur art\u0131k. Kepler\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra geriye kalan e\u015fyalar\u0131na gelirsek, bunlar yeterince ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir mont, birka\u00e7 kuru\u015f, iki g\u00f6mlek, 57 (!) tabela, 27 tane bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kitap, \u00e7ok say\u0131da el yazmalar\u0131 (onlar 200 sene sonra 22 cilt olarak bas\u0131lacakt\u0131) ve 29 bin florin \u00f6denilmemi\u015f maa\u015f. Burada yine haf\u0131zalara baz\u0131 paralellikler geliyor. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin 30 senelik kanl\u0131 diktat\u00f6r\u00fc<\/u>, 2. Cihan Harbinden Sovyetleri zaferle \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f \u0130. V. Stalin 1953\u2019te \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, onun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma masas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ekmecesinden 30 ruble tutar\u0131nda bor\u00e7 k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f. Belli olmu\u015f ki, bu para, k\u0131z\u0131na vermek i\u00e7in personel daire ba\u015fkan\u0131ndan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 veya \u00f6l\u00fcmden sonraki ebediyet yolculu\u011fu <\/strong><\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da da kaydetti\u011fimiz gibi, Kepler\u2019den geriye kalan el yaz\u0131lar\u0131 y\u00fczlerle insan\u0131n katk\u0131s\u0131yla, 200 sene sonra 22 cilt olarak yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ebediyet yolculu\u011fu bu olmay\u0131p da ne oluyor? Bu konuda, o, birer matematik dehalar\u0131 olan Euler ve Weierstrass\u2019la ayn\u0131 kaderi payla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Alman matematik\u00e7isi, matematikte titizlik sembol\u00fc gibi bilinen Weierstrass\u2019\u0131n ders notlar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra yeni teoriler olarak bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck ilgi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerdi. Me\u011fer o, \u00f6\u011frencilerine hen\u00fcz kimsenin bilmedi\u011fi yeni teoriler anlat\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, tam da \u201cmutfaktan ve s\u0131ca\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ca\u011f\u0131na\u201d.<\/p>\n

Kepler olmasayd\u0131 ne olurdu peki? Bir defa Newton gibi bir devin meydana \u00e7\u0131kma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131f\u0131r olmasa bile (\u201cYa tutarsa\u2026\u201d), bir hayli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olurdu kesinlikle. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Newton\u2019u bir dev yapan Genel Cazibe Yasas\u0131 tamamen Kepler\u2019in yasalar\u0131 \u00fczerine in\u015fa edilmi\u015f durumda. Newton olmay\u0131nca, bu sefer kaybolma s\u0131ras\u0131 \u00f6teki devlere ve de ilk olarak Einstein\u2019a yeti\u015firdi hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz. Yani b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ihtimalle insanl\u0131k bilim ve maneviyat\u00e7a \u00e7ok daha yoksun kal\u0131rd\u0131. Ne mutlu bizlere ki, be\u015fer evlad\u0131n\u0131n Kepler ve onun benzeri olan selefleri varm\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n

Bir iki \u201cuygulama\u201d \u00f6rne\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tabi bu \u00f6rnekler uygulamadan ziyade, yasalar\u0131n do\u011frulu\u011funu bir daha kan\u0131tlama karakteri ta\u015f\u0131yacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1) Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere J\u00fcpiter\u2019in y\u00f6r\u00fcnge yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131n\u0131n D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131nkine olan oran\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 5,2, onlar\u0131n periyotlar\u0131 oran\u0131 ise yakla\u015f\u0131k 11,9\u2019dur. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc yasa gere\u011fi birinci oran\u0131n k\u00fcp\u00fcn\u00fcn yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak, ikinci oran\u0131n karesine e\u015fit olmas\u0131 laz\u0131m. Ger\u00e7ekten (5,2)3<\/sup> yakla\u015f\u0131k 140,61 ve (11,9)2<\/sup> yakla\u015f\u0131k 141,61 olmakla, bu e\u015fitlik sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f durumda.<\/p>\n

2) D\u00fcnya y\u00f6r\u00fcngesinin yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 150 milyon km, Mars\u2019\u0131nki ise 228 milyon km, bunlar\u0131n devir periyotlar\u0131 ise uygun olarak 365 ve 687 D\u00fcnya g\u00fcn\u00fc oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. (228 \/ 150)3<\/sup> = (1,52)3<\/sup> = 3,5118 ve (687 \/ 365)2<\/sup> = (1,8822)2<\/sup> = 3,5427 olmas\u0131 3. Yasan\u0131n do\u011frulu\u011funa i\u015faret etmektedir.<\/p>\n

3) 4 Kas\u0131m 1957 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin D\u00fcnya etraf\u0131 y\u00f6r\u00fcngeye \u00e7\u0131kartmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cSputnik-1\u201d(\u201cYol Akada\u015f\u0131-1\u201d) uydusunun Yer y\u00fczeyine en yak\u0131n mesafesi (perihelide) 228 km, en uzak mesafesi ise (afelide) 947 km oldu\u011funu bilerek, onun eliptik y\u00f6r\u00fcngesinin a<\/em>, b<\/em> ve c<\/em> parametrelerini bulal\u0131m. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7ap\u0131 12742 km oldu\u011fundan a<\/em> = (947 + 228 + 12742)\/2 = 6958,5 km olur. \u00d6te yandan c<\/em> = (947 – 228)\/2 = 359.5 km oldu\u011fundan, b<\/em> = (a<\/em>2<\/sup> \u2013c<\/em>2<\/sup>)1\/2<\/sup>\u00a0 form\u00fcl\u00fcne g\u00f6re b<\/em> = 6949,2073 km olarak buluruz.<\/p>\n

Te\u015fekk\u00fcr<\/strong>: Bilgisayar ortam\u0131ndaki \u00e7izimlerinden dolay\u0131 \u00d6zg\u00fcr \u00c7ift\u00e7i\u2019ye, ilgilerinden dolay\u0131 Ali G\u00fclba\u011f\u2019a ve U\u011fur E. Kocamaz\u2019a te\u015fekk\u00fcr ederim.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Y. A. Bel\u0131y, Johannes Kepler, Moskova, Nauka, 1971.<\/p>\n

2) Y. A. Danilov, Kepler ve onun \u2018Evrenin Harmonisi\u2019 eseri, Moskova, Nauka, 1978.<\/p>\n

3) H. Poincare, Bilim hakk\u0131nda, Nauka, Moskova, 1986.<\/p>\n

4) http:\/\/www.goldenmuseum.com\/0404Kepler_rus.html<\/p>\n

5) http:\/\/kepler.nasa.gov\/johannes\/<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kepler\u2019in \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f bilimin olu\u015fmas\u0131na, \u00f6zellikle de astronomi bilim dal\u0131na katk\u0131lar\u0131 o kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck, o kadar paha bi\u00e7ilmez d\u00fczeydedir ki, be\u015fer tarihinde \u201cMilattan \u00d6nce\u201d ve \u201cMilattan Sonra\u201d terimleri kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, astronomide de Kepler\u2019den \u00d6nce ve Sonra terimleri rahatl\u0131kla kullan\u0131labilir. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle onunla birlikte astronomide yeni bir devir, Kepler-Devri ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, halen de devam etmektedir diyebiliriz. Zaten […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":22210,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[73,30,1464],"tags":[248,206,639,2698],"class_list":["post-22203","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-35-sayi","category-astronomi","category-dosya","tag-astronomi","tag-bilim-tarihi","tag-kepler","tag-kepler-yasalari"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22203","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=22203"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22203\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/22210"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22203"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=22203"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=22203"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}