{"id":22212,"date":"2007-01-01T23:14:03","date_gmt":"2007-01-01T21:14:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=22212"},"modified":"2018-03-22T23:24:59","modified_gmt":"2018-03-22T20:24:59","slug":"galileinin-diyaloglari-ve-modern-bilimin-baslangici-yeryuzu-ile-gokyuzunu-birlestirdi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2007\/01\/01\/galileinin-diyaloglari-ve-modern-bilimin-baslangici-yeryuzu-ile-gokyuzunu-birlestirdi","title":{"rendered":"Galilei\u2019nin Diyaloglar\u2019\u0131 ve modern bilimin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131:\u00a0Yery\u00fcz\u00fc ile g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc birle\u015ftirdi\u2026"},"content":{"rendered":"

Galilei, engizisyonda yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7acak \u201c\u0130ki B\u00fcy\u00fck D\u00fcnya Sistemi \u00dczerine Diyalog\u201d \u00a0ve ev hapsine mahk\u00fbmken yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201c\u0130ki Yeni Bilim \u00dczerine Konu\u015fmalar\u201d adl\u0131 ba\u015fyap\u0131tlar\u0131nda, hareketin analizi temelinde, evreni ve do\u011fay\u0131 matematikselle\u015ftiren yeni bir fizik kurar; bunu yaparken, eski fizikle m\u00fccadele etmesi gerekti\u011finin ayr\u0131m\u0131ndad\u0131r. Aristoteles\u00e7i muhaliflerinin eski ve yeni t\u00fcm argumanlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcterek, Aristoteles biliminin g\u00f6kbilim, fizik ve felsefe temellerini y\u0131kar. B\u00f6ylelikle, Batlamyus\u00e7u Yer-merkezli evren anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi ve Kopernik\u00e7i G\u00fcne\u015f-merkezli evren kavray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n oturmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecini ilerletir, \u201cyery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r\u2026\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Bilimsel Devrim\u2019i doru\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karan Newton\u2019un, \u201comuzlar\u0131nda y\u00fckseldi\u011fi devlerden\u201d \u00f6nde geleni, Galileo Galilei\u2019dir (1546-1642). Modern fizi\u011fin kurucusu olarak de\u011ferlendirilen Galilei, bu s\u0131fat\u0131 hareketin fizi\u011fi (dinamik) \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 kadar, do\u011fay\u0131 ve evreni matematikselle\u015ftirmesi, yani do\u011fa ve evren yasalar\u0131n\u0131 incelerken matematiksel y\u00f6ntemi kullanmas\u0131yla alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Galilei ayn\u0131 zamanda, insan\u0131n evreni ve d\u00fcnyay\u0131 anlamas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc t\u0131kayan, akl\u0131n\u0131 ba\u011flayan Batlamyuscu Yer-merkezli evren anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi ve Kopernik\u00e7i G\u00fcne\u015f-merkezli evren kavray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n oturmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecini ilerleten, b\u00fct\u00fcn bu sayd\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131zdan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc modern bilimin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 sayabilece\u011fimiz \u00f6nc\u00fc bilim insan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"Yeni fizi\u011fi kurmak i\u00e7in, Aristoteles fizi\u011fini y\u0131kmak gerekir<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00d6 4. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan MS. 17. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar, 2 biny\u0131l boyunca bilime egemen olan Aristoteles d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesidir. Galilei d\u00f6neminde \u00fcniversiteler, kilise taraf\u0131ndan da i\u00e7selle\u015ftirilen Aristoteles d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin kaleleri konumundad\u0131r. Galilei\u2019nin gen\u00e7lik yap\u0131tlar\u0131nda da evrenbilim ve fizik, Avrupa \u00fcniversitelerinin \u00e7o\u011funda \u00f6\u011fretildi\u011fi gibi Aristoteles fizi\u011finin ilkeleriyle ele al\u0131n\u0131r. Ancak Galilei\u2019nin cisimlerin hareketleri \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ve yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda Aristoteles fizi\u011finden kopmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Kopernik\u2019in g\u00fcne\u015f-merkezli evrenini benimsemi\u015ftir. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kan\u0131tlayabilmek i\u00e7in, yeni bir fizik kurmak gerekti\u011finin, bunun i\u00e7in de Aristoteles\u2019e dayal\u0131 eski fizi\u011fi y\u0131kmak zorunda oldu\u011funun ayr\u0131m\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte Galilei\u2019nin engizisyonda yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7acak \u0130ki B\u00fcy\u00fck D\u00fcnya Sistemi \u00dczerine Diyalog<\/em> (Dialogo Sopra i due Massimi Sistemi del Mondo, 1632) ve ev hapsine mahk\u00fbmken yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130ki Yeni Bilim \u00dczerine Konu\u015fmalar<\/em> (Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche \u0130ntorno \u00e0 due Nuoue Scienze, 1638) adl\u0131 ba\u015fyap\u0131tlar\u0131 (makalenin devam\u0131nda, her iki kitaptan ortak s\u00f6z ederken \u201cDiyaloglar<\/em>\u201d demeyi ye\u011flemeyece\u011fim), evreni ve do\u011fay\u0131 matematikselle\u015ftiren yeni bir fizik kurmak; b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00f6zlemsel, deneysel ve kuramsal birikimini kullanarak, Aristoteles\u00e7i muhaliflerinin eski ve yeni t\u00fcm arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131n\u0131 tek tek \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctmek, b\u00f6ylelikle Aristoteles biliminin g\u00f6kbilim, fizik ve felsefe temellerini y\u0131kmak i\u00e7in tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131, kendi de\u011ferlendirmesiyle \u201cmuazzam projeleridir\u201d. Bu projelerini, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir bi\u00e7imde ya\u015fama ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi i\u00e7in de, kilisenin ve engizisyonun g\u00f6lgesi, Galilei\u2019nin ya\u015fam\u0131ndan ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan eksik olmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Galilei\u2019nin yeni fizi\u011fi, hareket analizlerinden y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. Aristoteles, hareket halindeki bir cisim itilmezse (ya da \u00e7ekilmezse) er ge\u00e7 duraca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunmaktayd\u0131. Bu g\u00fcnl\u00fck g\u00f6zlemlerde do\u011frulanabilecek, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fteki ger\u00e7ek, bilimin geli\u015fmesini uzun s\u00fcre engellemi\u015ftir. Sa\u011fduyu g\u00f6r\u00fcnenle yetinirken, bilimin g\u00f6r\u00fcnenin \u00f6tesindeki ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131lara y\u00f6nelmesi gerekir. G\u00f6r\u00fcnen de ancak, geride yatan ili\u015fkilerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131klanabilecektir. Herakleitos\u2019un binlerce y\u0131l \u00f6nce (Aristoteles\u2019den de \u00f6nce) s\u00f6yledi\u011fi gibi, \u201cevrenin i\u015fleyi\u015fine esas olan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcler gizlidir\u201d; bilimin amac\u0131 bunlar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Aristoteles\u2019in cisimlerin hareketiyle ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte do\u011frudur, ama \u00f6zde yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn biliyoruz ki, hareket halindeki bir cismin durmas\u0131, itilmemesi ya da \u00e7ekilmemesinden de\u011fil, hareketten al\u0131koyucu etkenlerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyledir. Galilei, Aristoteles\u2019in g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne ters d\u00fc\u015fen bir tez geli\u015ftirir: Hareket halindeki bir cisim, d\u0131\u015f etkenlerden serbest kald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, hareketini tekd\u00fcze bir h\u0131zla s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Buna g\u00f6re, d\u0131\u015f etkenler hareketin de\u011fil, hareketin de\u011fi\u015fmesinin nedenidir. \u201c\u0130vme\u201d denen bu de\u011fi\u015fiklik, devinimin h\u0131z\u0131nda ya da y\u00f6n\u00fcnde olabilir. Galilei\u2019nin hareket fizi\u011findeki bu tez, Newton mekani\u011finde Hareketin Birinci ve Temel Yasas\u0131 olarak, \u201ceylemsizlik ilkesi\u201dyle yasala\u015facakt\u0131r: Yani, her cisim bir d\u0131\u015f kuvvetin etkisi olmad\u0131k\u00e7a, hareket halindeyse, ayn\u0131 h\u0131zla d\u00fcz bir \u00e7izgi \u00fczerinde hareketini; duruyorsa, hareketsizli\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Cisimlerin hareketinde d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerin etkisinin h\u0131zda de\u011fil, ivmede kendini g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi Galileo\u2019ya, serbest d\u00fc\u015fmeye ili\u015fkin deneylerini a\u00e7\u0131klama olana\u011f\u0131 da vermi\u015ftir. Geleneksel Aristoteles teorisine g\u00f6re, bir cismin d\u00fc\u015fme h\u0131z\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Galilei, Pisa \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ndeyken, e\u011fikli\u011fiyle \u00fcnl\u00fc Pisa Kulesi\u2019nden a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya de\u011fi\u015fik a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar atarak deneyler yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bilim tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek, Galilei\u2019nin ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n da, Newton\u2019un elmas\u0131 ile ko\u015fut i\u015flevde ve \u00f6nemde oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Galilei bu deneylerin sonunda, hafif ve a\u011f\u0131r b\u00fct\u00fcn cisimlerin yere e\u015fit zamanda d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcklerini kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00f6zlemler, d\u00fc\u015fmenin sabit bir h\u0131zla de\u011fil, saniyede 32 ayak artan bir h\u0131zla olu\u015ftu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Burada hareketin d\u00fczg\u00fcn do\u011frusal de\u011fil, ivmeli olmas\u0131; bir etkinin araya girdi\u011fini ve do\u011fal hareketi de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu ise, yer\u00e7ekimi kuvvetidir. Galilei\u2019nin bu ke\u015ffi, Serbest D\u00fc\u015fme Yasas\u0131\u2019na yol a\u00e7ar: s = \u00bd gt2. Yani, serbest (ya da bo\u015flukta) d\u00fc\u015fen bir cismin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 mesafe, d\u00fc\u015fme s\u00fcresinin karesiyle do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ili\u015fki a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 ve maddesel nitelikleri ne olursa olsun, t\u00fcm cisimler i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n

\u201cDo\u011fa matemati\u011fin diliyle konu\u015fur\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

Galilei d\u00f6neminde, matemati\u011fin fizikte a\u00e7\u0131klama ve kan\u0131tlama arac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n uygun olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorusu, verimli tart\u0131\u015fmalara yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Matemati\u011fin daha y\u00fcksek bir de\u011feri oldu\u011funu ve matemati\u011fin fizikte bask\u0131n bir rol \u00fcstlendi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyenler Platoncular; matemati\u011fin soyut oldu\u011funu, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ger\u00e7e\u011fi konu edinen fizikten daha az de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrenler Aristoteles\u00e7iler\u2019di. Hi\u00e7bir Aristoteles\u00e7i, matemati\u011fin kullan\u0131m\u0131na, say\u0131labilir olan\u0131n say\u0131lmas\u0131na, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir olan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131yordu. Fizi\u011fin do\u011frudan deneyimler \u00fczerine kurulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini, matemati\u011fin fizik i\u00e7inde ikincil bir rol\u00fc oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorlard\u0131. As\u0131l tart\u0131\u015fma, matematiksel a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekli\u011fe denk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp d\u00fc\u015fmeyece\u011fi ya da ne oranda denk d\u00fc\u015fece\u011fi sorusundayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Galilei engizisyon \u00f6n\u00fcnde.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Galilei bu soru kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda daha farkl\u0131 bir yakla\u015f\u0131m geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir: Matematiksel kavramlar\u0131n soyut karakterini, kusursuz geometrik fig\u00fcrlerin ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 reddetmek!.. Galilei\u2019ye g\u00f6re, bir k\u00fcre ger\u00e7ek olmakla k\u00fcreli\u011finden bir \u015fey kaybetmez. Bir cismin k\u00fcre olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na, ger\u00e7ek olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fil, k\u00fcre tan\u0131m\u0131na uyup uymad\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re karar verilmelidir. Geometrik bi\u00e7imlerin maddede somutla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilece\u011fini, hatta maddede her zaman somutla\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir geometrik bi\u00e7im oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. Bu nedenle do\u011fay\u0131 ve evreni, matemati\u011fin diliyle sorguya \u00e7ekmek gereklidir. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131r: \u201cFelsefe (bilim) g\u00f6zlerimiz \u00f6n\u00fcnde a\u00e7\u0131k duran \u2018evren\u2019 dedi\u011fimiz o g\u00f6rkemli kitapta yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 dili ve alfabesini \u00f6\u011frenmedik\u00e7e bu kitab\u0131 okuyamay\u0131z. Kitab\u0131n yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 dil, matemati\u011fin dilidir; harfleri \u00fc\u00e7gen, daire ve geometrik \u015fekillerdir. Bu dil ve harfler olmaks\u0131z\u0131n, kitab\u0131n bir tek s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc anlamaya olanak yoktur\u201d (9).<\/p>\n

Galilei\u2019yi, evreni ve do\u011fay\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klarken matemati\u011fe ba\u015fvuran \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131 Kepler ve Descartes\u2019dan ay\u0131rarak, \u201cmatematiksel fizi\u011fin babas\u0131\u201d yapan, yakla\u015f\u0131m farklar\u0131d\u0131r. Kepler de evrenin matematiksel ili\u015fkiler \u00fczerine kuruldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir; ama say\u0131lara mistik anlamlar y\u00fckler. Galilei, do\u011fay\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in kuramdan yola \u00e7\u0131karak kurulmu\u015f deneylere ba\u015fvurmak gerekti\u011finden s\u00f6z etmekte, bu noktada da \u201csaf matematik\u00e7i\u201d Descartes\u2019dan ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Galilei de deney, kuram\u0131 s\u0131namak i\u00e7indir<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bilim tarih\u00e7ileri, g\u00f6zlem ile deneyin modern bilimdeki yerini vurgularken, Galilei\u2019den de s\u00f6z ederler. Galilei\u2019nin Diyaloglar<\/em>\u2019da arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlamak ve kar\u015f\u0131 arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctmek i\u00e7in s\u0131k s\u0131k g\u00f6zlem ve deneye ba\u015fvurdu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Hatta, geleneksel \u00f6\u011fretiye ve inan\u00e7lara kar\u015f\u0131t oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, g\u00f6zlem ve deney sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmeme tutumuyla inceden inceye alay da eder. Ama onun g\u00f6zlem ve deney y\u00f6ntemi, Aristoteles fizi\u011finin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011fan\u0131n g\u00fcndelik ve genel g\u00f6zlemi ile kendili\u011finden deney y\u00f6nteminden farkl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Galilei do\u011fay\u0131 y\u00f6ntemli olarak sorgular; \u00f6n deneylerden yola \u00e7\u0131karak olu\u015fturulmu\u015f bir kuramdan ve bu kuramdan yola \u00e7\u0131karak kurulmu\u015f deneylerden yararlan\u0131r. Onun deneyleri, bir kuram\u0131n fiziksel d\u00fcnyay\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131p a\u00e7\u0131klamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymaya, kuram\u0131 desteklemeye ya da \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctmeye yarar; kuram\u0131n yerini alamaz. \u0130nsan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini k\u00f6kten de\u011fi\u015ftiren 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l Bilimsel Devrimi, kendi bilgi olu\u015fturma y\u00f6ntemini, bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve bilim etkinli\u011fini de geli\u015ftirmekte, yeniden kurmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Einstein, \u0130ki Temel D\u00fcnya Sistemi \u00dczerine Diyalog<\/em>\u2019un \u0130ngilizce \u00e7evirisine yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00d6ns\u00f6z\u2019de, Galilei\u2019nin deney y\u00f6ntemini \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131r: \u201cGalilei\u2019nin t\u00fcmdengelim y\u00f6ntemi yerine deney y\u00f6ntemini getirerek, \u2018modern bilimin kurucusu\u2019 s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131k tekrarlan\u0131r. Ancak kan\u0131mca bu yorum, dikkatli bir incelemeyle \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclebilir. Ussal y\u00f6ntem ve ussal kavramlar olmadan, s\u0131rf deneysel y\u00f6ntem diye bir \u015fey olamaz. Ve deneyden ge\u00e7irilmesi gereken olguya a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k sa\u011flamayan bir uslamlama da olamaz. Deneysel y\u00f6ntem ile t\u00fcmdengelime dayanan ussal y\u00f6ntemi kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya koymak yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r ve Galileo\u2019nun benimsedi\u011fi bir yakla\u015f\u0131m de\u011fildir. Onun zaman\u0131nda ba\u015fvurabilece\u011fi deneysel y\u00f6ntem olanaklar\u0131 o denli k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131yd\u0131 ki, Galilei deney verileri aras\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck u\u00e7urumlar\u0131 ancak \u00e7ok c\u00fcretli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel k\u00f6pr\u00fclerle kapayabilirdi. Galilei\u2019nin eserlerinde deneyselli\u011fe z\u0131t bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olarak yer almaz t\u00fcmdengelim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnselli\u011fi. Aristoteles ve yanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcmdengelim y\u00f6ntemlerine bile, Galilei ancak bu y\u00f6ntemin dayand\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 veriler keyfi ve ak\u0131ls\u0131zca oldu\u011fu takdirde itiraz eder; onlar\u0131 salt t\u00fcmdengelim y\u00f6ntemine ba\u015fvurduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in ele\u015ftirmez\u201d (1).<\/p>\n

G\u00fcne\u015f-merkezli evren sistemine teleskop deste\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Galilei teleskopu ilk icat eden de\u011fildi; ama bir Hollandal\u0131 mercek\u00e7inin, iki merce\u011fi birle\u015ftirerek uzaktaki cisimlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6r\u00fclmesini sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyunca; de\u011fi\u015fik kombinasyonlar deneyerek otuz kez b\u00fcy\u00fcten bir alet yapmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Galilei\u2019nin teleskopu astronomi g\u00f6zlemlerinde kullanan ilk ki\u015fi olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da bilmiyoruz. Ama bu ba\u011flamda Galilei\u2019nin \u00f6nemi, teleskopu bilimsel ama\u00e7la yo\u011fun bir bi\u00e7imde kullanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131ndad\u0131r. 1610\u2019da kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131, Siderius Nuncius<\/em> (Y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n Habercisi) adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131, Avrupa bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda yo\u011fun ilgiyle kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Galilei\u2019nin teleskopla g\u00f6zlemleri, Kopernik\u2019in G\u00fcne\u015f-merkezli evren sistemine direkt bir kan\u0131t sunmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Getirdi\u011fi pek \u00e7ok kan\u0131t, dolayl\u0131d\u0131r. Ama bu g\u00f6zlemlerin ortaya serdi\u011fi evren, Kopernik evrenine paralel d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Yeni g\u00f6zlem sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, Yer-merkezli Batlamyus sistemine ve onu biraz daha geli\u015ftiren Tyco Brahe sistemine bir bi\u00e7imde dahil edilebilecektir, ancak bu yeni d\u00fczenlemeler zaten yeterince karma\u015f\u0131k olan bu sistemleri daha da karma\u015f\u0131kla\u015ft\u0131racakt\u0131r. Oysa ayn\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar, Kopernik sistemi i\u00e7inde, hi\u00e7bir zorlama olmadan, yal\u0131n bir bi\u00e7imde a\u00e7\u0131klanabilmektedir. \u00dcstelik baz\u0131 Kopernik\u00e7i g\u00f6kbilimciler, bu g\u00f6zlem sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nceden \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Yer-merkezli evren ve G\u00fcne\u015f-merkezli evren aras\u0131nda s\u00fcr\u00fcp giden m\u00fccadelede, teleskop ve Galilei\u2019nin g\u00f6zlemleri etkin bir silah, propaganda arac\u0131 niteli\u011fi kazan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Galilei teleskopunu g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7evirince \u015funlar\u0131 g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr: Ay\u2019\u0131n y\u00fczeyi, \u00f6teden beri san\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi kusursuz ve p\u00fcr\u00fczs\u00fcz de\u011fildi; da\u011f ve vadilerle kapl\u0131, yer yer kayal\u0131kt\u0131. Galilei, G\u00fcne\u015f, Ay ve Yer\u2019in g\u00f6reli konumlar\u0131n\u0131n bilindi\u011fi bir anda, da\u011flar\u0131n kraterler \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015fen g\u00f6lge uzunluklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7erek, Ay\u2019\u0131n \u00e7ukurlar\u0131n\u0131n derinli\u011fini ve da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksekliklerini hesaplad\u0131; b\u00f6ylelikle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu Ay topografyas\u0131n\u0131n, d\u00fcnyan\u0131nkinden \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Bu, yer ile g\u00f6k b\u00f6lgelerinin birbirinden farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcren geleneksel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe ters d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcne\u015f de m\u00fckemmel konumunu yitirmi\u015fti, \u00fczerinde lekeler vard\u0131. Zaman zaman kaybolan ve yeniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bu lekelerin G\u00fcne\u015f diski \u00fczerinde deviniyor olmalar\u0131, G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in bir eksen \u00e7evresinde d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6steriyor ve yerin de kendi ekseni \u00e7evresinde d\u00f6n\u00fcyor olabilece\u011fine i\u015faret ediyordu.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Gallei\u2019nin g\u00f6zlem ve deney ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan Teleskop.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00c7\u0131plak g\u00f6zle bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcnde solgun bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k lekesi gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen Samanyolu G\u00f6kadas\u0131, asl\u0131nda sonsuz say\u0131da y\u0131ld\u0131zlardan olu\u015fuyordu. Baz\u0131 Kopernik\u00e7i g\u00f6kbilimcilerin savundu\u011fu dev boyutlardaki (belki de sonsuz\u2026) evren, art\u0131k akla daha yatk\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n

Galilei, ne Kopernik sisteminde, ne de Batlamyus sisteminde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen bir \u015fey daha ke\u015ffetti. J\u00fcpiter\u2019in \u00e7evresinde d\u00f6nen 4 tane cisim vard\u0131. Bu ke\u015fif ger\u00e7ekten \u00f6nemliydi, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc y\u00f6r\u00fcngesi \u00fczerinde hareket eden bir gezegenin kendi uydular\u0131n\u0131 da beraberinde ta\u015f\u0131yabilece\u011fini g\u00f6steriyordu. Bu durum, Kopernik sistemi kar\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, yer d\u00f6n\u00fcyor olsa, Ay\u2019\u0131n geride kalaca\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131n\u0131 da ge\u00e7ersiz k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Galilei, ayr\u0131ca Ven\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn Ay gibi farkl\u0131 evrelerinin bulundu\u011funu fark etmi\u015f, Sat\u00fcrn\u2019\u00fcn halkal\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6zlemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Galilei b\u00fct\u00fcn bu g\u00f6zlemlerini, Kopernik\u2019in insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sisteminde ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 devrimi daha da ilerletmek i\u00e7in kulland\u0131. Yer-merkezli Batlamyus ve G\u00fcne\u015f-merkezli Kopernik sistemlerini (kilise taraf\u0131ndan Kopernik sistemini savunmaktan men edildi\u011fi i\u00e7in) g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte \u201cyans\u0131z\u201d tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, ama normal bir akl\u0131n ay\u0131rabilece\u011fi bi\u00e7imde Kopernik\u2019in evren sistemini ince y\u00f6ntemlerle kan\u0131tlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130ki Temel D\u00fcnya Sistemi \u00dczerine Diyalog<\/em>\u2019da bu g\u00f6zlemlerine de yaslanacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Batlamyus\u00e7u evren sisteminin Galilei\u2019nin de \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar\u0131yla \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, insan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini k\u00f6k\u00fcnden de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fi gibi, fizikle g\u00f6kbilimi de birle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Sonlu ve biricik, ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 bir yery\u00fcz\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; yerine evrensel yasalar\u0131n y\u00f6netti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k, s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z, hatta sonsuz bir evren d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi gelmi\u015ftir. Bu ayn\u0131 zamanda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu yasalar\u0131, evrenin ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu yasalarla ayn\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Art\u0131k fiziksel ve astronomik olgular\u0131n daha derinden ve b\u00fct\u00fcnsel kavran\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7in, yeni bir bilimi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

Yeni bilimin eski bilimle polemi\u011fi: Galilei\u2019nin \u201cDialoglar\u201d\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Galilei\u2019nin makalenin ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fimiz, modern (yeni) bilimi do\u011furan b\u00fct\u00fcn katk\u0131lar\u0131 ve eski bilimle b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u00fccadelesi, Diyaloglar<\/em>\u2019\u0131nda somutla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Galilei\u2019nin Diyaloglar<\/em>\u2019\u0131 ne yaln\u0131zca astronomi, ne de fizik kitab\u0131d\u0131r. Bu devrimci bilim insan\u0131, her iki ba\u015fyap\u0131t\u0131nda da Aristoteles d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle temsil edilen eski bilim ve bunun dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 felsefeyle, deneysel, g\u00f6zlemsel ve kuramsal b\u00fct\u00fcn birikimini kullanarak s\u0131k\u0131 bir polemik y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcr. Ayn\u0131 zamanda matemati\u011fe dayal\u0131 kendi yeni fizi\u011fini ve bunun felsefi temellerini kurmaya u\u011fra\u015f\u0131r. Aristoteles fizi\u011finde matematiksel olmayan y\u00f6ntemle a\u00e7\u0131klanmalar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, evren ve do\u011fan\u0131n matematikselle\u015ftirilmesini savunur. Her iki yap\u0131t da, Galilei\u2019nin kendi s\u00f6zc\u00fckleriyle \u201cdo\u011fan\u0131n yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 dilin\u201d yeniden ke\u015ffedili\u015fidir.<\/p>\n

Galilei \u201cmuazzam projeler\u201d olarak s\u00f6z etti\u011fi ba\u015fyap\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 planlarken, ne denli zor bir u\u011fra\u015fa girdi\u011finin de ayr\u0131m\u0131ndad\u0131r. Y\u00fczlerce y\u0131lda y\u00fckseltilmi\u015f bir yap\u0131n\u0131n ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 tek tek s\u00f6kmesi ve bu s\u00fcrecin ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131, modern bilimin (fizi\u011fin) y\u00f6ntemleriyle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131\u015f olanlara benimsetmesi gerekmektedir. \u00dcstelik yap\u0131n\u0131n koruyucular\u0131 da \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr: Otoriteyi temsil eden kilise ve gelenek. Ama Galilei, bu zor i\u015fin alt\u0131ndan aln\u0131n\u0131n ak\u0131yla \u00e7\u0131kar: Diyaloglar<\/em>\u2019da, eski ve yeni kan\u0131tlamalar\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fcp dola\u015f\u0131p yeniden tart\u0131\u015f\u0131r; meram\u0131n\u0131 anlatacak \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6rnekler bulur, bu \u00f6rnekleri \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131r ve yap\u0131n\u0131n ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 tek tek s\u00f6kmekle kalmaz, temellerini de y\u0131kar. \u0130ki B\u00fcy\u00fck Sistem \u00dczerine Diyalog<\/em> \u00fczerinde 16 y\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; \u0130ki Yeni Bilim \u00dczerine Konu\u015fmalar<\/em> da, 30 y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n son \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Diyaloglar<\/em>\u2019\u0131n bir \u00f6nemi de, otoritenin, okullar\u0131n ve \u00fcniversitelerin bilim dili olan Latince yerine, \u0130talyanca kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bu, Galilei\u2019nin insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sisteminde k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe yol a\u00e7abilecek bu yap\u0131tlar\u0131, yaln\u0131z Aristoteles\u00e7i d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce gelene\u011finin o d\u00f6nemdeki savunucular\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 de\u011fil, sade insana y\u00f6nelik olarak da yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6stergesidir. Galilei d\u00f6neminde, yaz\u0131 dili olarak \u0130talyanca\u2019ya yeni ge\u00e7ilmektedir; ilk \u0130talyanca yazanlar R\u00f6nesans\u2019\u0131n, Ayd\u0131nlanma ve Bilimsel Devrim\u2019in \u0130talya\u2019daki \u00f6nc\u00fcleri Leonardo da Vinci, Machiavelli ve Galilei\u2019dir.<\/p>\n

Galilei\u2019nin alt\u0131 y\u0131l arayla yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Diyaloglar<\/em>, k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede pek \u00e7ok dile \u00e7evrilir, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n hemen her \u00fclkesinde geni\u015f bir kitleye ula\u015f\u0131r; edebi ve bilimsel bir \u015faheser olarak selamlan\u0131r. Amerikal\u0131 bilim insan\u0131 Heilborn, \u201cGalileo kilise i\u00e7in bir tehdit olu\u015fturuyordu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc iyi yazmas\u0131n\u0131 biliyordu\u201d diyor. Ger\u00e7ekten Galilei, kendi tezini sa\u011flam bi\u00e7imde savunmak ve kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndakinin arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctmekte ustad\u0131r. Keskin bir zek\u00e2 ve ironik bir dilin e\u015flik etti\u011fi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kalemi vard\u0131r. Diyaloglar<\/em>\u2019\u0131n etkisi, yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc i\u00e7erik kadar, bu i\u00e7eri\u011fi nitelikli bir edebiyat ve yarat\u0131c\u0131 bir mizah anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla, canl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde sunan \u00fcslubuyla da artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Aristoteles, Batlamyus ve Galilei\u2019nin s\u00f6zc\u00fcleri Diyaloglar\u2019da konu\u015fur<\/strong><\/p>\n

Galilei her iki yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 da, \u00fc\u00e7 ki\u015fi aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7en diyaloglar bi\u00e7iminde tasarlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 ki\u015finin rolleri kesin s\u0131n\u0131rlarla belirlenmi\u015ftir. Salviati, Galilei\u2019nin s\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr, yeni bilimin matematiksel zek\u00e2s\u0131n\u0131 temsil eder.<\/p>\n

Simplicio ise, Galilei\u2019nin ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca m\u00fccadele etti\u011fi b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel ve pratik muhalifleri simgeler; Aristoteles ve Batlamyus\u2019un s\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr. Skolastik felsefeye dayal\u0131 \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar i\u00e7indedir, otoritenin resmi bilimine inan\u0131r ve inanc\u0131na yaslanarak, sonuna kadar m\u00fccadele eder. Galileo, muhaliflerinin b\u00fct\u00fcn iddialar\u0131n\u0131, tezlerini, onlar\u0131n ak\u0131llar\u0131na gelmemi\u015f olanlar\u0131 da tasarlayarak, Simplicio\u2019nun a\u011fz\u0131ndan k\u00e2\u011f\u0131da d\u00f6ker; sonra bunu g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir tart\u0131\u015fma ve ezici bir ironiyle, Salviati\u2019nin a\u011fz\u0131ndan \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Hem Salviati hem de Simplicio, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc konu\u015fmac\u0131 Sagredo\u2019yu ikna etmeye u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rlar. Sagredo, Aristoteles\u00e7i d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce gelene\u011finin \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131ndan kurtulmu\u015ftur. Salviati\u2019nin (Galilei\u2019nin kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni fizi\u011fe dayal\u0131) ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctmelerini kavrayabilen, \u00fcstelik bu ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctmelerden yeni sonu\u00e7lar \u00e7\u0131karabilen bir zihne sahiptir; esprileriyle kuramsal konu\u015fmalar\u0131 sade insan\u0131n alg\u0131 d\u00fczeyine indirger. Kimi yorumcular, Diyalog<\/em>lar\u2019da Venedik\u2019in \u015eam b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi, fizik ve matematik hayran\u0131 bir zengin olarak betimlenmi\u015f Sagredo\u2019nun, Galilei\u2019nin hamisi Toscana D\u00fck\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc temsil etti\u011fini s\u00f6yler. Kimileri de, Galilei\u2019nin bu karakter i\u00e7in, yine Sagredo ad\u0131nda, \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f bir arkada\u015f\u0131ndan esinlendi\u011fi kan\u0131s\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130ki B\u00fcy\u00fck D\u00fcnya Sistemi \u00dczerine Diyalog<\/em>\u2019da, Salviati\u2019nin s\u0131k s\u0131k yineledi\u011fi repli\u011fi, \u201cBakal\u0131m, yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131karabilecek miyiz?\u201ddir. Galilei, bu imgeyle, yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc, Batlamyus sistemindeki, di\u011fer g\u00f6kcisimlerinin etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (kilise \u00f6\u011fretisine de denk d\u00fc\u015fen) ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 konumundan kurtar\u0131p; Kopernik sisteminde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, evrenin, g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn di\u011fer cisimleriyle ayn\u0131 yasalara ba\u011fl\u0131 bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline getirebilmeyi anlatmaktad\u0131r. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f sisteminde, k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmd\u00fcr. Bu nedenle Simplicio, zaman zaman deh\u015fete kap\u0131lmaktan kendini alamaz: \u201cYa Salviati yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc, g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ba\u015farabilirse?\u201d..<\/p>\n

Anla\u015f\u0131lan Galilei, bunu ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130ki Yeni Bilim \u00dczerine Konu\u015fmalar<\/em>\u2019\u0131, engizisyondan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ev hapsi mahk\u00fbmiyetinde yazar. Kitab\u0131n bas\u0131lmas\u0131, el alt\u0131ndan yolland\u0131\u011f\u0131 Hollanda\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilecektir. Yeni bilimler olarak, statik ve dinami\u011fi kast eden Galilei, bu yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 da yine ayn\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 ki\u015fi aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7en diyalog bi\u00e7iminde kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; ancak bu kez Simplicio\u2019yu daha uyumlu bir karakter olarak betimler. Bu yap\u0131t\u0131nda, fiziksel d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ger\u00e7ek yasalar\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetmeyi hedeflemi\u015ftir. A\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 iki farkl\u0131 d\u00fczeyi kapsar: \u00d6nce soyut olay\u0131n tamamen geometrik bir analizini yapar, sonra da bunun ger\u00e7ek olay ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131. Bu son yap\u0131t, yeni geli\u015fmekte olan mekanik bilimi i\u00e7in sa\u011flam bir temel olu\u015fturacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Galilei, \u0130ki Yeni Bilim \u00dczerine Diyalog<\/em> bas\u0131ld\u0131ktan d\u00f6rt y\u0131l sonra, 1642\u2019de \u00f6l\u00fcr. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l d\u00fcnyaya gelen Newton, bilimde de Galilei\u2019den el alacakt\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, Einstein\u2019\u0131n de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fi gibi, \u201cGalilei\u2019nin bulu\u015flar\u0131, Newton\u2019un form\u00fclle\u015ftirdi\u011fi teoriyi en az\u0131ndan niteliksel olarak olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur\u201d.<\/p>\n

NOT: Galilei\u2019nin ba\u015fyap\u0131tlar\u0131ndan \u0130ki B\u00fcy\u00fck D\u00fcnya Sistemi \u00dczerineDiyalog<\/em>, uzun ve titiz bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayla, Re\u015fit A\u015f\u00e7\u0131o\u011flu taraf\u0131ndan bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye \u00e7evrildi. T\u00dcB\u0130TAK Pop\u00fcler Bilim Kitaplar\u0131 bu ba\u015fyap\u0131t\u0131 yay\u0131mlayacakt\u0131, ancak yay\u0131mlanmad\u0131. Anla\u015f\u0131lan Galilei\u2019nin davas\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcyor, hukuk e\u011fitimi alm\u0131\u015f Re\u015fit A\u015f\u00e7\u0131o\u011flu gibi, davas\u0131n\u0131 savunan \u201cs\u0131k\u0131\u201d bir avukat\u0131 olsa da!..<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Re\u015fit A\u015f\u00e7\u0131o\u011flu, Galileo: Bilimsel Devrim, Cumhuriyet Kitaplar\u0131, s.5-15.<\/p>\n

2) Re\u015fit A\u015f\u00e7\u0131o\u011flu ile s\u00f6yle\u015fi, \u201cGalilei\u2019nin \u2018Diyaloglar\u2019\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019de ilk kez yay\u0131mlan\u0131yor\u201d, Bilim ve \u00dctopya, S.105, Mart 2003, s.32-35.<\/p>\n

3) Edmund Blais Bolles; Galileo\u2019nun Buyru\u011fu \u2013Bilim Yaz\u0131lar\u0131ndan Bir Derleme- i\u00e7inde Galileo Galilei\u2019nin yaz\u0131lar\u0131: \u201cTeleskoptan \u0130lk Bak\u0131\u015f\u201d, s.111-118; \u201cEvrenin Merkezi Nerede\u201d, s.185-194; \u201cD\u00fc\u015fen Cisimlerin H\u0131zlar\u0131 \u00dczerine\u201d, s.467-471; \u00c7ev. Nermin Ar\u0131k, T\u00dcB\u0130TAK Pop\u00fcler Bilim Kitaplar\u0131, Kas\u0131m 2000.<\/p>\n

4) Hall Hellman, B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7eki\u015fmeler \u2013Bilim Tarihinden Se\u00e7ilmi\u015f On Tart\u0131\u015fma-, \u00c7ev. F\u00fcsun Baytok, T\u00dcB\u0130TAK Pop\u00fcler Bilim Kitaplar\u0131, May\u0131s 2001, s.1-21.<\/p>\n

5) Alexander Koyr\u00e8, Bilim Tarihi Yaz\u0131lar\u0131, \u00c7ev. Kurtulu\u015f Din\u00e7er, T\u00dcB\u0130TAK Pop\u00fcler Bilim Kitaplar\u0131, May\u0131s 2000, s.151-226.<\/p>\n

6) Alexander Koyre, \u201cGalilei \u00dczerine\u201d, (yazar\u0131n Galilei Et\u00fcdleri kitab\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015f bir \u00f6zeti), Bilim ve M\u00fchendislik dergisi, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i \u00dcniversitesi Bilgi \u0130\u015flem Kul\u00fcb\u00fc, S.2, Haziran 1990, s.1-24.<\/p>\n

7) Thomas Kuhn, \u201cKopernik Devrimi: \u0130nsanl\u0131k nas\u0131l \u2018D\u00fcnya d\u00f6n\u00fcyor\u201d diyebildi?\u201d, \u00c7ev. Prof. Dr. Rennan Pek\u00fcnl\u00fc, Bilim ve Gelecek dergisi, S.2, Nisan 2004, s.42-60.<\/p>\n

8) Colin A. Ronan, Bilim Tarihi \u2013D\u00fcnya K\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinde Bilimin Tarihi ve Geli\u015fmesi-, \u00c7ev. Prof. Dr. Ekmeleddin \u0130hsano\u011flu- Prof. Dr. Feza G\u00fcnergun, T\u00dcB\u0130TAK Pop\u00fcler Bilim Kitaplar\u0131, Ocak 2003, s.379-384.<\/p>\n

9) Cemal Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri, T\u00dcB\u0130TAK Pop\u00fcler Bilim Kitaplar\u0131, 9. Bas\u0131m Kas\u0131m 1997, s.84-91.<\/p>\n

10) \u201cGalileo\u2019nun \u2018Diyaloglar\u2019\u0131 ve modern bilimin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131\u201d; Bilim ve \u00dctopya, S.81, Mart 2001, s.18-19.<\/p>\n

11) Dosya: Galileo Galilei, Bilim Tarihi Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 dergisi, S.01, G\u00fcz 2005, s.11-s.69.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Galilei, engizisyonda yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7acak \u201c\u0130ki B\u00fcy\u00fck D\u00fcnya Sistemi \u00dczerine Diyalog\u201d \u00a0ve ev hapsine mahk\u00fbmken yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201c\u0130ki Yeni Bilim \u00dczerine Konu\u015fmalar\u201d adl\u0131 ba\u015fyap\u0131tlar\u0131nda, hareketin analizi temelinde, evreni ve do\u011fay\u0131 matematikselle\u015ftiren yeni bir fizik kurar; bunu yaparken, eski fizikle m\u00fccadele etmesi gerekti\u011finin ayr\u0131m\u0131ndad\u0131r. Aristoteles\u00e7i muhaliflerinin eski ve yeni t\u00fcm argumanlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcterek, Aristoteles biliminin g\u00f6kbilim, fizik ve […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":470,"featured_media":22214,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[73,30,1464,26],"tags":[248,657,288,2420,1845],"class_list":["post-22212","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-35-sayi","category-astronomi","category-dosya","category-fizik","tag-astronomi","tag-evren","tag-fizik","tag-galilei","tag-teleskop"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t