{"id":22371,"date":"2018-04-01T00:00:14","date_gmt":"2018-03-31T21:00:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=22371"},"modified":"2018-03-31T22:28:13","modified_gmt":"2018-03-31T19:28:13","slug":"darwinin-insanin-tureyisi-adli-eseri-evrim-kuraminin-insana-uygulanisi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/04\/01\/darwinin-insanin-tureyisi-adli-eseri-evrim-kuraminin-insana-uygulanisi","title":{"rendered":"Darwin\u2019in \u0130nsan\u0131n T\u00fcreyi\u015fi adl\u0131 eseri:\u00a0Evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131n insana uygulan\u0131\u015f\u0131\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201cT\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni\u201d<\/em>, Darwin\u2019in en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, en \u00e7ok bahsedilip zikredilen eseridir. Ancak bu eserin bir devam\u0131 niteli\u011finde olan \u201c\u0130nsan\u0131n T\u00fcreyi\u015fi\u201d, evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 y\u00f6nlerini ele alan, bu kuram\u0131 bir ad\u0131m \u00f6teye ta\u015f\u0131yan, geni\u015f bir bilgi kayna\u011f\u0131 sunan ve Darwin\u2019i tam olarak anlayabilmek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan okunmas\u0131 \u015fart, \u00f6nemli bir yap\u0131tt\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nin sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru, eserinin ana fikirlerini \u015f\u00f6yle bir toparlamaya koyulan Charles Darwin, canl\u0131 varl\u0131klar\u0131n ortak atalardan t\u00fcredi\u011fini, t\u00fcrlerin ise zaman i\u00e7erisinde de\u011fi\u015febilme \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahip olduklar\u0131n\u0131 vurgulad\u0131ktan sonra, \u015fu kehanette bulunur: \u201cUzak gelecekte<\/em> \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nemli ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131k alanlar g\u00f6r\u00fcyorum. Psikoloji, gerekli olan zihinsel g\u00fc\u00e7 ve kapasite kazan\u0131mlar\u0131na kademeli bi\u00e7imde ula\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni bir temele oturacak. \u0130nsano\u011flunun k\u00f6keni ve tarihi ayd\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturulacakt\u0131r.\u201d Bu son c\u00fcmle d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Darwin, T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nde insan\u0131n evrimsel geli\u015fiminden s\u00f6z etmez. Ancak bu eserde sayfalar boyunca say\u0131s\u0131z \u00f6rnek ve bulgular e\u015fli\u011finde biyolojik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm olay\u0131na tan\u0131kl\u0131k eden okur (Darwin\u2019e g\u00f6re eseri, \u201cuzun bir arg\u00fcman\u201d niteli\u011findedir), insano\u011flunun da s\u00f6z konusu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm yasalar\u0131na tabi olabilece\u011fi ve zamanla evrimle\u015febilece\u011fi fikrine var\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekten de insan\u0131n t\u00fcreyi\u015fi, k\u0131sa zamanda \u0130ngiliz toplumunun g\u00fcndemine oturur ve hararetli tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n konusu haline gelir.<\/p>\n

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\u0130nsan\u0131n T\u00fcreyi\u015fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Nitekim \u00e7ok de\u011fil, T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nin 24 Kas\u0131m 1859 tarihinde yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131ndan yedi ay sonra, Oxford \u00dcniversitesi M\u00fczesi\u2019nde yap\u0131lan halka a\u00e7\u0131k ve tarihte iz b\u0131rakacak bir m\u00fcnazarada, evrim kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131, sivri dilli Oxford piskoposu Samuel Wilberforce, Darwin\u2019in yak\u0131n dostu ve destek\u00e7isi Thomas Henry Huxley\u2019e hitaben, \u201cacaba sizlerin soyu b\u00fcy\u00fckanne taraf\u0131ndan m\u0131 yoksa b\u00fcy\u00fckbaba taraf\u0131ndan m\u0131 maymunlara dayanmaktad\u0131r?\u201d sorusunu sormas\u0131 \u00fczerine Huxley\u2019nin, maymun soyundan gelen atalar\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in de\u011fil, \u201csahip oldu\u011fu \u00fcst\u00fcn yetenekleri ger\u00e7e\u011fi karartmak i\u00e7in kullanan bir insanla akraba olmaktan\u201d utand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hayk\u0131rarak piskoposa a\u011fz\u0131n\u0131n pay\u0131n\u0131 vermesi, sansasyon yarat\u0131r\u2026<\/p>\n

Huxley, pek \u00e7ok yorumcu taraf\u0131ndan bu s\u00f6z d\u00fcellosunun galibi olarak g\u00f6sterilmi\u015f olsa da, piskopos Wilberforce\u2019un itiraz\u0131n\u0131 yabana atmamak gerekir. T\u00fcrlerin sabit oldu\u011funu savunan Wilberforce\u2019un arg\u00fcman\u0131, \u015fu \u00fc\u00e7 ana fikre dayan\u0131yordu (1): \u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihi boyunca hi\u00e7 kimse yeni bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na tan\u0131kl\u0131k etmemi\u015ftir; \u00e7evresel bask\u0131lar elbette yok say\u0131lamaz, ancak onlar, t\u00fcrlerin yeni t\u00fcrlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7mazlar; melez hayvanlar\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131, t\u00fcrlerin sabitli\u011fine i\u015faret eden g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir delildir. G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi piskopos, meseleyi bilimsel d\u00fczlemde ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zaten Oxford m\u00fcnazaras\u0131ndan be\u015f hafta evvel yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019ni hedef alan makalesinde t\u00fcm ele\u015ftirilerini ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla dile getirmi\u015f, \u201cKar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere sadece bilimsel zeminde itiraz edi\u015fimiz, okurlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnden ka\u00e7mam\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r\u201d diye yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

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Oxford piskoposu Samuel Wilberforce.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Darwin, Wilberforce\u2019un ele\u015ftirilerini hafife almam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dostu Hooker\u2019a yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir mektupta, piskoposun makalesini okudu\u011funu, \u201ce\u015fine az rastlan\u0131r ak\u0131ll\u0131ca bir yaz\u0131\u201d oldu\u011funu, yaz\u0131da kuram\u0131n\u0131n \u201cen spek\u00fclatif k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n ustaca ay\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve t\u00fcm zorluklar\u0131n olduk\u00e7a iyi ortaya konuldu\u011funu\u201d ifade etmi\u015ftir. Bu durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda insano\u011flunun evrimi hakk\u0131nda bir \u015feyler yay\u0131mlamas\u0131 \u00e7ok yerinde olurdu elbette. Fakat \u00f6te yandan, biyolojik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn esaslar\u0131 T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nde a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve insano\u011flunun da t\u00fcm di\u011fer canl\u0131lar gibi ayn\u0131 evrim yasalar\u0131na tabi oldu\u011fu a\u015fik\u00e2rd\u0131. En iyisi tansiyonu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek, sular\u0131n durulmas\u0131n\u0131 beklemek ve insan\u0131n evrimi konusunu ileriki bir tarihte ele almak daha akla yak\u0131n bir tutum olabilirdi. Bu arada, bitkiler hakk\u0131nda g\u00f6zlem ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 derleyip kitap haline getirebilir ve tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni deneyler sayesinde kuram\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmeye odaklanabilirdi.<\/p>\n

Nitekim tam da bu minvalde hareket edecektir. 1862 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Orkidelerin \u00dcremesi <\/em>isimli risalesinde, \u201corkidelerin d\u00f6llenme mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitlilik ve m\u00fckemmeliyet bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hayvanlar \u00e2leminde en g\u00fczel adaptasyonlara\u201d \u00f6rnek te\u015fkil etti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrer. 1865 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise, Linne Derne\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131mlanan T\u0131rman\u0131c\u0131 Bitkiler<\/em> ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalesinde evinin yan\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda kurdu\u011fu serada y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc deneylerden faydalanarak bu t\u00fcr bitkilerin geli\u015fimini evrimsel bir \u00e7er\u00e7evede ele al\u0131r (bu eseri daha sonra 1875 y\u0131l\u0131nda edit\u00f6r\u00fc John Murray taraf\u0131ndan kitap olarak yay\u0131mlanacakt\u0131r). 1860 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise kaleme almaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ancak 1868\u2019de tamamlayabildi\u011fi Evcille\u015fmi\u015f Hayvanlar\u0131n ve Bitkilerin \u00c7e\u015fitlemesi \u00dczerine<\/em> isimli eserini, yaban hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n evcille\u015ftirilme ve \u0131slah\u0131na y\u00f6nelik y\u00fcr\u00fc<\/em>tt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc deney ve g\u00f6zlemlerine hasredecektir.<\/p>\n

Yeni bir kitab\u0131n \u00f6n haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu arada T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em> alt\u0131 farkl\u0131 dile \u00e7evrilmi\u015f, pek \u00e7ok biliminsan\u0131n\u0131n be\u011fenisini kazanmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f fakat ayn\u0131 zamanda pek \u00e7o\u011funun da ele\u015ftirilerini \u00fczerine \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir (\u00f6zellikle do\u011fal se\u00e7ilim fikri hararetli tart\u0131\u015fmalara ve ele\u015ftirilere neden olmaya devam etmektedir). Prusya Kral\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Liyakat Ni\u015fan\u0131\u2019na, ayr\u0131ca St. Petersburg \u0130mparatorluk Bilimler Akademisi\u2019nin Muhabir \u00dcyeli\u011fi\u2019ne lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi, Darwin i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli ba\u015far\u0131lard\u0131 \u015f\u00fcphesiz, ancak bu takdirin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya \u201cDarwinismus\u201dun Prusya\u2019da yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 heyecan\u0131 kendi \u00fclkesinde bulam\u0131yordu. Fritz M\u00fcller\u2019in adeta bir manifesto niteli\u011finde olan F\u00fcr Darwin<\/em> isimli kitab\u0131n\u0131 \u0130ngilizceye \u00e7evirmek faydal\u0131 olabilir miydi? Edit\u00f6r\u00fc John Murray olaya fazla s\u0131cak bakmasa da, Darwin\u2019in maddi bak\u0131mdan bizzat destek vermeye haz\u0131r oldu\u011funu bildirmesi \u00fczerine, kitab\u0131 \u0130ngilizceye \u00e7evirtip basmay\u0131 kabul edecekti. (2)<\/p>\n

Kuram\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmesi gerekti\u011fi \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bunu nas\u0131l yapabilirdi? T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nde, cinsel (e\u015feysel) se\u00e7ilimin de do\u011fal se\u00e7ilimin etkisiyle varyasyonlar yaratan bir mekanizma oldu\u011funu dile getirmi\u015fti, fakat zaman ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e cinsel se\u00e7ilimin daha k\u00f6kl\u00fc bi\u00e7imde ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini sezinleyecek, konu \u00fczerine tekrar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flayacakt\u0131. Ancak k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra cinsel se\u00e7ilimin, kendi deyimiyle \u201cdevasa bir konu\u201d haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6recekti. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni kitab\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015f tutmal\u0131yd\u0131, \u201ccinsel se\u00e7ilim ve maymunsu atalardan ahlak ve dinin evrimine kadar\u201d (2) her bir \u015feyden bahsetmesi gerekecekti.<\/p>\n

Ancak ba\u015fta gelen kanaat \u00f6nderleri, tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni kitab\u0131n bask\u0131ya girmesini beklemeksizin ele\u015ftiri oklar\u0131n\u0131 f\u0131rlatmaya ba\u015flayacaklard\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u00fcnl\u00fc Argyll D\u00fck\u00fc olan George Campbell, insanlar ve hayvanlar aras\u0131nda ortak bir atal\u0131\u011f\u0131n izlerine rastlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyuracak, ya da \u00f6nceleri Darwin\u2019in destek\u00e7isi olan George Mivart, Argyll\u2019in g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini benimseyerek yava\u015f\u00e7a saf de\u011fi\u015ftirecekti. Hatta evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131n e\u015f mucidi Alfred Russel Wallace\u2019\u0131n pozisyonu bile net de\u011fildi, son zamanlarda tutumu de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015fti; Darwin\u2019e g\u00f6re \u201cbilimin hen\u00fcz ortaya koyamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 ve etkilerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u201d inanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u201cKitab\u0131m\u0131 yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131mda evrensel bir k\u0131nama hatta bir infaz ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6rebiliyorum\u201d diye bildirecekti Darwin ele\u015ftiricisi Mivart\u2019a. (2)<\/p>\n

\u0130nsan\u0131n T\u00fcreyi\u015fi<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130nsan\u0131n T\u00fcreyi\u015fi<\/em> 1871 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n \u015eubat ay\u0131nda yay\u0131mlan\u0131r ve hemen ard\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7 hafta sonra 2. bask\u0131s\u0131 piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Tam ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130nsan\u0131n T\u00fcreyi\u015fi<\/em> ve E\u015feye \u0130li\u015fkin Se\u00e7ilim<\/em> olan bu eser iki k\u0131s\u0131mdan olu\u015fur. \u0130lk k\u0131s\u0131m, \u0130nsan\u0131n T\u00fcreyi\u015fi<\/em>, yap\u0131t\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7te birini olu\u015fturur ve T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nin devam\u0131 niteli\u011findedir. Darwin\u2019in bekledi\u011finin aksine, kitap olduk\u00e7a olumlu kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131r; daha do\u011frusu ele\u015ftirmenlerin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ketum kal\u0131r – her ne kadar insan\u0131n hayvanlar ile ortak bir k\u00f6kene sahip oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131ksalar da…<\/p>\n

Darwin, \u0130nsan\u0131n T\u00fcreyi\u015fi<\/em>\u2019nde, insano\u011flunun daha a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imin soyundan t\u00fcreyerek ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klar. (Fakat bu sonuca kendisinden \u00f6nce ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n vard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da takdir eder: \u201c\u0130nsan\u0131n \u00f6b\u00fcr t\u00fcrlerle birlikte, eski, daha a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 ve t\u00fckenmi\u015f bir bi\u00e7imin soyundan geldi\u011fi, hi\u00e7 de yeni bir sonu\u00e7 de\u011fildir. Lamarck ayn\u0131 sonuca \u00e7ok \u00f6nceleri varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ki bu sonucun do\u011frulu\u011fu, son zamanlarda, \u00f6rne\u011fin Wallace, Huxley, Lyell, Vogt, Lubbock, Buchner, Rolle, vb. ve \u00f6zellikle Haeckel gibi se\u00e7kin do\u011fa bilginleri ve filozoflar taraf\u0131ndan savunulmu\u015ftur.\u201d) \u0130nsan\u0131n anatomik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve bedensel \u00f6zelliklerinin pek \u00e7o\u011funu (iskelet, kaslar, sinir sistemi, damarlar, ba\u011f\u0131rsaklar, hatta beyin) t\u00fcm memelilerle payla\u015fmas\u0131 ortak bir k\u00f6kenin a\u00e7\u0131k kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r, diye a\u00e7\u0131klar Darwin eserinde. Bu benzeyi\u015flerden \u00f6te, insanlar\u0131n, hayvanlardan hastal\u0131k kapabilir veya tam tersine onlara hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7irebilir olmas\u0131, ayr\u0131ca insano\u011flunun \u00fcreme tarz\u0131 ve izledi\u011fi embriyonik geli\u015fim yolunun di\u011fer memeli hayvanlardan hi\u00e7 de farkl\u0131 olmamas\u0131, ortak bir k\u00f6kene i\u015faret eden \u00f6nemli delillerden sadece birka\u00e7\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Darwin\u2019e g\u00f6re, canl\u0131lar\u0131n yap\u0131sal \u00f6zellikleri yak\u0131ndan incelendi\u011finde, pek \u00e7o\u011funda i\u015flevselli\u011fini yitirmi\u015f organlar\u0131n bulundu\u011funu g\u00f6zlemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr ki, bu olgu, t\u00fcrlerin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ferek kendilerini \u00e7evrelerine uyarlad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. E\u011fer tam aksine organizmalar evrimsel bir s\u00fczge\u00e7ten ge\u00e7meksizin, de novo<\/em> yarat\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra herhangi bir de\u011fi\u015fime u\u011framaks\u0131z\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze intikal etmi\u015f olsalard\u0131, bedenlerinde k\u00f6relmi\u015f organlar bar\u0131nd\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7bir mant\u0131kl\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 olmazd\u0131. \u201cB\u00f6ylece insan\u0131n ve t\u00fcm di\u011fer omurgal\u0131 hayvanlar\u0131n nas\u0131l olup da ayn\u0131 genel modele g\u00f6re olu\u015fturulduklar\u0131n\u0131, neden ayn\u0131 erken olu\u015fum evrelerinden ge\u00e7tiklerini ve neden b\u00fcnyelerinde baz\u0131 k\u00f6relmi\u015f yap\u0131lar\u0131 muhafaza ettiklerini anlamam\u0131z m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, ortak bir soydan t\u00fcrediklerini a\u00e7\u0131k y\u00fcreklilikle kabul etmemiz gerekir. (…) Do\u011fa bilginlerinin, insan ve di\u011fer memeli hayvanlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 yap\u0131 ve geli\u015fimlerine a\u015fina olduklar\u0131 halde bu canl\u0131lar\u0131n her birinin ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funa inanabilmi\u015f olmalar\u0131n\u0131n hayret ile kar\u015f\u0131lanaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnler \u00e7ok yak\u0131nd\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n

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Darwin\u2019in \u0130nsan\u0131n T\u00fcreyi\u015fi adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131n 1874 tarihli bask\u0131s\u0131ndan bir \u00e7izim.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ortak bir k\u00f6kene i\u015faret eden t\u00fcm bu olgular\u0131 ortaya koyduktan sonra Darwin, insano\u011flunun daha a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerden zamanla farkl\u0131la\u015f\u0131p nas\u0131l geli\u015fti\u011fine \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutar. Darwin\u2019e g\u00f6re, insan\u0131n bedensel ve zihinsel bak\u0131mdan y\u00fcksek bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm yetene\u011fine sahip olmas\u0131, bu ayr\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcrecinin en \u00f6nemli etkenlerinden birini olu\u015fturur. \u00d6te yandan Darwin, t\u00fcm hayvanlarda oldu\u011fu gibi insanda da g\u00f6zlemlenen bu \u201cyo\u011frulabilirli\u011fin\u201d k\u00f6k nedenleri konusunda hen\u00fcz yeterince bilgiye sahip olunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgular. T\u00fcrlerin zamanla d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi, \u00e7evresel ko\u015fullar taraf\u0131ndan tetiklenir, baz\u0131 organlar\u0131n kullan\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 veya kullan\u0131lmamas\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimlere yol a\u00e7ar. \u0130nsan, en belirgin \u00f6zelliklerini, do\u011frudan ya da dolayl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde do\u011fal se\u00e7ilimin etkisiyle elde etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Fakat her zamanki ihtiyatl\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ve \u00f6nsezisiyle Darwin, do\u011fal se\u00e7ilimin, evrimsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn yeg\u00e2ne motoru olmayabilece\u011fine, bu mekanizman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ba\u015fka s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin de t\u00fcrle\u015fme olay\u0131n\u0131 etkileyebilece\u011fine dikkat \u00e7eker. Bu y\u00fczden eserinin ikinci k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de t\u00fcrlerin olu\u015fumunda \u00f6nemli bir etmen olarak kabul edilen cinsel se\u00e7ilime ay\u0131r\u0131r. \u201cT\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nin daha \u00f6nceki yay\u0131nlar\u0131nda, do\u011fal se\u00e7ilim ya da en uygun olan\u0131n sa\u011fkal\u0131m\u0131 olay\u0131na ve onun etkisine \u00e7ok fazla \u00f6nem atfetmi\u015f olabilirim. (…) Bununla beraber, ne faydal\u0131 ne de zararl\u0131 olan yap\u0131lar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vaktiyle yeterince de\u011ferlendirmemi\u015fimdir; ve bu da san\u0131r\u0131m \u015fu ana kadar eserimde saptanan en \u00f6nemli ihmalk\u00e2rl\u0131klardan biri olmal\u0131d\u0131r\u201d diye \u00f6zele\u015ftiride bulunacakt\u0131r…<\/p>\n

Zihinsel yetilerin evrimle\u015fmesi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Darwin\u2019e y\u00f6nlendirilen bir k\u0131s\u0131m ele\u015ftiriler, insan\u0131n zihinsel yetilerine ili\u015fkindi: Bedensel \u00f6zellikleri itibariyle insano\u011flu, daha a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 bi\u00e7imler ile benzerlik g\u00f6sterebilirdi elbette, ancak sahip oldu\u011fu e\u015fsiz zihinsel yetileri apayr\u0131 bir soyolu\u015fa i\u015faret etmiyor muydu? Bu \u00f6zelli\u011fi, insan\u0131n di\u011fer canl\u0131lar ile ayn\u0131 soyu payla\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k g\u00f6stergesi de\u011fil miydi?<\/p>\n

\u0130nsan\u0131n T\u00fcreyi\u015fi<\/em>\u2019nde Darwin, zihinsel yetilerin de t\u0131pk\u0131 bedensel \u00f6zellikler gibi evrimsel bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 sonucu, zamanla, ad\u0131m ad\u0131m kazan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrer. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, zihinsel yetiler de incelendi\u011finde, insan\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6b\u00fcr t\u00fcrler gibi ayn\u0131 k\u00f6kene sahip oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Darwin bu konuya \u0130nsan\u0131n T\u00fcreyi\u015fi<\/em>\u2019nde geni\u015f yer ay\u0131r\u0131r. Hayvanlar\u0131n da insanlar gibi haz ald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve ac\u0131 \u00e7ektiklerini, mutluluk ya da mutsuzluk ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, anne sevgisi hissettiklerini, \u00f6l\u00fcm korkusu ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131k duyabildiklerini ve canlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131labilece\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrer. Alg\u0131, dikkat, soyutlama, haf\u0131za, \u00f6zbilin\u00e7, merak, taklit, muhakeme yetenekleri, t\u00fcm bu vas\u0131flar\u0131 insanda oldu\u011fu gibi di\u011fer hayvanlarda, kimi zaman ilkel d\u00fczeyde olsa da bulmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Konu\u015fma yetene\u011fi insana \u00f6zg\u00fcd\u00fcr elbette, ama insanlar da bir\u00e7ok duygular\u0131n\u0131, pek \u00e7ok hayvan\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, ses \u00e7\u0131karma yoluyla ifade ederler. T\u00fcm bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkenler ve \u00f6zellikle e\u011fitim de \u00f6nemli bir rol oynar tabii ki. \u201cNeredeyse hi\u00e7bir soyut kavram kullanmaktan aciz vah\u015fi bir insan ile Newton ya da Shakespeare aras\u0131ndaki entelekt fark\u0131 az de\u011fildir. (…) En y\u00fcksek \u0131rklar\u0131n en y\u00fcce ki\u015filikleri ile en alt d\u00fczeydeki vah\u015filer aras\u0131ndaki bu t\u00fcr farkl\u0131l\u0131klar, en ince de\u011fi\u015fim kademeleriyle birbiriyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131rlar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, bunlar\u0131n birinden di\u011ferine ge\u00e7ilmesi ve birinin di\u011ferine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.\u201d<\/p>\n

Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nin ilk bas\u0131m\u0131nda, Darwin, eserinin son s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olan \u201cevrimle\u015fmi\u015f\u201d (evolved) s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda evrim (evolution) s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kullanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak \u0130nsan\u0131n T\u00fcreyi\u015fi<\/em>\u2019nde evrim s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ilk kez modern anlam\u0131yla kullan\u0131r. T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nin 1872 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan 6. ve son bas\u0131m\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 revizyonlarla, o zamana kadar \u201cd\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm kuram\u0131\u201d (transmutation theory) olarak isimlendirdi\u011fi kuram\u0131 hakk\u0131nda evrim (evolution) s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kullanacakt\u0131r. (3)<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0130nsan\u0131n T\u00fcreyi\u015fi\u2019nde Darwin, zihinsel yetilerin de t\u0131pk\u0131 bedensel \u00f6zellikler gibi evrimsel bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 sonucu kazan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrer.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em> ve \u0130nsan\u0131n T\u00fcreyi\u015fi<\/em> yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llarda, g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ve kimsenin pek anlam veremedi\u011fi, sonralar\u0131 Neandertal insan\u0131na ait oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lan birtak\u0131m kemik kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, ke\u015ffedilmi\u015f herhangi bir insan fosili yoktu. Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere, daha sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n pek \u00e7ok yerinde \u00e7ok say\u0131da insan fosili bulunacakt\u0131r ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de bulunmaya devam edilmektedir. Ancak ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llarda konuyla ilgili herhangi bir bulguya sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde Darwin, sadece biyoco\u011frafyaya dayanan g\u00f6zlemleri ve analitik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yetene\u011fi sayesinde, insano\u011flunun be\u015fi\u011finin Afrika oldu\u011funu tahmin edebilmi\u015ftir. \u015e\u00f6yle yazacakt\u0131 \u0130nsan\u0131n T\u00fcreyi\u015fi<\/em>\u2019nde: \u201cD\u00fcnyan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6lgelerinin her birinde, ya\u015famakta olan memeliler ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgenin soyu t\u00fckenmi\u015f t\u00fcrleriyle yak\u0131ndan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131rlar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, goril ve \u015fempanzenin yak\u0131n akrabas\u0131 olan, soyu t\u00fckenmi\u015f insans\u0131 maymunlar\u0131n vaktiyle Afrika\u2019da ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131 olas\u0131d\u0131r; ve bu t\u00fcrlerin ikisi de g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz insan\u0131n\u0131n en yak\u0131n akrabalar\u0131 oldu\u011fundan, ceddimizin ba\u015fka bir yerden ziyade Afrika\u2019da ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 bir bak\u0131ma daha muhtemeldir.\u201d Darwin\u2019den sonra g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze dek insan\u0131n co\u011frafi k\u00f6kenine dair y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen t\u00fcm \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, Darwin\u2019in bu tahminini do\u011frulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sosyal Darwinizm<\/strong><\/p>\n

Darwin\u2019in T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nde \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u201cdo\u011fal se\u00e7ilimle evrim\u201d kuram\u0131n\u0131n sadece biyolojiye de\u011fil insan toplumlar\u0131na da bir \u015fekilde uygulanabilece\u011fi, zaman\u0131n\u0131n ferasetli biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnden ka\u00e7mam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, daha sonralar\u0131 \u201csosyal Darwinizm\u201d diye an\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanacak olan bu konu, Darwin taraf\u0131ndan \u0130nsan\u0131n T\u00fcreyi\u015fi<\/em>\u2019nde \u201cDo\u011fal Se\u00e7ilimin Uygar Uluslar\u0131 Etkileyi\u015fi\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda kaleme al\u0131nmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce bilim \u00e7evrelerinde geni\u015f \u00e7apta yank\u0131 bulmu\u015ftu. Darwin\u2019in de hat\u0131rlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, Alfred Russel Wallace ve Francis Galton (anne taraf\u0131ndan Darwin\u2019in kuzeniydi) konuya kendisinden \u00f6nce e\u011filenler aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Sosyal Darwinizm hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7izilmi\u015f, \u00e7ok m\u00fcrekkep harcanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6z\u00fc itibariyle karma\u015f\u0131k ve \u00e7ok boyutlu, dall\u0131 budakl\u0131 olan bu konuyu, bize ayr\u0131lan bu s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 alana hakk\u0131n\u0131 vererek s\u0131\u011fd\u0131rmam\u0131z m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir, ancak \u0130nsan\u0131n T\u00fcreyi\u015fi<\/em>\u2019nin \u00f6nemli k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131ndan birini olu\u015fturdu\u011funu vurgulayal\u0131m. Sosyal Darwinizm\u2019i ba\u015fka bir yaz\u0131m\u0131za konu edece\u011fiz…<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>, Darwin\u2019in en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, en \u00e7ok bahsedilip zikredilen eseridir. Ancak bu eserin bir devam\u0131 niteli\u011finde olan \u0130nsan\u0131n T\u00fcreyi\u015fi<\/em>, evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 y\u00f6nlerini ele alan, bu kuram\u0131 bir ad\u0131m \u00f6teye ta\u015f\u0131yan, geni\u015f bir bilgi kayna\u011f\u0131 sunan ve Darwin\u2019i tam olarak anlayabilmek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan okunmas\u0131 \u015fart, \u00f6nemli bir yap\u0131tt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samuel_Wilberforce
\n2) A. Desmond, J. Moore, Darwin, Penguin Books, 1991.
\n3) Tim M. Berra, Charles Darwin, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009.<\/u><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201cT\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni\u201d, Darwin\u2019in en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, en \u00e7ok bahsedilip zikredilen eseridir. Ancak bu eserin bir devam\u0131 niteli\u011finde olan \u201c\u0130nsan\u0131n T\u00fcreyi\u015fi\u201d, evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 y\u00f6nlerini ele alan, bu kuram\u0131 bir ad\u0131m \u00f6teye ta\u015f\u0131yan, geni\u015f bir bilgi kayna\u011f\u0131 sunan ve Darwin\u2019i tam olarak anlayabilmek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan okunmas\u0131 \u015fart, \u00f6nemli bir yap\u0131tt\u0131r. T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni\u2019nin sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru, eserinin ana fikirlerini \u015f\u00f6yle […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":508,"featured_media":22376,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2709,32,1473],"tags":[461,200,1049,1043,462,1474],"class_list":["post-22371","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-170-sayi","category-evrim","category-genis-aci","tag-darwin","tag-evrim","tag-insanin-evrimi","tag-insanin-tureyisi","tag-sosyal-darwinizm","tag-turlerin-kokeni"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22371","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/508"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=22371"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22371\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/22376"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22371"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=22371"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=22371"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}