{"id":22538,"date":"2018-04-01T00:00:46","date_gmt":"2018-03-31T21:00:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=22538"},"modified":"2018-03-31T22:20:26","modified_gmt":"2018-03-31T19:20:26","slug":"coumbarynin-firtinalarin-kavanini-adli-eseri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/04\/01\/coumbarynin-firtinalarin-kavanini-adli-eseri","title":{"rendered":"Coumbary\u2019nin \u2018F\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131n Kavanini\u2019 adl\u0131 eseri"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>F\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u2026 \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n var oldu\u011fu g\u00fcnden beri ya\u015fam\u0131, inan\u00e7lar\u0131 ve daha pek \u00e7ok sosyal ya\u015fam unsurunu etkileyen muhte\u015fem do\u011fa olaylar\u0131\u2026 Antik Yunanl\u0131lar, f\u0131rt\u0131nalara Thyphon adl\u0131 tanr\u0131n\u0131n neden oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yordu. Hititler de onu tanr\u0131 olarak kabul etmi\u015f ve Te\u015fup ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015fti. Y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 alanlar\u0131 ile al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7 alanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yatay y\u00f6nde geli\u015fen hava ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n bir t\u00fcr\u00fc\u2026 Gemicilerin korkulu r\u00fcyas\u0131\u2026 Ve bu do\u011fa olay\u0131yla ilgili T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yaz\u0131lan ilk eser Aristide Coumbary\u2019ye ait. F\u0131rt\u0131nalar \u00fczerine modern bilimin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 <em>F\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131n Kavanini<\/em>, meteoroloji alan\u0131nda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ilk eserlerimizden.<\/p>\n<p>Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde ilk meteorolojik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, 1867 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kandilli Rasathanesi\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131yla ba\u015flar. Frans\u0131z h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin te\u015fvikiyle kurulan bu kurum o zamanlar Rasathane-i Amire ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yordu. \u0130lk m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc de Aristide Coumbary olmu\u015ftu. Astronomi \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla me\u015fhur olup Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na telgraf \u015febekesini yenilemek i\u00e7in gelmi\u015fti. Fransa\u2019dan \u0131smarlanan g\u00f6zlem aletleri, o zamanlar \u0130sve\u00e7 Konsoloslu\u011fu\u2019nun bah\u00e7esinde evi bulunan Coumbary\u2019nin evinde kurulmu\u015f, daha sonra rasathane haz\u0131rland\u0131ktan sonra as\u0131l yerine ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Do\u011fum tarihi bilinmiyor. 1896 y\u0131l\u0131nda hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.<\/p>\n<p>F\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131n olu\u015fumu ve karakteristik \u00f6zellikleriyle ilgili yazm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu Frans\u0131zca <em>Lois Des T\u00e9mpes et Prescriptions Nautiques <\/em>adl\u0131 eseri Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esine <em>F\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131n Kavanini<\/em> ad\u0131yla \u00e7evrildi. 1875 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Votira ve \u015e\u00fcrek\u00e2s\u0131 Matbaas\u0131\u2019nda bas\u0131ld\u0131. Eserin hem Frans\u0131zca asl\u0131 hem de T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00e7evirisi birlikte yay\u0131mland\u0131. Eserde ayr\u0131ca 2 harita ve \u015fekle yer verildi. Bu haritalardan biri 8 Mart 1865 tarihinde meydana gelen bir f\u0131rt\u0131nan\u0131n hareketini g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n<p>Eserin mukaddimesindeki (\u00f6ns\u00f6z) sat\u0131rlardan Coumbary\u2019nin Kandilli Rasathanesi\u2019nin kurulu\u015fuyla ilgilendi\u011fi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n deniz bilimlerinde uzman olduklar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Eserin yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f amac\u0131 f\u0131rt\u0131na ve kas\u0131rgalar\u0131n nas\u0131l olu\u015ftu\u011fu, hangi g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131 izleyerek ilerledikleri ve telgraf yoluyla uyar\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken b\u00f6lgelere nas\u0131l haber iletildi\u011finin a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Eser ile hedeflenen, bu bilgilerin Osmanl\u0131 denizlerinde seyir halinde olan gemilere yararl\u0131 olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_22540\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-22540\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22540\" src=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/firtinalar-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"207\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-22540\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u201cBihar-\u0131 muhtelifede (\u00e7e\u015fitli denizlerde) zuhura gelen furt\u0131nalar\u0131n harek\u00e2t\u0131.\u201d<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Kitab\u0131n i\u00e7 ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u201cFurt\u0131nalar\u0131n Kavanini ve Bunlar\u0131n Denizlerde M\u00fcstelzim Oldu\u011fu Mehalik ve Muhatarattan \u0130htiraz \u0130\u00e7\u00fcn \u0130ttihaz\u0131 \u0130ktiza Eden Suver ve Tedabir-i Fiiliyeden Bahs Eder Bir Risaledir\u201d yazmaktad\u0131r. Ba\u015fl\u0131k g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz T\u00fcrk\u00e7esine \u201cF\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131n Kanunlar\u0131 ve Bunlar\u0131n Denizlerde Olu\u015fturdu\u011fu Tehlikelerden ve Zararlardan Korunmak \u0130\u00e7in Yap\u0131lmas\u0131 Gereken Fiili Tedbirlerden ve Suretlerden Bahseden Bir Risaledir\u201d \u015feklinde \u00e7evrilebilir.<\/p>\n<p>Solda: N\u0131sf-\u0131 K\u00fcre-i \u015eimalde (Kuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre) zuhura gelen kas\u0131rgalar\u0131 ihdas eden r\u00fczg\u00e2rlar sa\u011fdan sola yani saat ibrelerinin harek\u00e2t\u0131 aksi istikametinde devir ederler. Sa\u011fda: N\u0131sf-\u0131 K\u00fcre-i Cenubda (G\u00fcney Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre) zuhura gelen r\u00fczg\u00e2rlar soldan sa\u011fa yani saat ibrelerinin harek\u00e2t\u0131 istikametinde devir ederler.<\/p>\n<p>Bu ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda ele al\u0131nan konular \u015funlard\u0131r: F\u0131rt\u0131nalar ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere hava olaylar\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l olu\u015ftu\u011fu, nas\u0131l bir g\u00fczerg\u00e2h izledi\u011fi, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 dairesel hareketler, kuzey yar\u0131m k\u00fcrede saat y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn tersi istikametinde d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, g\u00fcney yar\u0131m k\u00fcrede saat y\u00f6n\u00fcnde d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, kendi ekseni etraf\u0131ndaki ve g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131ndaki karakteristik hareketleri, gemilerin f\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131n esi\u015f y\u00f6nlerine g\u00f6re almalar\u0131 gereken pozisyonlar, \u00f6zellikle Yenge\u00e7 ve O\u011flak d\u00f6nenceleri aras\u0131nda meydana geli\u015fleri, Atlas ve Hint okyanuslar\u0131ndaki f\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131n hareket y\u00f6nleri, Bengal K\u00f6rfezi\u2019ndeki f\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131n bu okyanuslardakinin aksi istikametindeki hareketleri, \u00c7in Denizi\u2019ndeki f\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131n birbirinden farkl\u0131 y\u00f6nlere savrulu\u015flar\u0131, Gulfstream s\u0131cak su ak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131, Gr\u00f6nland ve Asor adalar\u0131ndaki ak\u0131nt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n<p>Sayfa 7\u2019den itibaren ise f\u0131rt\u0131nan\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerinden ve y\u00f6n\u00fcnden yola \u00e7\u0131karak al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken \u00f6nlemlerden bahsediliyor. \u201cDenizlerde Zuhura Gelen D\u00f6n\u00fcc\u00fc F\u0131rt\u0131nalardan \u0130htiraz \u0130\u00e7\u00fcn \u0130ktiza Eden Usul ve Kavaid\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda bu bahis a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131yor. Bug\u00fcn\u00fcn T\u00fcrk\u00e7esine \u201cDenizlerde Meydana Gelen Kas\u0131rgalardan Korunmak \u0130\u00e7in Gerekli Olan Usuller ve Kurallar\u201d \u015feklinde \u00e7evrilebilir.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_22541\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-22541\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22541\" src=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/firtinalar-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"208\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-22541\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u201c1865 senesi Mart\u2019\u0131n\u0131n sekizinci g\u00fcn\u00fc zuhur eden furt\u0131nan\u0131n hareketi.\u201d<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Bu ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken \u00f6nlemler olarak \u015fu konulara de\u011finiliyor: F\u0131rt\u0131na merkezinden uzak durmak, seyir halindeyken f\u0131rt\u0131nan\u0131n olu\u015ftu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde tehlikeli ve tehlikesiz alanlar\u0131n tespit edilerek yeni harek\u00e2t hatlar\u0131 belirleme, havadaki r\u00fczg\u00e2r y\u00f6n\u00fc ve bas\u0131n\u00e7 alanlar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fimini g\u00f6zlemleyerek olu\u015fabilecek f\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131 \u00f6nceden kestirme, f\u0131rt\u0131na hatt\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmek i\u00e7in y\u00fcz\u00fc r\u00fczg\u00e2ra d\u00f6n\u00fcp kollar\u0131 a\u00e7ma ve kuzey veya g\u00fcney yar\u0131m k\u00fcrede olunmas\u0131na g\u00f6re f\u0131rt\u0131nan\u0131n sa\u011f veya sol k\u0131s\u0131mda meydana geldi\u011fini tespit etme, r\u00fczg\u00e2r\u0131n h\u0131z miktar\u0131na bak\u0131larak f\u0131rt\u0131na merkezine uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n hesaplanmas\u0131, r\u00fczg\u00e2r \u015fiddetini artt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ilk \u00f6nlem olarak yelkenlerin indirilmesi, esi\u015f y\u00f6n\u00fcne ve \u015fiddete bak\u0131larak tehlikeli b\u00f6lgelerin tespiti ve gemiyi bu bilgiler do\u011frultusunda \u00e7evirme ve yelkenlerin pozisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirme, esi\u015f y\u00f6n\u00fcne g\u00f6re r\u00fczg\u00e2r\u0131 geminin sol veya sa\u011f taraf\u0131na alma.<\/p>\n<p>Kitapta, f\u0131rt\u0131na esnas\u0131nda bulunulan koordinata g\u00f6re dahi al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken \u00f6nlemlerden s\u00f6z edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1) http:\/\/www.dmi.gov.tr\/genel\/meteorolojitarihi.aspx<\/p>\n<p>2) F\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131n Kav\u00e2n\u00eeni, Coumbary, Votira ve \u015e\u00fcrek\u00e2s\u0131 Matbaas\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 1875, 23 s.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>F\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u2026 \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n var oldu\u011fu g\u00fcnden beri ya\u015fam\u0131, inan\u00e7lar\u0131 ve daha pek \u00e7ok sosyal ya\u015fam unsurunu etkileyen muhte\u015fem do\u011fa olaylar\u0131\u2026 Antik Yunanl\u0131lar, f\u0131rt\u0131nalara Thyphon adl\u0131 tanr\u0131n\u0131n neden oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yordu. Hititler de onu tanr\u0131 olarak kabul etmi\u015f ve Te\u015fup ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015fti. Y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 alanlar\u0131 ile al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7 alanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yatay y\u00f6nde geli\u015fen hava ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n bir t\u00fcr\u00fc\u2026 Gemicilerin [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":383,"featured_media":22539,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2709,535],"tags":[2740,427,2739,2738],"class_list":["post-22538","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-170-sayi","category-forum","tag-deniz","tag-denizcilik","tag-doga-olaylari","tag-firtinalar"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22538","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/383"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=22538"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22538\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/22539"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22538"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=22538"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=22538"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}