{"id":22776,"date":"2018-04-07T14:20:48","date_gmt":"2018-04-07T11:20:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=22776"},"modified":"2018-04-10T11:17:37","modified_gmt":"2018-04-10T08:17:37","slug":"dnamizin-ne-irki-var-ne-de-milliyeti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/04\/07\/dnamizin-ne-irki-var-ne-de-milliyeti","title":{"rendered":"DNA\u2019m\u0131z\u0131n ne \u0131rk\u0131 var, ne de milliyeti"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pop\u00fclasyon geneti\u011fi adl\u0131 bilim dal\u0131n\u0131n ortaya koydu\u011fu bilimsel bulgular, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve etnik milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fin bilimsel ger\u00e7eklerle \u00e7eli\u015fti\u011fini g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seriyor.<\/em><\/p>\n

Bilimsel geli\u015fmeler, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ve kan\u0131tlanan bilimsel bulgular zaman zaman baz\u0131 ideolojik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin ve y\u00fczy\u0131llara dayanan inan\u00e7lar\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki hal\u0131y\u0131 \u00e7ekiverir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin, Kopernik, Kepler ve Galilei, D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6nen s\u0131radan bir gezegen oldu\u011funu bilimsel kan\u0131tlar\u0131yla ortaya koyduklar\u0131nda, binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k bir ideolojinin de k\u00f6k\u00fcne kibrit suyu ekmi\u015f oldular. Benzer bir s\u00fcre\u00e7, Darwin\u2019in Evrim Kuram\u0131 konusunda ya\u015fand\u0131. Bug\u00fcn art\u0131k Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir bo\u015f inan\u00e7 oldu\u011fu, evrimin bir olgu oldu\u011fu g\u00fcn gibi a\u00e7\u0131k, bilimsel bir ger\u00e7ek.<\/p>\n

Son olarak pop\u00fclasyon geneti\u011fi adl\u0131 bilim dal\u0131n\u0131n ortaya koydu\u011fu bilimsel bulgular, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve etnik milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fin de bilimsel ger\u00e7eklerle \u00e7eli\u015fti\u011fini g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seriyor. Hele hele t\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz olan Homo sapiens<\/em>\u2019in 200 bin y\u0131ll\u0131k uzun y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn belki de trafi\u011fi en s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131k ge\u00e7i\u015f yolunu te\u015fkil eden Anadolu ve Orta Do\u011fu co\u011frafyas\u0131nda\u2026<\/p>\n

\"\"
Homo sapiens\u2019in d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Hepimiz Homo sapiens<\/em>\u2019iz ve Afrika k\u00f6kenliyiz<\/strong><\/p>\n

Birinci ger\u00e7ek \u015fu: Hepimiz Homo sapiens<\/em>\u2019iz ve Afrika k\u00f6kenliyiz. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte ba\u015fka insan t\u00fcrleri (homo neanderthalis<\/em>, homo erectus<\/em>, homo habilis<\/em> vb) de olmu\u015f, ama bug\u00fcn ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n hepsi Homo sapiens<\/em> t\u00fcr\u00fcne ait ve hepimiz yakla\u015f\u0131k 200 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce Afrika\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131kan ve oradan t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131lan bir grup insandan k\u00f6ken al\u0131yoruz. Gen biliminin teknikleriyle yap\u0131lan analizler bu ger\u00e7e\u011fi g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seriyor.<\/p>\n

Bu olgu, asl\u0131nda bizim b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u015fans\u0131m\u0131z. Pek\u00e2l\u00e2, di\u011fer pek \u00e7ok canl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcnde oldu\u011fu gibi, aralar\u0131nda \u00fcreme olana\u011f\u0131 bulunmayan \u00e7e\u015fitli insan alt-t\u00fcrleri birlikte ya\u015f\u0131yor olabilirdi. Bu durumda neler ya\u015fanabilirdi, tahmin edilebilir! Belki de oldu ve bu durum ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131; m\u00fcmk\u00fcn! Neyse…<\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda ya\u015fayan t\u00fcm insanlar\u0131n ayn\u0131 alt t\u00fcre ait oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fi bile kaba \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bitirmeye yeter.<\/p>\n

Amcam\u0131z genetik olarak bize bir siyah\u00eeden daha uzak olabilir<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130kinci ger\u00e7ek ise \u015fu: \u0130nsanlar\u0131 deri renklerine g\u00f6re, \u201c\u0131rk\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda temel gruplara ay\u0131rman\u0131n biyolojik (yani bilimsel) hi\u00e7bir dayana\u011f\u0131 yok.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsanlar\u0131 \u201cuzun-k\u0131sa boylular\u201d, \u201csar\u0131\u015f\u0131nlar-esmerler\u201d, \u201c\u015fi\u015fmanlar-zay\u0131flar\u201d veya \u201ckoyu-a\u00e7\u0131k renk g\u00f6zl\u00fcler\u201d diye s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmak ne kadar anlaml\u0131 ise, \u201ckara-beyaz-sar\u0131 derililer\u201d \u015feklinde ay\u0131rmak da ancak o kadar anlaml\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc genetik analizler kan\u0131tl\u0131yor ki, amcam\u0131z veya teyzemizle olan genetik farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131z, pek\u00e2l\u00e2 Mozambikli bir siyah\u00ee ile olan genetik farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zdan daha fazla olabilir ve genellikle de \u00f6yledir.<\/p>\n

K\u0131sacas\u0131 \u201c\u0131rk\u201d bir ideolojik kurgu kavram, biyolojik anlamda ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir nitelik de\u011fil. \u0130nsanlar\u0131 deri renklerine g\u00f6re s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rman\u0131n, hele buradan bir hiyerar\u015fi \u00fcretmenin biyolojik ve genetik olarak hi\u00e7bir dayana\u011f\u0131 ve anlam\u0131 yok.<\/p>\n

Art\u0131k biyologlar, \u201c\u0131rk\u201d diye bir kategori kullanm\u0131yorlar. Elbette h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k yapanlar, \u201car\u00ee \u0131rk\u201d uydurmacas\u0131n\u0131n pe\u015finden gidenler, \u00f6rne\u011fin kara derilileri \u201ca\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u0131rk\u201d olarak g\u00f6renler \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Ama bunun d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00fcz ve sabit oldu\u011funu iddia etmekten hi\u00e7bir fark\u0131 bulunmuyor.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Art\u0131k biyologlar, \u201c\u0131rk\u201d diye bir kategori kullanm\u0131yorlar.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Etnik milliyet\u00e7ilik de ideolojik bir kurgu, hele Anadolu\u2019da\u2026 <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ger\u00e7ek ise g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daha da \u00f6nemli; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u201cetnik nitelikler\u201d ve \u201culuslar\u0131n tarihi\u201d gibi el yak\u0131c\u0131 konularla ili\u015fkili.<\/p>\n

Genetik ve istatistiksel y\u00f6ntemler kullan\u0131larak yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda (\u00d6rne\u011fin: Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi ve Piazza, The History and The Geography of The Genes<\/em>, 1994) t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya ve ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 k\u0131talar d\u00fczeyinde insan topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n genetik \u00e7e\u015fitliliklerinden kaynaklanan farkl\u0131l\u0131klar (ve yak\u0131nl\u0131klar) incelenmi\u015f.<\/p>\n

Ula\u015f\u0131lan sonu\u00e7lar, daha sonra en geli\u015fmi\u015f tekniklerle yap\u0131lan genel ve b\u00f6lgesel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarla da do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n bizim co\u011frafyam\u0131zla ilgili olan b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131.<\/p>\n

Genel anlamda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ilk sonu\u00e7, Anadolu\u2019nun bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 gen frekans\u0131n\u0131n bulu\u015ftu\u011fu ve melezle\u015fti\u011fi bir co\u011frafya oldu\u011fu. Hatta diyebiliriz ki Anadolu, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en melez co\u011frafyas\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu da son derece do\u011fal. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Anadolu, tarih \u00f6ncesinde ve tarih boyunca insan topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7lerine en fazla maruz kalan bir ge\u00e7i\u015f co\u011frafyas\u0131. Tabii sadece ge\u00e7i\u015f de\u011fil. Her gelen bu g\u00fczel ve verimli topraklara yerle\u015fmi\u015f, uygarl\u0131klar kurmu\u015f, demini b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f, kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f\u2026<\/p>\n

Genetik yap\u0131ya ili\u015fkin analizler ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc sonu\u00e7lar verseydi e\u011fer -\u00f6rne\u011fin bir etnik grubun a\u00e7\u0131k ara bask\u0131n oldu\u011fu bir durum ortaya \u00e7\u0131ksayd\u0131- as\u0131l o zaman \u015fa\u015f\u0131rmak gerekirdi.<\/p>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar da var: Yunanl\u0131lar, Araplar, \u0130ranl\u0131lar, K\u00fcrtler, Ermeniler gibi kom\u015fular\u0131yla aras\u0131ndaki genetik yak\u0131nl\u0131k hesaplamalar\u0131nda farkl\u0131l\u0131k de\u011ferleri olduk\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olan T\u00fcrkler, T\u00fcrk dilleri konu\u015fan Orta Asya\u2019n\u0131n Altay, Yakut ve Tuva topluluklar\u0131yla bunun 5-8 kat\u0131 aras\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fen de\u011ferlerde genetik farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

Yani Anadolu insan\u0131 genetik yap\u0131 olarak kom\u015fular\u0131na yak\u0131n, Orta Asya topluluklar\u0131na de\u011fil. Orta Asyal\u0131lar genetik olarak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 12\u2019sini olu\u015fturuyor, yani her 8 ki\u015fiden sadece 1 tanesi Orta Asya k\u00f6kenli. Geri kalan y\u00fczde 88 ise, Anadolu, Do\u011fu Akdeniz ve Orta Do\u011fu pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131 ile benzerlikler payla\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Yani, \u201cD\u00fcnya d\u00f6n\u00fcyor\u201d!<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn bu bilimsel saptamalardan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lacak baz\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar var elbette. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de etnik milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fin bilimsel olgular a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hi\u00e7bir dayana\u011f\u0131 yok. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u201cT\u00fcrk\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131, etnik k\u00f6kene vurgu yaparak \u201cOrta Asya k\u00f6kenli\u201d tarif etti\u011finiz an, T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011fe en b\u00fcy\u00fck ihaneti yap\u0131yorsunuz demektir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00f6yle bir kurgu, \u201cT\u00fcrkleri\u201d T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de az\u0131nl\u0131k haline getirir. Bu dediklerimiz \u201cK\u00fcrt\u201d kavram\u0131 i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli.<\/p>\n

Elbette bu sonu\u00e7lar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131 diye, hemen ne \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k bitecektir ne de etnik milliyet\u00e7ilik. Bilimsel geli\u015fmelerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki ba\u015fka dinamiklerin de i\u015flemesi ve ba\u015fka s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin de h\u0131zlanmas\u0131 gerekiyor.<\/p>\n

Sadece \u201cD\u00fcnya d\u00f6n\u00fcyor\u201d demek istedik.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pop\u00fclasyon geneti\u011fi adl\u0131 bilim dal\u0131n\u0131n ortaya koydu\u011fu bilimsel bulgular, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve etnik milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fin bilimsel ger\u00e7eklerle \u00e7eli\u015fti\u011fini g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seriyor. Bilimsel geli\u015fmeler, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ve kan\u0131tlanan bilimsel bulgular zaman zaman baz\u0131 ideolojik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin ve y\u00fczy\u0131llara dayanan inan\u00e7lar\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki hal\u0131y\u0131 \u00e7ekiverir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Kopernik, Kepler ve Galilei, D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6nen s\u0131radan bir gezegen oldu\u011funu bilimsel kan\u0131tlar\u0131yla ortaya […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":493,"featured_media":22778,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[211,2314,231],"tags":[2783,272,2781,1878,2782],"class_list":["post-22776","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-antropoloji","category-bilim-oykuleri","category-molekuler-biyoloji-ve-genetik","tag-afrika-kokenlilik","tag-dna","tag-etnik-milliyetcilik","tag-irkcilik","tag-polulasyon-genetigi"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t