{"id":22966,"date":"2015-03-01T12:41:49","date_gmt":"2015-03-01T10:41:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=22966"},"modified":"2018-04-13T12:58:29","modified_gmt":"2018-04-13T09:58:29","slug":"kuantum-dolanikliginin-anlami","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2015\/03\/01\/kuantum-dolanikliginin-anlami","title":{"rendered":"Kuantum dolan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n anlam\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kuantum dolan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunu, Einstein ile kuantumcular\u0131 birbirine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc! Sa\u011fduyumuza ayk\u0131r\u0131 gelse de \u015fimdiye kadar yap\u0131lan deneyler kuantumcular\u0131 hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Bir mutakabat aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131 da s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Atom-alt\u0131 d\u00fcnyada dolan\u0131kl\u0131k ispatlanm\u0131\u015f bir olgu olsa da, bizim i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z makro-d\u00fcnyada i\u015fler farkl\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcyor gibi. <\/em><\/p>\n

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Basit bir \u00e7ift yar\u0131k d\u00fczene\u011fi. E\u011fer g\u00f6zlemci hangi elektronun nereden ge\u00e7ti\u011fini g\u00f6zlemezse giri\u015fim deseni olu\u015fur (\u00fcstteki durum); ama g\u00f6zlerse giri\u015fim deseni olu\u015fmaz (alttaki durum).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda d\u00fcnyay\u0131 alg\u0131lay\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 k\u00f6kten de\u011fi\u015ftirecek \u00fc\u00e7 kuram ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131: \u00f6zel g\u00f6relilik (1905), genel g\u00f6relilik (1915) ve kuantum mekani\u011fi (1900-1926). Kuantum fizi\u011fi, cep telefonlar\u0131ndan DNA\u2019ya her \u015feyin nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayabilse de, ger\u00e7ekte neden b\u00f6yle oldu\u011funun yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 veremiyor. Buradaki temel gizem, bir elektronun iki delikten ayn\u0131 anda ge\u00e7mesi (di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019in kedisi) paradoksu. Hangi delikten ge\u00e7ti\u011fine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, elektronlar ekranda giri\u015fim deseni olu\u015fturmaz, belli bir duruma \u2018\u00e7\u00f6kerler\u2019. Kopenhag yorumuna g\u00f6re elektron gibi kuantum varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n siz onlara bakm\u0131yorken ne yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 sormak anlams\u0131zd\u0131r. Bu yoruma g\u00f6re, uzaydaki bir noktada, \u00f6rne\u011fin iki delikten birinde, ger\u00e7ek g\u00f6zlemden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak, elektronun nesnel varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na verilebilecek herhangi bir anlam yoktur. Elektron sadece biz onu g\u00f6zlemledi\u011fimizde varl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fur gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Einstein\u2019\u0131n kuantum fizi\u011fine itiraz\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, g\u00f6zlemlenmedi\u011finde elektronlar ayn\u0131 anda iki farkl\u0131 yerde birden olurlar, di\u011fer bir ifadeyle, \u00fcst \u00fcste binmi\u015f durumdad\u0131rlar. Dolan\u0131kl\u0131k, \u00fcst \u00fcste binmenin \u00f6zel bir \u00e7e\u015fididir; \u00fcst \u00fcste binmi\u015f durumlar\u0131n kuantum etkilerinin normal mesafelerinin \u00e7ok \u00f6tesindeki b\u00fcy\u00fck uzakl\u0131klara yay\u0131labilmesini i\u00e7erir. \u00d6rne\u011fin bir atomun taban\u0131 durumundaki bir elektron ayn\u0131 zamanda, her biri elektronu belli bir yerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 tutmu\u015f say\u0131s\u0131z durumun \u00fcst \u00fcste binmi\u015f halidir. Sa\u011fduyumuza ayk\u0131r\u0131 gelen bu fikre, kuantum fizi\u011finin kurucular\u0131ndan olan Einstein bile hi\u00e7bir zaman s\u0131cak bakmad\u0131 ve bunu \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctmek i\u00e7in bir\u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneyi tasarlad\u0131. En \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc EPR paradoksu ad\u0131yla bilinen Einstein-Rosen-Podalsky paradoksudur. Ancak EPR paradoksunun ortaya at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 1940\u2019lardan bu yana yap\u0131lan b\u00fct\u00fcn deneyler Einstein\u2019\u0131 haks\u0131z \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. John Bell ise kuantum mekani\u011finin neden Einstein\u2019\u0131n EPR paradoksunda iddia etti\u011fi gibi sakl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fkenlere ihtiyac\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok g\u00fczel ifade eden e\u015fitsizlikler bulmu\u015ftur. Kuantum dolan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Einstein\u2019\u0131n itiraz\u0131n\u0131n neden ge\u00e7erli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in EPR paradoksunun modern bir versiyonunu ele alal\u0131m:<\/p>\n

Bir \u00e7ift fotona (\u0131\u015f\u0131k par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131) bozunan, hareketsiz bir y\u00fcks\u00fcz par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131 (\u00f6rne\u011fin pion) ele alal\u0131m. Bozunan par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u0131f\u0131r y\u00fck\u00fc, s\u0131f\u0131r momentumu ve s\u0131f\u0131r a\u00e7\u0131sal momentumu (spini) vard\u0131r. Bunlar korunan nicelikler olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in, de\u011ferleri bozunum \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinde de yine s\u0131f\u0131r olur. Dolays\u0131yla spin y\u00f6nlerinin, toplamda s\u0131f\u0131r spini korumak i\u00e7in, z\u0131t olmas\u0131 gerekir. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle spinlerden biri yukar\u0131ysa di\u011fer a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r (ya da birisi sol-elliyse di\u011feri sa\u011f-elli olmal\u0131). Buraya kadar kimsenin itiraz\u0131 yoktur. E\u011fer bu fizik kavramlar\u0131 kafa kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131ysa daha basit bir \u00f6rnek verelim: Bir \u00e7ift eldiven alal\u0131m ve birini bir kutuya koyup kuzey kutbuna g\u00f6nderelim. Di\u011fer kutuyaysa eldivenin di\u011fer tekini koyal\u0131m. E\u011fer kuzey kutbuna giden kutudaki eldiven sol eldivense, burada kalan sa\u011f eldiven olacakt\u0131r, \u00f6yle de\u011fil mi? Buna kuantum fizik\u00e7ilerin de Einstein\u2019\u0131n da itiraz\u0131 yoktur.<\/p>\n

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Belfast\u2019ta fakir bir ailede yeti\u015fmi\u015f olan John Bell, liseden mezun olduktan sonra, \u00fcniversiteye girecek ya\u015fa ula\u015fana dek bir y\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak durumunda kalm\u0131\u015f ve \u00fcniversite e\u011fitimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda laboratuar asistanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonra CERN\u2019de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Bell, kuantum fizi\u011finde 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en derin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerinden biri haline geldi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ama dolan\u0131kl\u0131k (ya da \u00fcst \u00fcste binme ilkesi) gere\u011fi, kuantum d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda i\u015fler burada farkl\u0131la\u015f\u0131r. Bozunan par\u00e7ac\u0131ktan yay\u0131lan fotonlar\u0131n her biri hem sol-elli hem sa\u011f-elli spine sahiptir. G\u00fcnl\u00fck hayattan verdi\u011fimiz \u00f6rne\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnecek olursak, kuzey kutbuna giden kutuda hem sol eldiven hem de sa\u011f eldiven (ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde burada kalan kutuda da hem sol hem sa\u011f eldiven) olmas\u0131 gibi, sa\u011fduyuya ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir durum s\u00f6z konusudur. Ama \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, diyelim ki sa\u011f tarafa giden fotonun spinini \u00f6l\u00e7t\u00fcn\u00fcz ve sol-elli \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, an\u0131nda sol tarafa giden fotonun spini sa\u011f-elli olacakt\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte Einsten\u2019\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 nokta buras\u0131d\u0131r. Fotonlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda milyonlarca \u0131\u015f\u0131k y\u0131l\u0131 mesafe bile olsa, sa\u011fdaki fotonda yap\u0131lan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm sa\u011f tarafa giden fotonu an\u0131nda etkilemi\u015f olacakt\u0131r. Einstein bu nedenle kuantum mekani\u011finin tamamlanmam\u0131\u015f bir kuram oldu\u011funu ve hen\u00fcz bilinmeyen sakl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fkenler olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bu problem, John Bell ad\u0131nda \u00e7ok parlak bir fizik\u00e7inin 1960\u2019larda dahiyane bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulmas\u0131na kadar uzun y\u0131llar tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bell\u2019in arg\u00fcman\u0131n\u0131 basit bir deneyle g\u00f6sterebiliriz: Bir elektron ve bir kar\u015f\u0131-elektronun (pozitron) yarat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve birbirlerinden toplam s\u0131f\u0131r a\u00e7\u0131sal momentumla (spinleri birbirini g\u00f6t\u00fcrecek \u015fekilde) uzakla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. Par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n her birinin yollar\u0131nda bulunan \u00f6zde\u015f dedekt\u00f6rler, spinin \u201cyukar\u0131\u201d m\u0131 yoksa \u201ca\u015fa\u011f\u0131\u201d m\u0131 oldu\u011funu tespit etsinler. \u015eekil a\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, dedekt\u00f6rler yukar\u0131-a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6nlerinin laboratuardaki dikey y\u00f6ndeki spinleri saptayacak \u015fekilde ayarlanm\u0131\u015f olsun. Bu par\u00e7ac\u0131klardan milyonlarcas\u0131n\u0131n geldi\u011fini ve her t\u00fcr farkl\u0131 spinde olduklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn. Dedekt\u00f6rler sadece dikey y\u00f6ndeki spinleri saptamaktad\u0131r. Kuantum fizi\u011fine g\u00f6re, par\u00e7ac\u0131k \u00e7ifti dolan\u0131k durumdad\u0131r ve bu yukar\u0131-a\u015fa\u011f\u0131<\/strong> ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131-yukar\u0131<\/strong> spinlerin \u00fcst \u00fcste binmesi olarak ifade edilir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla 2. dedekt\u00f6r \u201ca\u015fa\u011f\u0131y\u0131\u201d kaydederken 1. dedekt\u00f6r\u00fcn \u201cyukar\u0131y\u0131\u201d kaydetmesi y\u00fczde 50 olas\u0131l\u0131\u011fa sahiptir ve tersi de y\u00fczde 50 olas\u0131l\u0131\u011fa sahip olur. Spin korunum yasas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, dedekt\u00f6rlerin yukar\u0131-yukar\u0131<\/strong> veya a\u015fa\u011f\u0131-a\u015fa\u011f\u0131<\/strong> sonucu vermesi olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131f\u0131rd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

EPR\u2019ye g\u00f6re spinler ba\u015ftan bellidir, oysa kuantum fizi\u011fine g\u00f6re her bir par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n spini ancak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcnce belli olur ve o zamana kadar hem a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 hem yukar\u0131 durumundad\u0131r. Ama hen\u00fcz buraya kadar EPR paradoksunu test etmenin yolu yoktur ve Einstein da bu sonuca itiraz etmez.<\/p>\n

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Ancak \u015fimdi, deney d\u00fczene\u011fini \u015eekil b\u2019de\u00a0 g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi gibi 2. dedekt\u00f6re k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir a\u00e7\u0131 vererek de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fimizi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. Bu d\u00fczenleme sonras\u0131nda, hem kuantum fizi\u011finin (dolan\u0131k spinler) hem de EPR\u2019nin (\u00f6nceden belirlenmi\u015f spinler) yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, alg\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131da rastlant\u0131sal bi\u00e7imde yukar\u0131-yukar\u0131<\/strong> ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131-a\u015fa\u011f\u0131<\/strong> sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 elde edilmesi gerekir. Kuantum fizik\u00e7isinin a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131na g\u00f6re, 1. dedekt\u00f6r taraf\u0131ndan elektronun spininin yukar\u0131 do\u011fru oldu\u011fu bulununca, pozitronun spininin dikey a\u00e7\u0131dan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 do\u011fru olmas\u0131 gerekir ve bu sa\u011fdaki yeni \u201ca\u015fa\u011f\u0131\u201d ve yeni \u201cyukar\u0131\u201d y\u00f6nlerin (yeni \u201ca\u015fa\u011f\u0131\u201ddan \u00e7ok miktarda, yeni \u201cyukar\u0131\u201ddan az miktarda) \u00fcst \u00fcste binmesidir. EPR yanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131na g\u00f6re, spini biraz daha fazla yukar\u0131 do\u011fru a\u00e7\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f olan ve b\u00f6ylece 1. dedekt\u00f6rde bir \u201cyukar\u0131\u201d sonucunun okunmas\u0131n\u0131 tetikleyen rastlant\u0131sal elektrona denk d\u00fc\u015fen pozitronun spini biraz daha a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 do\u011fru, ancak 2. dedekt\u00f6r\u00fcn d\u00f6nme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daha az bir a\u00e7\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015f olacak; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla o da \u201cyukar\u0131\u201d y\u00f6nde bir sonu\u00e7 okumas\u0131 yapacakt\u0131r. Her iki yorumda da art\u0131k k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, ancak art\u0131k s\u0131f\u0131r olmayan bir yukar\u0131-yukar\u0131<\/strong> \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u015eekil b. Sa\u011fdaki detekt\u00f6r k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir a\u00e7\u0131yla yana \u00e7evrilir. Soldaki detekt\u00f6r \u201cyukar\u0131\u201d i\u015fareti verirse, sa\u011fdaki detekt\u00f6r de (k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir olas\u0131l\u0131kla) \u201cyukar\u0131\u201d i\u015fareti verebilir.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fte Bell e\u015fitsizlikleri buradan sonra devreye girer. Deney d\u00fczene\u011finde ikinci bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapal\u0131m ve a\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kartal\u0131m<\/strong>. Bell\u2019e g\u00f6re bu durumda, EPR\u2019nin \u00f6nceden belirlenmi\u015f spin anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6re, 2. dedekt\u00f6r\u00fcn k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131, yukar\u0131-yukar\u0131<\/strong> \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc en fazla iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karabilir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc spinlerin y\u00f6nleri sadece olas\u0131l\u0131k yasalar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla EPR\u2019nin savundu\u011fu anlay\u0131\u015fta e\u015fitsizlik<\/strong>tir, iki kat a\u00e7\u0131 i\u00e7in yukar\u0131-yukar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc, orijinal a\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n yukar\u0131-yukar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcne e\u015fit veya ondan daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr. Oysa kuantum fizi\u011finin a\u00e7\u0131 ikiye katland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yukar\u0131-yukar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fine dair yasas\u0131 vard\u0131r: A\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu i\u00e7in \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm iki kat\u0131ndan \u00e7ok artar ve \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck a\u00e7\u0131lar i\u00e7in d\u00f6rt kat artar. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle kuantum fizi\u011finin Bell e\u015fitsizli\u011fini \u201c\u00e7i\u011fnedi\u011fi\u201d s\u00f6ylenir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm d\u00f6rt kat\u0131na kadar artmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rmektedir.<\/p>\n

Kuantum fizi\u011findeki fark, kuantum kuram\u0131n\u0131n genliklerle u\u011fra\u015fmas\u0131ndan ve olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n genliklerin karesiyle orant\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir genlik bu \u00f6rnekte oldu\u011fu gibi iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, olas\u0131l\u0131k d\u00f6rt kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar. Bell e\u015fitsizliklerinin deneysel ispatlar\u0131 1970\u2019lerin sonunda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar defalarca tekrarlanm\u0131\u015f ve dolan\u0131k durumlar i\u00e7in Bell\u2019in tahminine uygun bi\u00e7imde e\u015fitsizliklerin ihlal edildi\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle, Bell e\u015fitsizliklerinin ihlali, Einstein\u2019\u0131n de\u011fil kuantum fizi\u011finin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclerinin do\u011frulu\u011funu kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019in kedisi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kuantum fizi\u011finde dolan\u0131kl\u0131k sadece iki elektron i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olmakla kalmaz, tam olarak ifade edecek olursak, her \u015feyin her \u015feyle ilgisi vard\u0131r. Ama \u00f6te yandan g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015famda neden-sonu\u00e7 ili\u015fkisi b\u00f6yle i\u015flemez gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. \u00dczerimize do\u011fru bir araba gelirken birka\u00e7 saniye sonra ne olaca\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctmemizde, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00f6b\u00fcr ucundaki ba\u015fka bir olay\u0131 hesaba katmay\u0131z. Mikro-d\u00fcnyadaki tek tek her temel par\u00e7ac\u0131k dolan\u0131kken, makro-d\u00fcnyada hepsi bir araya geldi\u011finde dolan\u0131kl\u0131k ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6z\u00fckmekte. Fizi\u011fin hen\u00fcz anlayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z en b\u00fcy\u00fck gizemlerinden biri de bu. Her ne kadar Einstein\u2019\u0131n kuantum fizi\u011fine itirazlar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ersizli\u011fi mikro d\u00fczeyde ispatlanm\u0131\u015fsa da, Einstein\u2019dan ilham alan Scr\u00f6dinger\u2019in ortaya att\u0131\u011f\u0131 paradoks h\u00e2l\u00e2 fizik\u00e7ileri u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kendisi de kuantum fizi\u011finin kurucular\u0131ndan olan Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019in me\u015fhur kedisiyle ilgili d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneyi \u015fu \u015fekilde: Bir kedi\u00a0 \u00e7evresinden m\u00fckemmel bi\u00e7imde yal\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir kutunun i\u00e7ine bir atom ve di\u011fer bir tak\u0131m cihazlarla beraber konur. Kutu i\u00e7inde bir cihaz, atom \u00e7ekirde\u011fi bozundu\u011funda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u0131\u015f\u0131may\u0131 alg\u0131lar alg\u0131lamaz ba\u011fl\u0131 bulundu\u011fu bir \u00e7ekici harekete ge\u00e7irir. \u00c7eki\u00e7, i\u00e7i siyan\u00fcr dolu bir \u015fi\u015feyi k\u0131rarak kedinin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne neden olur. B\u00f6ylelikle Schr\u00f6dinger, mikro-d\u00fcnyaya ait bir radyoaktif \u00e7ekirde\u011fin kendili\u011finden \u00fcst \u00fcste gelmi\u015f durumlara girmesi nedeniyle, makro-d\u00fcnyada bir kedinin de \u00fcst \u00fcste gelmi\u015f durumlara sokulabilece\u011fine dikkat \u00e7eker. Buysa kuantum kuram\u0131n\u0131n bizim ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z d\u00fcnyada \u201csa\u011fduyumuza ayk\u0131r\u0131\u201d sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmas\u0131na, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da bu haliyle ge\u00e7ersiz bir kuram olmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc e\u011fer kuantum fizi\u011fine inanacak olursak bir saat kadar sonra, e\u015fit olas\u0131l\u0131klarla kedi ya \u00f6l\u00fc ya canl\u0131 de\u011fil, hem \u00f6l\u00fc, hem de canl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Kedinin \u00f6l\u00fc ya da diri oldu\u011fu nas\u0131l anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r? Onun durumunu merak eden deneyci, kapa\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve kediyi g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bir \u00e7e\u015fit \u201c\u00f6l\u00e7me\u201d i\u015flemi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Kuantum fizi\u011finin standart yorumuna g\u00f6re de \u00f6l\u00e7me sonunda her fiziksel sistemin durumu, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen \u015feyin niteli\u011fine g\u00f6re bir \u201c\u00e7\u00f6kme\u201d ya\u015far. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir\u00e7ok noktada ayn\u0131 anda bulunan bir elektronun yeri \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, elektron bulundu\u011fu bu yerlerden birinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. \u00d6l\u00e7me i\u015flemi, \u00e7oklu konumlar\u0131n \u00fcst \u00fcste gelmesiyle olu\u015fan durumu, elektronun tek bir noktada bulundu\u011fu duruma \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kutudaki kedide de ayn\u0131 \u015fey olur. Kedinin durumu, canl\u0131 oldu\u011fu ya da cans\u0131z oldu\u011fu duruma bir \u00e7\u00f6kme ya\u015far. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla deneyci kediyi, al\u0131\u015f\u0131k oldu\u011fu bi\u00e7imde, \u00f6l\u00fc ya da diri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde, deneycinin \u00fcst \u00fcste gelmi\u015f durumu birinci elden g\u00f6zlemlemesi olana\u011f\u0131 yoktur.<\/p>\n

Atom-alt\u0131 d\u00fcnyada (mikro-d\u00fcnyada) dolan\u0131kl\u0131k ispatlanm\u0131\u015f bir olgu olsa da, bizim i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z makro-d\u00fcnyada i\u015fler farkl\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcyor gibi g\u00f6z\u00fckmekte. \u0130\u015fte 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l sona ermeden \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi beklenen problemlerden birisi de budur.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kuantum dolan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunu, Einstein ile kuantumcular\u0131 birbirine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc! Sa\u011fduyumuza ayk\u0131r\u0131 gelse de \u015fimdiye kadar yap\u0131lan deneyler kuantumcular\u0131 hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Bir mutakabat aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131 da s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Atom-alt\u0131 d\u00fcnyada dolan\u0131kl\u0131k ispatlanm\u0131\u015f bir olgu olsa da, bizim i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z makro-d\u00fcnyada i\u015fler farkl\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcyor gibi. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda d\u00fcnyay\u0131 alg\u0131lay\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 k\u00f6kten de\u011fi\u015ftirecek \u00fc\u00e7 kuram ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131: \u00f6zel g\u00f6relilik (1905), genel […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":380,"featured_media":22969,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[170,1464,26],"tags":[277,288,1085,1533,2810],"class_list":["post-22966","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-133-sayi","category-dosya","category-fizik","tag-einstein","tag-fizik","tag-isik","tag-kuantum","tag-kuantum-dolanikligi"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22966","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/380"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=22966"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22966\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/22969"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22966"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=22966"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=22966"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}