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Diderot iyice co\u015fuyor<\/strong><\/p>\n Frans\u0131z d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri Rusya\u2019daki bu geli\u015fmeyi \u00f6nce \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131kla sonra da co\u015fkuyla kar\u015f\u0131larlar. Diderot\u2019ya yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir mektupta Voltaire, \u201cNe \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fcnlerde ya\u015f\u0131yoruz. Fransa felsefeyi bir su\u00e7lu gibi kovu\u015ftururken \u0130skitler (yani barbar Ruslar) onu koruma \u00f6nerisinde bulunuyorlar.\u201d der.<\/p>\n Diderot, Katerina\u2019ya sundu\u011fu \u201cPolis Hakk\u0131nda Tarihsel Deneme\u201d adl\u0131 raporunda, \u201cFransa\u2019n\u0131n geleneksel m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkileriyle s\u0131ms\u0131k\u0131 ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f durumda olmas\u0131 yasalarda reform yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 olanaks\u0131z k\u0131larken, Rusya\u2019da \u0130mparatori\u00e7e Majestelerinin yapamayaca\u011f\u0131 hi\u00e7bir \u015feyin bulunmamas\u0131 ve yaln\u0131zca iyili\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen biri olmas\u0131 (Rusya i\u00e7in) b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fans\u201d diye yazar. \u201cDaha \u00fczerinde hi\u00e7bir i\u015flemde bulunulmam\u0131\u015f bir ulusa ne mutlu\u201d diye ekler.<\/p>\n Diderot iyice co\u015fmu\u015ftur. Voltaire\u2019e yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir mektupta, Katerina\u2019n\u0131n \u201cBrutus\u2019un ruhuyla Kleopatra\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc kendisinde birle\u015ftirdi\u011fini\u201d s\u00f6yler.<\/p>\n Rousseau farkl\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n Katerina, asl\u0131nda bir cumhuriyet\u00e7i oldu\u011fu ve despotizmi yava\u015f yava\u015f ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yolunda bir izlenim yaratmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Hatta bu yolda Rousseau gibi son derece radikal bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrle dahi ili\u015fki kurmay\u0131 dener ve onu Rusya\u2019ya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ne var ki Rousseau, ne bu \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131y\u0131 kabul eder ne de Katerina\u2019n\u0131n kendisine vermek istedi\u011fi, \u201cRus tiran\u0131\u201dn\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 gelecek ku\u015faklar\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme giri\u015fimi olarak niteledi\u011fi y\u00fcz bin rubleyi.<\/p>\n Rousseau fark\u0131n\u0131 koymu\u015ftur!<\/p>\n Katerina\u2019n\u0131n \u2018Y\u00f6nergeler\u2019i <\/strong><\/p>\n \u201cAyd\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f monark\u201d olarak \u00fcn kazanma \u00e7abas\u0131ndaki Katerina, baz\u0131 \u00f6nemli yasal de\u011fi\u015fiklikler getirme giri\u015fiminde de bulunur. 1767\u2019de bir yasa komisyonu toplay\u0131p, komisyona Montesquieu ve Beccaria\u2019n\u0131n (\u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131na ve su\u00e7lulara ac\u0131mas\u0131z davran\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan \u0130talyan hukuk\u00e7u) yaz\u0131lar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f form\u00fcllerin serbest\u00e7e kullan\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cY\u00f6nergeler\u201di verir. Ayd\u0131nlanma\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fal hukuk kuram\u0131na inand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyip, Rusya\u2019y\u0131 t\u00fcm insanlar\u0131n do\u011fal haklar\u0131na sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterecek hukuka ba\u011fl\u0131 bir devlet yapma s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc verir.<\/p>\n Fakat s\u00f6z konusu Y\u00f6nergeler\u2019in \u00e7e\u015fitli dillerde l\u00fcks bir bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yabanc\u0131 okurlar\u0131n \u00f6\u011frenmeleri i\u00e7in yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, Katerina\u2019n\u0131n bu yap\u0131t\u0131n Rusya i\u00e7inde geni\u015f \u00e7evreye yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ilgin\u00e7tir!<\/p>\n Yasa Komisyonu, i\u00e7lerinde devlet m\u00fclklerindeki k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri temsil eden 100\u2019den fazla delegenin de bulundu\u011fu 564 temsilciden olu\u015fur. Ama k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin yar\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan serfler komisyonda temsil edilmezler. Komisyon g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri, imparatori\u00e7e hakk\u0131nda koro halinde \u00f6vg\u00fclere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Pu\u015fkin bu komisyonu \u201cedepsizce bir farstan, kaba bir k\u00f6yl\u00fc g\u00fcld\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcnden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildi\u201d diye nitelemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Yine de baz\u0131 delegeler Y\u00f6nergeler\u2019i a\u015fan radikal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler ileri s\u00fcrerler. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerin denetimden \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131 \u00fczerine Katerina, Osmanl\u0131 ile sava\u015f ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131 bahane ederek komisyonu da\u011f\u0131t\u0131r.<\/p>\n Y\u00f6nergeler\u2019in \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc ve komisyon deneyimi, yaln\u0131zca ikiy\u00fczl\u00fc despotun de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u201cayd\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f monark\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n da yenilgisinin g\u00f6stergesi olmu\u015ftur. Su\u00e7lular\u0131n kovu\u015fturulmas\u0131nda i\u015fkence y\u00f6nteminin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nerisinin bile yo\u011fun bir tepkiyle kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131, Katerina\u2019ya Rus ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131plak ger\u00e7eklerini kavrama olana\u011f\u0131 verir.<\/p>\n Diderot-Katerina \u2018a\u015fk\u0131\u2019 son buluyor<\/strong><\/p>\n Frans\u0131z d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerin II. Katerina hakk\u0131nda besledikleri umutlar t\u00fckenmek \u00fczeredir. Diderot, Ansiklopedi\u2019nin g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f yeni bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n Rusya\u2019da bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 \u00fczerine 1773\u2019te Rusya\u2019ya gider. Katerina\u2019yla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 uzun konu\u015fmalar ve Rusya\u2019daki toplumsal ya\u015fam \u00fczerine g\u00f6zlemleri Diderot\u2019yu hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na u\u011frat\u0131r.<\/p>\n Diderot tuttu\u011fu notlarda, \u201cRusya\u2019da bireysel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn derecesi s\u0131f\u0131ra indirilmi\u015f; bir kimsenin \u00fcst\u00fcn\u00fcn sahip oldu\u011fu yetke h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck ve insanlar\u0131n do\u011fal haklar\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 son derece k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131\u201d diye yazar.<\/p>\n Diderot, soylularla k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi y\u00f6neten yasa niteli\u011finde herhangi bir \u00e7arl\u0131k buyru\u011funun bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sordu\u011funda, Katerina\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131t\u0131 \u201cher \u00e7ift\u00e7i kendisine s\u00fct veren ine\u011fine bakar, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla hukuksal g\u00fcvencelere gerek yok\u201d olmu\u015ftur. Ayr\u0131ca Diderot\u2019nun Y\u00f6nergeler \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da sonradan \u201cger\u00e7eklerden kopuk gevezelikler\u201d olarak yorumlar.<\/p>\n Euler dalgas\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7iyor!<\/strong><\/p>\n Katerina-Diderot tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin, \u00fcnl\u00fc \u0130svi\u00e7reli matematik\u00e7i Leonhard Euler\u2019in de kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u0131rg\u0131r bir \u00f6yk\u00fcy\u00fc aktaral\u0131m.<\/p>\n Diderot tavizsiz bir ateisttir ve bu tutumu Katerina\u2019y\u0131 \u00e7ileden \u00e7\u0131kartmaktad\u0131r. Euler\u2019den bu tanr\u0131s\u0131z Frans\u0131z\u2019\u0131 susturmas\u0131n\u0131 ister. Diderot ve Euler\u2019i tanr\u0131n\u0131n var olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin teolojik bir tart\u0131\u015fma yapmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in saraya davet eder.<\/p>\n Muzip bir ki\u015fili\u011fe sahip olan uyan\u0131k Euler, toplulu\u011fun \u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p konu\u015fur: \u201cEfendim, a+bn<\/sup> \/ n = x, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Tanr\u0131 vard\u0131r, buyurun bakal\u0131m!\u201d<\/p>\n Cebirden hi\u00e7 anlamayan Diderot, d\u00f6neminin en b\u00fcy\u00fck matematik\u00e7ilerinden olan Euler\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kamaz, \u00f6ylece kalakal\u0131r. Kendisini a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f hissederek k\u0131zg\u0131n bir bi\u00e7imde St. Petersburg\u2019dan ayr\u0131l\u0131p Paris\u2019e d\u00f6ner. Bu arada Euler, Diderot\u2019nun yoklu\u011funda, Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ve insan ruhunun do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karan g\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00e7 ispatlar yapmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Ayd\u0131nlanma \u015fakaya gelmiyormu\u015f!<\/strong><\/p>\n Art\u0131k Frans\u0131z Ayd\u0131nlanmac\u0131lar\u0131 ile II. Katerina\u2019n\u0131n fl\u00f6rt\u00fc son bulmu\u015ftur. Katerina \u201cdo\u011fal haklar\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 reddeder ve Montesquieu ile Beccaria\u2019y\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131p kendisine ak\u0131l hocas\u0131 olarak tutucu \u0130ngiliz hukuk\u00e7usu William Blackstone\u2019u se\u00e7er.<\/p>\n 1789 Frans\u0131z Devrimi Katerina\u2019n\u0131n \u201cayd\u0131nlanma oyunu\u201dna son noktay\u0131 koyar. \u00d6nce, bu devrimin XVI. Louis\u2019nin aptalca taktik hatalar\u0131 sonucu ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrer. Ama Frans\u0131z kral\u0131n\u0131n idam edilmesi, onu ba\u015f\u0131na bir balyoz darbesi yemi\u015f\u00e7esine sersemletir.<\/p>\n Bir zamanlar K\u0131\u015fl\u0131k Saray\u0131\u2019n\u0131n galeri b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne koydurdu\u011fu Frans\u0131z Ansiklopedicilerinin b\u00fcstlerini, geride sadece Voltaire\u2019inki kalana dek kald\u0131r\u0131r. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra Voltaire de saray\u0131n mahzenini boylar.<\/p>\n Monarklar, Ayd\u0131nlanma ile \u015faka yap\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r art\u0131k.<\/p>\n Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n 1) Andrzej Walicki, \u201cRus D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi – Ayd\u0131nlanmadan Marksizme\u201d, \u00c7ev. Al\u00e2eddin \u015eenel, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2. bask\u0131, Haziran 2013, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n 2) Simon Singh, \u201cFermat\u2019n\u0131n Son Teoremi\u201d, \u00c7ev. Sabir Y\u00fccesoy, Pan Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, Ekim 2001, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Ayd\u0131nlanma felsefesinin Rusya\u2019ya girip yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yolunu a\u00e7an \u00c7ari\u00e7e II. Katerina, \u00fcnl\u00fc Frans\u0131z ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerini Rusya\u2019ya davet etmi\u015f ve onlarla yak\u0131n ili\u015fki kurmu\u015ftur. \u00c7o\u011fu tarih\u00e7i, Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin Rusya\u2019ya giri\u015finin II. Katerina d\u00f6neminde (1762-1796) ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini belirtir. Ayd\u0131nlanma felsefesinin Rusya\u2019ya girip yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yolunu a\u00e7an \u00c7ari\u00e7e II. Katerina, \u00fcnl\u00fc Frans\u0131z ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerini Rusya\u2019ya davet etmi\u015f ve onlarla yak\u0131n ili\u015fki […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":493,"featured_media":23009,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2314,221,222],"tags":[2821,2791,2820,2818,663,2819],"class_list":["post-23005","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-oykuleri","category-felsefe","category-tarih","tag-ansiklopedistler","tag-diderot","tag-euler","tag-ii-katerina","tag-rousseau","tag-voltaire"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/katerina-aydinlanma-3.jpg\")
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