{"id":23053,"date":"2015-03-01T16:32:18","date_gmt":"2015-03-01T14:32:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=23053"},"modified":"2018-04-13T16:55:41","modified_gmt":"2018-04-13T13:55:41","slug":"turkiyede-kadinin-isgucune-katilimininonundeki-engeller-ve-kadin-istihdaminin-artirilmasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2015\/03\/01\/turkiyede-kadinin-isgucune-katilimininonundeki-engeller-ve-kadin-istihdaminin-artirilmasi","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kad\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n\u00f6n\u00fcndeki engeller\u00a0ve kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131*"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00f6nerilen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7imleri, ayn\u0131 zamanda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n hane i\u00e7indeki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z emekleriyle birlikte y\u00fcr\u00fctebilecekleri niteliktedir.Devlet kad\u0131nlara sermaye ile ataerki aras\u0131ndaki uzla\u015fmay\u0131 bozmayacak, ev i\u00e7i maliyetli i\u015fleri aksatmayacak \u015fekilde, k\u0131smi-zamanl\u0131, ge\u00e7ici veya evde yap\u0131lan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck getirili i\u015fler \u00fczerinden i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131na kat\u0131lmay\u0131 uygun g\u00f6rmektedir. AKP\u2019nin kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak bir yana kad\u0131n\u0131n ev i\u00e7i rollerini peki\u015ftiren politikalar uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 apa\u00e7\u0131k ortadad\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

Kapitalizmin bir sistem olarak geli\u015fmesi vedaha fazla i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmas\u0131 k\u0131rdan kente b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgas\u0131 ile beraber kad\u0131nlar ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n da kentlerde i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fme s\u00fcrecinde yer almas\u0131na neden oldu. Kad\u0131nlarAvrupa\u2019da ve ABD\u2019de kapitalizmin ilk birikim d\u00f6neminde i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne ve \u00fcretime kitlesel olarak kat\u0131ld\u0131lar. Ancak kapitalizm tarihinin \u00e7e\u015fitli evrelerinde,farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerde, farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde ve sekt\u00f6rlerde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir ve g\u00f6stermektedir. Kad\u0131nlar kimi zaman geleneksel olarak, kimi zaman toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri, kimi zaman da sermayenin tercihleri nedeniyle baz\u0131 i\u015fkollar\u0131nda daha fazla yer almakta, baz\u0131 i\u015fkollar\u0131nda ise nerdeyse hi\u00e7 yer bulamamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ev i\u00e7i emek, kad\u0131n\u0131n esnek istihdam\u0131na yol a\u00e7\u0131yor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n farkl\u0131 yo\u011funluklarda i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na ra\u011fmen, kapitalizm kad\u0131nlara erkeklerle beraber eme\u011fini satma ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclme \u201chakk\u0131\u201d getirmi\u015ftir. Farkl\u0131l\u0131klar g\u00f6sterse de kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00fcretime dahil olmas\u0131 bir ilerleme olarak kabul edilmelidir. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fmesine ve kentli i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na ra\u011fmen, emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yeniden \u00fcretilmesi kad\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6revi olmu\u015f ve harcad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ev i\u00e7i emek g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez hale gelmi\u015ftir. \u201cEmek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yeniden \u00fcretilmesinin, hem g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz i\u015f\u00e7i ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n her g\u00fcn i\u015fine gidebilmesi i\u00e7in yenilenmesinin, hem de bir sonraki i\u015f\u00e7i ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ocuklu\u011fundan itibaren yeti\u015ftirilmesinin y\u00fck\u00fc, h\u00e2l\u00e2 esas olarak i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ailesinin ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n omuzlar\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ailesi, emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yeniden \u00fcretilmesinin ucuz bir arac\u0131 olarak, kapitalist sistem i\u00e7in baha bi\u00e7ilmez de\u011ferdedir.\u201d(1)<\/sup><\/p>\n

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T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de evli kad\u0131nlar evli olmayan kad\u0131nlara g\u00f6re \u00fc\u00e7te bir oran\u0131nda, 0-4 ya\u015f aras\u0131 \u00e7ocu\u011fu olan kad\u0131nlar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocu\u011fu olmayan kad\u0131nlara g\u00f6re yar\u0131 oranda i\u015f ya\u015fam\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0130deolojik ve ekonomik olarak kad\u0131n\u0131n ev i\u00e7i eme\u011finin kad\u0131n\u0131n esas g\u00f6revi olarak kabul edilmesi, ev i\u00e7i eme\u011fin \u00fccretlendirilmemesi,kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131nda yer almas\u0131n\u0131n sadece ev ekonomisine katk\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi, \u00e7ocuk bak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kad\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6revi oldu\u011fu kabul\u00fc, kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine e\u015fitsiz ko\u015fullarda kat\u0131lmas\u0131na neden oluyor.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer taraftan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ne t\u00fcr i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015facaklar\u0131, ka\u00e7 saat, hangi \u00fccrete \u00e7al\u0131\u015facaklar\u0131 konusunda kapitalist ili\u015fkilerin yan\u0131nda ataerkil k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00fcretti\u011fi cinsiyet\u00e7i tan\u0131mlamalar\u0131n, rol beklentilerinin, \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131n ve cinsiyet\u00e7i s\u00f6ylemlerin de etkisi var. Bug\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine son derece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck stat\u00fclerde kat\u0131l\u0131yor ve ev ya da ev d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda u\u011fra\u015flar\u0131 ekonomik bir faaliyet olarak say\u0131lm\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Kapitalizm eme\u011fin yeniden \u00fcretilmesinde \u00e7ocuk yeti\u015ftirme, ev i\u015flerinin g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi ve ya\u015fl\u0131\/hasta bak\u0131m\u0131 gibi maliyetli i\u015fleri, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ailelerinin omuzlar\u0131na y\u00fckler. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve kad\u0131n m\u00fccadeleleri ev i\u00e7i i\u015flerin en az\u0131ndan bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n maddi olarak sosyal devlet taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 konusunda birtak\u0131m tarihsel kazan\u0131mlar elde etmi\u015fti. Fakat 90\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda neoliberal dalga ile engelli\/hasta\/ya\u015fl\u0131 bak\u0131mevlerinin ve kre\u015f gibi kamusal hizmetlerin giderek \u00f6zelle\u015fmesi,hem kad\u0131nlar\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131lmas\u0131ndaki engelleri art\u0131rd\u0131, hem de kad\u0131n eme\u011fini esnek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma rejimine daha uygun hale getirdi. Ayr\u0131ca e\u011fitim ve sa\u011fl\u0131k gibi kamusal hizmetlerin piyasala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 da yine kad\u0131n\u0131n bu hizmetleri kar\u015f\u0131layan rol\u00fcn\u00fc peki\u015ftirdi. Temizlik, \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131r, bula\u015f\u0131k, \u00e7ocuk bak\u0131m\u0131 ve \u00e7ocu\u011fun e\u011fitiminin takip edilmesi, ya\u015fl\u0131\/hasta bak\u0131m\u0131 gibi maliyetli hizmetlerinkad\u0131n taraf\u0131ndan ev i\u00e7inde kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131,sermaye a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ho\u015fnutsuzlu\u011fun ve hak taleplerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmamas\u0131, bu ba\u015fl\u0131klarda maliyetin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n esnek bir bi\u00e7imde istihdam edilmesi gibi bir ta\u015fla birka\u00e7 ku\u015fun vurulmas\u0131n\u0131sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Say\u0131larla evli, \u00e7ocuklu ve bek\u00e2r kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131 \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck d\u00fczeyde; 28,2 milyon (15+ ya\u015f) kad\u0131ndan yaln\u0131zca 8,7 milyonu i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131l\u0131rken, yaln\u0131zca 7,6 milyonu istihdam ediliyor (T\u00dc\u0130K verileri,2013). \u00c7al\u0131\u015fabilir kad\u0131n n\u00fcfusunun \u00e7ok az\u0131 i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131labiliyor. T\u00fcrkiye, OECD \u00fclkeleri i\u00e7erisinde en uzun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatlerine ve ev i\u00e7i \u00fccretsiz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatlerinin kad\u0131n erkek aras\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da en b\u00fcy\u00fck cinsiyet u\u00e7urumuna sahip \u00fclke.\u201cEvli lise mezunu bir kad\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131lma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u011fer her a\u00e7\u0131dan kendisiyle ayn\u0131 \u00f6zelliklere sahip (ya\u015f, \u00e7ocuk sahibi olma) evli olmayan bir kad\u0131n\u0131n sadece \u00fc\u00e7te biri kadarken; evli, lise mezunu ve 0-4 ya\u015f aras\u0131 \u00e7ocu\u011fu olan bir kad\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131lma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 her a\u00e7\u0131dan ayn\u0131 \u00f6zelliklere sahip fakat k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocu\u011fu olmayan bir kad\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131 kadard\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ilk\u00f6\u011fretim ve lise mezunu kad\u0131n n\u00fcfusu, emek piyasas\u0131na evlilik ve do\u011fum \u00f6ncesi en ge\u00e7 hamileli\u011fe kadar k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli kat\u0131lmakta; daha sonra piyasadan \u00e7ekilmektedir.(2)<\/sup>2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131lamama nedenleri aras\u0131nda,y\u00fczde 58,7 ile ev i\u015fleriyle me\u015fgul olman\u0131n ba\u015ftageldi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir (T\u00dc\u0130K Toplumsal Cinsiyet \u0130statistikleri).<\/p>\n

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Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ne t\u00fcr i\u015flerde, ka\u00e7 saat, hangi \u00fccrete \u00e7al\u0131\u015facaklar\u0131 konusunda kapitalist ili\u015fkilerin yan\u0131nda ataerkil k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00fcretti\u011fi cinsiyet\u00e7i tan\u0131mlamalar, rol beklentileri, \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar ve cinsiyet\u00e7i s\u00f6ylemlerde etkili.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in anne olman\u0131n ve ev i\u015flerinin kad\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na engel olmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmelidir. Fakat T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de annelik ile i\u015f ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n bir arada y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in kad\u0131nlar\u0131n mevcut haklar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a yetersizdir. 16 A\u011fustos 2013 tarihli resmi gazetede yay\u0131mlanan y\u00f6netmeli\u011fe g\u00f6re, kad\u0131n gebe veya emziren \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan g\u00fcnde yedi bu\u00e7uk saatten fazla ve gece \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamaz. \u00d6zel sekt\u00f6rdeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 dikkate ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda bu pek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyor, kald\u0131 ki bu y\u00f6netmeli\u011fe uymayan i\u015fverene verilen idari ceza 2015 itibariyle 1478 TL\u2019dir. Ayr\u0131ca \u00fccretli do\u011fum izinleri do\u011fumdan \u00f6nce ve sonra sekiz haftad\u0131r ve ek olarak \u00fccretsiz 6 ayd\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre d\u00fcnyada bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkeye g\u00f6re olduk\u00e7a k\u0131sad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle son y\u0131llarda ba\u015fta Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok sa\u011fl\u0131k otoritesi kad\u0131nlara bebeklerini ilk 6 ay sadece anne s\u00fct\u00fcyle beslemelerini \u00f6neriyor. S\u00fct izninin b\u00fcy\u00fck kentlerde uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n zorlu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrse, \u00fccretli do\u011fum izninin do\u011fumdan sonra en az 32 hafta olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n

Yeni yasa tasar\u0131s\u0131, kad\u0131n\u0131n annelik g\u00f6revini peki\u015ftiriyor<\/strong><\/p>\n

AKP taraf\u0131ndan \u201cAilenin ve Dinamik N\u00fcfusun Korunmas\u0131 Amac\u0131yla Baz\u0131 Kanun ve Kanun H\u00fckm\u00fcnde Kararnamelerde De\u011fi\u015fiklik Yap\u0131lmas\u0131na Dair Kanun Tasar\u0131s\u0131\u201dndakopar\u0131lan onca g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcye ra\u011fmen, kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirici bir kazan\u0131m yok. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n 8 saatlik\u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hakk\u0131, emzirme izni, kre\u015f gibi haklar\u0131n\u0131 kullanamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. \u00d6zellikle \u00fccretsiz izin hakk\u0131,ancak devlet memurlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131labiliyor;\u00f6zel sekt\u00f6rde \u00fccretsiz izin hakk\u0131 kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in i\u015ften at\u0131lma anlam\u0131na geliyor. Kald\u0131 ki, \u00fccretsiz izin kapitalizm ko\u015fullar\u0131nda eve giren gelirin ciddi bir bi\u00e7imde azalmas\u0131 demek.D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelirli emek\u00e7i ailelerinde bak\u0131c\u0131 veya kre\u015f paras\u0131n\u0131 bulmak zor oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ya kad\u0131n tamamen i\u015f hayat\u0131ndan ayr\u0131l\u0131yor, ya da i\u015fini kaybetme korkusu nedeniyle \u00e7ocu\u011fu bir aile yak\u0131n\u0131na b\u0131rakarak hemen i\u015fe d\u00f6n\u00fcyor. Kad\u0131nlara do\u011fum sonras\u0131 s\u00fct-emzirme izni yeni yasa tasar\u0131s\u0131 ile bu ilk 6 ay i\u00e7in g\u00fcnde 3 saate \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131yor, fakat 4-b ve 4-c kapsam\u0131nda olan s\u00f6zle\u015fmeli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar bundan yararlanamayacak. \u00d6zellikle \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6rde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kent merkezlerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrse, eve gidip gelme saati s\u00fct izin saatine denk gelmektedir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak \u00e7o\u011funlukla kad\u0131nlar bu hakk\u0131 kullanamamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yeni yasa tasar\u0131s\u0131ndado\u011fum izni biten anne, ilk 6 aya kadar yar\u0131-zamanl\u0131 esnek \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak, ikinci ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00e7ocu\u011fa sahip olan anneler daha uzun esnek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatlerine sahip olacakt\u0131r. Bu esnek yar\u0131-zamanl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, daha emek yo\u011fun mesai, eksik sigorta primi, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccret ve emeklili\u011fin hayale d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Kad\u0131nlara \u00fccretli izin hakk\u0131 verilmesi gerekirken esnek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00f6nerilmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca esnek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma vas\u0131fs\u0131z i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya, terfi ve y\u00fckselme i\u00e7in ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Ev i\u015flerinin ve \u00e7ocuk bak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikli i\u015f olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n tam g\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na engel oluyor, kad\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn esnek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in uygun hale gelmesine ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretlerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 kabullenmesine, hak m\u00fccadelelerinden uzak durmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7\u0131yor.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Yasa tasar\u0131s\u0131nda 1. \u00e7ocuk i\u00e7in 200 TL, 2. \u00e7ocuk i\u00e7in 400 TL, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00e7ocuk i\u00e7in 600 TL\u201cdo\u011fum yard\u0131m\u0131\u201d yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6neriliyor. Bir defaya mahsus yap\u0131lan bu komik yard\u0131m, ilk aydaki \u00e7ocuk bezi gideri kadard\u0131r. \u0130kinci \u00e7ocuk i\u00e7in iki ay bez gideri kar\u015f\u0131lanabilir. Ayr\u0131ca \u00e7ocuk i\u00e7in kre\u015f yard\u0131m\u0131 ilk alt\u0131 ay 300 TL olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir. Kre\u015f talep edilen yerlerde 150\u2019den fazla kad\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan varsa,e\u011fer kre\u015f 250 metreden uzak bir alandaysa,0-6 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n kre\u015fe b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in i\u015fveren servis hizmeti sa\u011flamak zorundad\u0131r. \u0130\u015fverenin kendisi de oda ve yurt a\u00e7abilece\u011fi gibi anla\u015fmal\u0131 kamu kurulu\u015flar\u0131yla da bu iste\u011fi yerine getirebilir. \u0130\u015f Kanunu h\u00fckm\u00fc gere\u011fi, kre\u015f a\u00e7ma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yerine getirmeyen i\u015fyerlerine \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve bir defaya mahsus idari para cezas\u0131 uygulanmaktad\u0131r. Uygulamada i\u015fverenler kre\u015f a\u00e7ma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne uymaktansa cezaya raz\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r. Yeni yasa tasar\u0131s\u0131 kad\u0131n\u0131n asli g\u00f6revini annelik olarak peki\u015ftirmekte, esnek ve g\u00fcvencesiz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sermaye-ataerki cenderesinde, kad\u0131n aleyhine istihdam<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in iki \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerisi dile getirilmektedir. Bunlardan ilki esnek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7imlerinin yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bu tarz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya te\u015fvik edilmesi, ikincisi ise kad\u0131n giri\u015fimcili\u011finin desteklenmesi olmu\u015ftur. Kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in \u00f6nerilen istihdam bi\u00e7imleri, ayn\u0131 zamanda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n hane i\u00e7indeki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z emekleriyle birlikte y\u00fcr\u00fctebilecekleri niteliktedir. Devlet kad\u0131nlara sermaye ile ataerki aras\u0131ndaki uzla\u015fmay\u0131 bozmayacak, ev i\u00e7i maliyetli i\u015fleri aksatmayacak \u015fekilde k\u0131smi-zamanl\u0131, ge\u00e7ici veya evde yap\u0131lan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck getirili i\u015fler \u00fczerinden i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131na kat\u0131lmay\u0131 uygun g\u00f6rmektedir.<\/p>\n

AKP\u2019nin kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak bir yana kad\u0131n\u0131n ev i\u00e7i rollerini peki\u015ftiren politikalar uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 apa\u00e7\u0131k ortadad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ailesinde engelli ya da bak\u0131ma muhta\u00e7 ya\u015fl\u0131s\u0131 bulunan, belirli minimum gelir seviyesinin alt\u0131ndaki hanelerde bak\u0131m\u0131 \u00fcstlenen ki\u015fiye (ki bu neredeyse her zaman kad\u0131nd\u0131r) asgari \u00fccret d\u00fczeyinde bir nakit deste\u011fi verilmesi \u015feklindeki uygulama AKP iktidar\u0131 ile g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015ftir. Bu uygulama ev i\u00e7i eme\u011fin \u00fccretlendirilmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bir geli\u015fme gibi g\u00f6z\u00fckse de, ger\u00e7ekte cinsiyet\u00e7i i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131mlar\u0131n devlet taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcstlenilmesi yerine, kad\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tutan ve ev i\u00e7i emek\u00e7iler olarak \u00fccretlendiren yap\u0131 kad\u0131n\u0131n geleneksel konumunu resmile\u015ftirmektedir. Bu yolla ayr\u0131ca kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rma hedefi i\u00e7in k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde yapay bir art\u0131\u015f yarat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.(3)<\/sup><\/p>\n

Ev i\u015flerinin ve \u00e7ocuk bak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikli i\u015f olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n tam g\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na engel olurken, kad\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn esnek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in uygun hale gelmesine ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretlerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 kabullenmesine, hak m\u00fccadelelerinden uzak durmas\u0131na neden olmaktad\u0131r. E\u015fitsiz ko\u015fullarda \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine kat\u0131lan kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131nda g\u00fcvencesiz, vas\u0131fs\u0131z i\u015fler, ta\u015feron \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretler s\u00f6z konusudur. Vas\u0131fs\u0131z i\u015fler ev i\u00e7i i\u015flerle benzer \u00f6zellikler ta\u015f\u0131makta ve kad\u0131nlar \u00e7o\u011funlukla ev ve bak\u0131m i\u015fleriyle u\u011fra\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. Sekt\u00f6rlere g\u00f6re istihdam say\u0131lar\u0131na bak\u0131lacak olursa; kad\u0131nlar\u0131n 2,8 milyonu tar\u0131mda, 1,1 milyonu sanayide, 3,6 milyonu hizmet sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde ve 65 bini in\u015faat sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde istihdam edilmektedir (T\u00dc\u0130K verileri, 2013). Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n yo\u011fun olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 tar\u0131m, tekstil, g\u0131da ve hizmet gibi sekt\u00f6rlerde i\u015fverenle pazarl\u0131k g\u00fc\u00e7leri daha zay\u0131ft\u0131r ve kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131k oran\u0131 \u00e7ok y\u00fcksektir. Kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ayn\u0131 zamanda, sigorta, emeklilik, sendika gibi bir\u00e7ok haktan yoksun, i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve i\u015f\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan denetimsiz, uzun ve a\u011f\u0131r \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma oranlar\u0131na bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda; T\u00dc\u0130K 2013 verilerine g\u00f6re erkek istihdam\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 30,2\u2019si kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131yken, kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 52\u2019si kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. En fazla kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u00fccretsiz aile i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011finde g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Evde mandal yapan kad\u0131nlar. Kad\u0131nlara, evde yap\u0131lan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck getirili i\u015fler \u00fczerinden i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131na kat\u0131lmak reva g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ortamlar\u0131 kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan denetimsizdir. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n yapt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u015flerin hafif ve zarars\u0131z oldu\u011funun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmesi, bir\u00e7ok zararl\u0131 maddenin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n erkek bedenine g\u00f6re belirlenmesi s\u00f6z konusudur. Bir\u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, i\u015fyerinde kad\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan de\u011fil, \u00fcreme sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ara\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin solunum hastal\u0131klar\u0131 ile ilgili meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131 k\u00f6m\u00fcr, asbest, ta\u015f oca\u011f\u0131 tozlar\u0131 ile ili\u015fkili erkek i\u015f\u00e7ilere yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131l\u0131rken, konfeksiyon tozlar\u0131 kaynakl\u0131 solunum hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n kad\u0131nlardaki boyutuna dair \u00e7ok az \u015fey bilinmektedir. Yine konfeksiyonda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kad\u0131nlarda boyama ve bask\u0131 kimyasallar\u0131 kaynakl\u0131 zehirlenmelere dair bir veri yoktur. Ayr\u0131ca kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ilerin yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 tekstil ve g\u0131da sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde kaza oran\u0131 olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksektir. Ne yaz\u0131k ki bu kazalarla ilgili sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir veri yoktur. Bunlara ek olarak, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve bak\u0131m i\u015fleri gibi hizmet sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kad\u0131nlar da fiziksel olarak a\u011f\u0131r i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fc alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. B\u00fcro i\u015f\u00e7isi ve beyaz yakal\u0131 (sa\u011fl\u0131k, e\u011fitim, akademi, banka, finans vs.) kad\u0131nlarda ise mobbing, psikolojik bask\u0131 ve \u00e7ok uzun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcreleri ciddi psikolojik rahats\u0131zl\u0131klara yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fan kad\u0131nlar i\u015ften eve d\u00f6nd\u00fcklerinde evde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam ederler. \u201cKad\u0131nlar\u0131n kapitalist toplumda toplumsal olarak \u00fcstlendikleri veya onlara dayat\u0131lan roller, \u00a0rutin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015famlar\u0131na ek olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen ev i\u015f\u00e7ileri olarak da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sonucunu do\u011furur. Tek d\u00fcze ve yorucu bir i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan, karma\u015f\u0131k ve yorucu (yemek yap\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00e7ocuklara bak\u0131lmas\u0131, yeme\u011fin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131, \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131r, bula\u015f\u0131k vs.) bir ikinci vardiya ile birlikte emek\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatleri 16-17 saati bulabilmektedir.\u201d(4)<\/sup><\/p>\n

Toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri de kad\u0131nlar\u0131n i\u015f ya\u015fam\u0131na kat\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir engeldir. \u0130\u015flerin \u201ckad\u0131n i\u015fi-erkek i\u015fi\u201d olarak kategorize edilmesi bir\u00e7ok alanda kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mektedir. Kad\u0131n i\u015flerinin daha hafif i\u015fler olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi ve kad\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 gibi cinsiyet\u00e7i yakla\u015f\u0131mlar, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve istihdam alanlar\u0131n\u0131 ciddi oranda daraltmaktad\u0131r. \u201c\u2026 kad\u0131nlar\u0131n belli i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek bizi riskli bir alana sokar. Evet, bilimsel olarak eldeki veriler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, baz\u0131 sekt\u00f6rlerin kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in zararl\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir ve bu alanlarda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmamas\u0131 onlar\u0131 korumak ad\u0131na iddia edilebilir. Ancak bunun bir sonucu da kad\u0131nlar\u0131n istihdamdaki oranlar\u0131n\u0131n tamamen a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya \u00e7ekilmesi, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ta\u015feron sisteminin en diplerine, \u2026\u2026 ve ev i\u00e7i i\u015flere itilmesidir.\u201d(5)<\/sup><\/p>\n

\"\"
Anne olman\u0131n ve ev i\u00e7i rollerin, kad\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na itmesine engel olunmal\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131 nas\u0131l art\u0131r\u0131labilir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6zelikle kad\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne ihtiya\u00e7 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmal\u0131; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sanayile\u015fme ve ekonomik kalk\u0131nma hamlesi gereklidir. Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck kalk\u0131nma hamlesiyle beraber i\u015fsizlik yasaklanmal\u0131 ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n erkeklerle e\u015fit ko\u015fullarda i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 garanti alt\u0131na al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun i\u00e7in kad\u0131nlar yine erkeklerle e\u015fit ko\u015fullarda e\u011fitim almal\u0131, \u00f6zg\u00fcrce meslek se\u00e7ebilmelidir. Kad\u0131n\u0131n ev i\u00e7i rollerinden s\u0131yr\u0131lmas\u0131 ve istihdam\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in anne olman\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuk bak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kad\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na itmesine engel olunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ev i\u00e7i i\u015flerin kolektif bir bi\u00e7imde devlet yard\u0131m\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131, \u00e7ocuk bak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ve e\u011fitiminin \u00fccretsiz bir bi\u00e7imde tamamen devlet taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcstlenilmesi gerekir. Yine hasta ve ya\u015fl\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131 devlet taraf\u0131ndan \u00fccretsiz bir bi\u00e7imde kar\u015f\u0131lanmal\u0131d\u0131r.Esnek, g\u00fcvencesiz ve yar\u0131-zamanl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yasaklanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca do\u011fum ve emzirme izinleri uygulanabilir olmal\u0131, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n do\u011fum yapt\u0131ktan sonra i\u015fe d\u00f6nebilmesi garanti alt\u0131na al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve i\u015f\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan uygun hale getirilmeli, s\u00fcrekli denetlenmeli ve meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00f6kl\u00fc \u00f6nlemler al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.T\u00fcm bunlarla beraber, elbette cinsiyet\u00e7i i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne ve bununla ili\u015fkili cinsiyet\u00e7i ideolojilere kar\u015f\u0131 da m\u00fccadele etmek gerekir.<\/p>\n

* Bu yaz\u0131 \u0130lerici Kad\u0131nlar Konferans\u0131 Kad\u0131n Eme\u011fi Komisyonunun katk\u0131lar\u0131yla haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Kad\u0131nlar ve Sosyalizm<\/em>, –Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n Kurtulu\u015fu \u00dczerine Denemeler<\/em>-, Sharon Smith,Yordam Kitap, 2011, s.55.<\/p>\n

2) \u201cWhy are there so few women in the labor market in Turkey: A multi-dimensional approach\u201d, \u0130pek \u0130lkkaracan,Feminist Economics<\/em>, Vol 18 (1), January.<\/p>\n

3) \u201cFeminist politik iktisat ve kurumsal iktisat \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kad\u0131n istihdam sorunun farkl\u0131 bir yakla\u015f\u0131m\u201d; \u0130pek \u0130lkkaracan, Ge\u00e7mi\u015ften G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Kad\u0131n Eme\u011fi<\/em> i\u00e7inde; Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nevi; 2012.<\/p>\n

4) \u201cKad\u0131nlar\u0131n G\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen Ac\u0131lar\u0131 (2): Kimisi G\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn \u00d6n\u00fcnde Kimisi Sakl\u0131\u201d; Emre G\u00fcrcanl\u0131; http:\/\/ilerihaber.org, 08.02.2015.<\/p>\n

5) \u201cKad\u0131nlar\u0131n G\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen Ac\u0131lar\u0131 (3): Memleketimden Kad\u0131n Manzaralar\u0131…\u201d; Emre G\u00fcrcanl\u0131; http:\/\/ilerihaber.org, 15.02.2015.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00f6nerilen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7imleri, ayn\u0131 zamanda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n hane i\u00e7indeki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z emekleriyle birlikte y\u00fcr\u00fctebilecekleri niteliktedir.Devlet kad\u0131nlara sermaye ile ataerki aras\u0131ndaki uzla\u015fmay\u0131 bozmayacak, ev i\u00e7i maliyetli i\u015fleri aksatmayacak \u015fekilde, k\u0131smi-zamanl\u0131, ge\u00e7ici veya evde yap\u0131lan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck getirili i\u015fler \u00fczerinden i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131na kat\u0131lmay\u0131 uygun g\u00f6rmektedir. AKP\u2019nin kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak bir yana kad\u0131n\u0131n ev i\u00e7i rollerini peki\u015ftiren […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":621,"featured_media":23060,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[170,29],"tags":[1005,2825,557,2824],"class_list":["post-23053","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-133-sayi","category-toplum","tag-emek","tag-ev-ici-emek","tag-kadin","tag-kadin-istihdami"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t