{"id":23069,"date":"2015-03-01T17:17:42","date_gmt":"2015-03-01T15:17:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=23069"},"modified":"2018-04-13T17:26:28","modified_gmt":"2018-04-13T14:26:28","slug":"mary-wollstonecraft-imzali-ilk-feminist-manifesto-1792den-kadin-prometelere-cagri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2015\/03\/01\/mary-wollstonecraft-imzali-ilk-feminist-manifesto-1792den-kadin-prometelere-cagri","title":{"rendered":"Mary Wollstonecraft imzal\u0131 ilk feminist manifesto:\u00a01792\u2019den kad\u0131n Promete\u2019lere \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mary Wollstonecraft\u2019\u0131n 1792 tarihli \u201cKad\u0131n Haklar\u0131n\u0131n Gerek\u00e7elendirilmesi\u201dni, genel anlamda, ilk feminist manifesto saymak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr ve ilk feminist manifestonun Ayd\u0131nlanma\u2019n\u0131n besledi\u011fi devrim \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda, Frans\u0131z Devrimi\u2019nin h\u0131zla doruk noktas\u0131na ilerledi\u011fi d\u00f6nemde \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 tesad\u00fcf sayamay\u0131z.<\/em><\/p>\n

Mary Wollstonecraft\u2019\u0131n 1792 tarihli Kad\u0131n Haklar\u0131n\u0131n Gerek\u00e7elendirilmesi<\/em>\u2019ni, genel anlamda, ilk feminist manifesto saymak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr ve ilk feminist manifestonun Ayd\u0131nlanma\u2019n\u0131n besledi\u011fi devrim \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda, Frans\u0131z Devrimi\u2019nin h\u0131zla doruk noktas\u0131na ilerledi\u011fi d\u00f6nemde \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 tesad\u00fcf sayamay\u0131z. Kad\u0131n\u0131yla, erke\u011fiyle, halk\u0131n en temel haklar\u0131n\u0131 gasp etmi\u015f krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n saray\u0131n\u0131n kap\u0131s\u0131na dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 Fransa\u2019da, Wollstonecraft devrimi desteklemekle kalm\u0131yor, kad\u0131nlar\u0131 da kendi davran\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imlerinde bir devrim yapmaya ve \u201caile hapishanesinin zifiri karanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan\u201d kurtulmaya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131yordu. Kad\u0131n sorununu tarifi, bu topraklarda ya\u015fayanlar i\u00e7in \u00f6zellikle vurucudur: Wollstonecraft, \u201cKad\u0131nlara, Muhammedili\u011fin \u00f6z\u00fcne uygun tarzda, insan t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn bir par\u00e7as\u0131 \u015feklinde de\u011fil, do\u011fu\u015ftan erke\u011fe tabi olan varl\u0131klar olarak bak\u0131l\u0131yor\u201d diyordu. Mary Wollstonecraft, k\u0131z\u0131 Mary Shelley\u2019nin roman\u0131 Frankenstein<\/em>\u2019\u0131 okuyamad\u0131; 220 y\u0131l sonra, AKP d\u00f6neminde t\u00fcrban\u0131 \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u201d ad\u0131na destekleyen feministleri g\u00f6rse k\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n Frankenstein\u2019\u0131n\u0131 anar m\u0131yd\u0131, bilemiyoruz.<\/p>\n

Promete\u2019nin \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yunan Mitolojisinde, tanr\u0131lardan ate\u015fi \u00e7al\u0131p \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fclere verenin Promete oldu\u011fu anlat\u0131lagelmi\u015ftir; fahi\u015feler d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki kad\u0131nlar\u0131n e\u011fitim almas\u0131n\u0131n dahi yasak oldu\u011fu bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrde, ate\u015fi, uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7alan\u0131n da kad\u0131n de\u011fil, erkek olmas\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtm\u0131yor. Yunanl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde, ate\u015f madencilik demekti; konu\u015fma, bilgi ve t\u0131p, her y\u00f6n\u00fcyle uygarl\u0131k demekti. Titan Promete insano\u011flunu, \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fcleri yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 insanlara, tanr\u0131lar\u0131n tekelindeki ate\u015fi verebilmek i\u00e7in tanr\u0131lara kafa tuttu. B\u00f6ylelikle, yaln\u0131zca Yunanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n de\u011fil, ate\u015fi arma\u011fan etti\u011fi t\u00fcm insano\u011flunun g\u00f6z\u00fcnde belki de gelmi\u015f ge\u00e7mi\u015f en b\u00fcy\u00fck kahraman oldu. Promete\u2019nin insanl\u0131\u011fa arma\u011fan\u0131, yaln\u0131zca \u201cya\u015fam ve uygarl\u0131k\u201d de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda ate\u015ften bir y\u00fcrekti ve miras\u0131n\u0131 yaln\u0131zca, yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 insano\u011flu de\u011fil, Promete\u2019nin i\u015fledi\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck su\u00e7a verilen ikinci ceza olarak g\u00f6nderilen insank\u0131z\u0131 da sahiplendi.<\/p>\n

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Tanr\u0131lardan ate\u015fi \u00e7alan Promete\u2019nin insanl\u0131\u011fa arma\u011fanlar\u0131ndan biri olan \u201cate\u015ften y\u00fcre\u011fi\u201d, Mary Wollstnoecraft gibi insank\u0131zlar\u0131 da sahiplendi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Promete\u2019yi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kahraman yapan, kendisi de bir tanr\u0131yken, \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fclere uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 verebilmek i\u00e7in Zeus\u2019un \u00f6fkesini \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7ekmeyi ve cezalar\u0131n belki de en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131lmay\u0131 g\u00f6ze alm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131yd\u0131. Promete Kafkas Da\u011f\u0131\u2019nda zincire vuruldu; Zeus\u2019un g\u00f6revlendirdi\u011fi bir kartal her gece, bir g\u00fcn sonra yeniden de\u015filmek \u00fczere iyile\u015fen karaci\u011ferini kemiriyordu. Bu, \u00f6yk\u00fcn\u00fcn en bilinen k\u0131sm\u0131d\u0131r; daha az bilineni, bu kez Promete\u2019nin \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na verilen ikinci cezad\u0131r. Yunan Mitolojisine biraz olsun a\u015fina olanlar ku\u015fkusuz Pandora\u2019y\u0131 da bilir; ancak Pandora\u2019n\u0131n Promete\u2019nin i\u015fledi\u011fi \u201csu\u00e7a\u201d bir ceza olarak g\u00f6nderildi\u011fi pek bilinmez. Promete ate\u015fi \u00e7alarak tanr\u0131lara kafa tutunca, tanr\u0131lar \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fclerin aras\u0131na, \u201ctanr\u0131lar\u0131n arma\u011fan\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelen\u201d Pandora\u2019y\u0131 g\u00f6nderdi. Afrodit\u2019in g\u00fczellikle, Merk\u00fcr\u2019\u00fcn ba\u015ftan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131c\u0131l\u0131kla, Apollon\u2019un m\u00fczikle donatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Pandora, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcm k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklerle tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Pandora, daha sonra Havva, \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fcler d\u00fcnyas\u0131na g\u00f6nderilen ve insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131ma s\u00fcr\u00fckleyen varl\u0131klar olarak tarihe ge\u00e7tiler; insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u201cilk g\u00fcnah\u0131n\u0131\u201d kad\u0131nlar temsil etti. Zeus Pandora\u2019n\u0131n eline, i\u00e7inde t\u00fcm k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklerin bulundu\u011fu bir kutu vermi\u015f ve ona bu kutuyu asla a\u00e7mamas\u0131n\u0131 tembihlemi\u015fti. Hesab\u0131 ba\u015fkayd\u0131; Pandora yarad\u0131l\u0131\u015ftan zay\u0131ft\u0131, insanl\u0131\u011fa cezayd\u0131. Hik\u00e2ye bilinmektedir: Pandora, kad\u0131nlara uygun g\u00f6r\u00fclen bo\u015f ya\u015fant\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7inde s\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmedi, anl\u0131k s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in kutuyu \u015f\u00f6yle bir a\u00e7t\u0131; d\u00fcnyaya, korkudan nefrete, k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131ktan acizli\u011fe, t\u00fcm k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckler b\u00f6yle sal\u0131nd\u0131. Promete g\u00fcc\u00fc ve ate\u015fi, Pandora zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 temsil etti.<\/p>\n

Ve sonra kad\u0131n ate\u015fi \u00e7ald\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Marx i\u00e7in \u00e7ok s\u00f6ylenir; Mary Wollstonecraft i\u00e7in de s\u00f6ylemekte hi\u00e7bir sak\u0131nca bulunmuyor. Wollstonecraft \u201cAyd\u0131nlanma\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7ocu\u011fu\u201d idi ve Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00f6nemi insan akl\u0131n\u0131n devle\u015fti\u011fi \u00e7a\u011fd\u0131. Feodal s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcyle kilisenin y\u00fcceltti\u011fi Tanr\u0131\u2019y\u0131 yere \u00e7alm\u0131\u015f, insan akl\u0131n\u0131 tanr\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayd\u0131nlanman\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131, kendine g\u00fcvenli, yer yer naif ve s\u0131kl\u0131kla inat\u00e7\u0131yd\u0131. Hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz, c\u00fcretliydi. Newton ile \u201cevrenin s\u0131rr\u0131n\u0131\u201d \u00e7\u00f6zm\u00fc\u015f, D\u2019Holbach ve Helvetius\u2019un a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 yolda, bat\u0131l inan\u00e7lar\u0131ndan s\u0131yr\u0131lan akl\u0131n yeni toplumu kuraca\u011f\u0131 \u015fiar\u0131n\u0131 sahiplenmi\u015fti. Promete Titanlar aras\u0131ndan \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fcler d\u00fcnyas\u0131na inmi\u015fti ve Wollstonecraft, bu \u0130ngiliz k\u0131z\u0131, 1792\u2019ye gelindi\u011finde \u015fu sat\u0131rlar\u0131 yazacakt\u0131: \u201cHi\u00e7bir \u015fey krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc, insanlar\u0131n sayg\u0131n konumlara y\u00fckselmesini sa\u011flayan \u00e7e\u015fitli su\u00e7lar kadar iyi g\u00f6stermez. Deh\u015fet verici entrikalar, sap\u0131k\u00e7a su\u00e7lar, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayaklar alt\u0131na alan, bizleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcren her t\u00fcrl\u00fc k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck, sayg\u0131n ve \u00f6nemli mevkilere giden yol olagelmi\u015ftir; gene de milyonlarca insan, bu g\u00f6z\u00fc d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f h\u0131rs\u0131zlar\u0131n utanmaz d\u00f6llerinin kana bulanm\u0131\u015f tahtlarda oturmas\u0131na g\u00f6z yummu\u015flard\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n

Wollstonecraft insanlar\u0131n kendi kendilerini e\u011fitti\u011fi ve y\u00fckseldi\u011fi bir d\u00f6nemde, en yak\u0131n arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131n gene kendi kendini e\u011fiten babas\u0131ndan felsefe ve bilim \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015fti. Kendi babas\u0131n\u0131n fazla i\u00e7ti\u011fi ak\u015famlarda, Mary\u2019nin annesinin yatak odas\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde n\u00f6bet tuttu\u011fu anlat\u0131l\u0131r. Bilgi ve irade ile donanm\u0131\u015f bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u0131z\u0131n gen\u00e7 bir kad\u0131n oldu\u011funda Frans\u0131z Devrimi\u2019nin ilk dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n heyecan\u0131yla Paris\u2019e gitmesi bizler i\u00e7in \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Sava\u015flar ve \u00f6zellikle devrimler, kad\u0131nlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan d\u00fcnya tarihinin en demokratik ortamlar\u0131n\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cG\u00f6z\u00fc d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f h\u0131rs\u0131zlar\u0131n utanmaz d\u00f6llerinin kana bulanm\u0131\u015f tahtlar d\u00fczeniyle\u201d sava\u015f da, hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz, kad\u0131n\u0131n o g\u00fcne dek i\u00e7ine s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 hapishanenin duvarlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yordu. Ancak Wollstonecraft, devrimle gelen \u201cdemokrasi ortam\u0131n\u0131n\u201d da ilerisindeydi. Paris\u2019te, bir Amerikal\u0131 devrimciyle ya\u015fad\u0131; \u00e2\u015f\u0131kt\u0131, toplumun t\u00fcm hemcinsleri gibi kendisinden de beklentilerine meydan okurcas\u0131na, evlenmedi. Terk edildi\u011finde sars\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu. Ama Wollstonecraft, a\u015fk\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda pek \u00e7ok heyecan\u0131 ve kavgas\u0131 olan bir kad\u0131nd\u0131. Yaras\u0131n\u0131 sard\u0131 ve yoluna devam etti.<\/p>\n

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\u201cWollstonecraft sevi\u015fmeye \u2018felsefe yapma\u2019 ad\u0131n\u0131 takm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Godwin\u2019e \u2018Bu ak\u015fam size felsefe yapmaya gelebilir miyim?\u2019 yollu soruyordu.\u201d Mary Wollstonecraft\u2019in 1790-91\u2019de John Opie taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir portresi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ahlak\u0131 kemiren tembellik ve pasiflik<\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya fethedilmek \u00fczere insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde uzan\u0131yordu, hissettikleri bu olsa gerek; Wollstonecraft Pandora\u2019n\u0131n zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kendine yak\u0131\u015ft\u0131ramad\u0131 ve bunu a\u015famayan hemcinslerinin durumuyla uzla\u015famad\u0131. \u201cKad\u0131nlar genel olarak hem zihinsel, hem de bedensel a\u00e7\u0131dan g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczlerse, bunun sorumlusu do\u011fadan \u00e7ok, e\u011fitimdir\u201d diyordu, \u201cBizler onlara ahlak\u0131 kemiren tembelli\u011fi ve pasifli\u011fi a\u015f\u0131l\u0131yoruz ve buna da son derece hatal\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde incelik diyoruz; zihinleri akl\u0131n ve felsefenin kat\u0131 kurallar\u0131yla yo\u011furmak yerine, sonucu yaln\u0131zca zaman \u00f6ld\u00fcrme ve duyarl\u0131\u011fa teslim olma olan yarars\u0131z sanatlarla dolduruyoruz.\u201d Kad\u0131nlar \u201csahte inceliklerle donat\u0131larak daha zay\u0131f k\u0131l\u0131n\u0131yor\u201d; kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndakilerde sayg\u0131 de\u011fil, yaln\u0131zca sevgi uyand\u0131rmay\u0131 \u00f6\u011freniyor, giderek \u201chapsedilmi\u015f olduklar\u0131 alt\u0131ndan kafese hayranl\u0131k duymay\u0131\u201d \u00f6\u011freniyorlard\u0131. \u201cKad\u0131nlar\u0131n davran\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7iminde bir devrim yapman\u0131n zaman\u0131 gelmi\u015ftir -onlara yitirdikleri sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 geri vermenin zaman\u0131d\u0131r- insan t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak, kendilerini reformdan ge\u00e7irerek d\u00fcnyay\u0131 da reformdan ge\u00e7irmelerini sa\u011flaman\u0131n zaman\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d Wollstonecraft\u2019\u0131n \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve \u00f6nce kendisi bu \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ya uygun ya\u015fad\u0131.<\/p>\n

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William Godwin\u2019in 1802\u2019de James Northcote taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan portresi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Blake, Wordsworth, Paine<\/strong><\/p>\n

Paris\u2019ten Londra\u2019ya d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Devrim\u2019in r\u00fczg\u00e2r\u0131nda yepyeni bir canl\u0131l\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015f entelekt\u00fcel \u00e7evrede yerini ald\u0131. Bir b\u00fcy\u00fck bask\u0131 ortam\u0131nda, Romantik D\u00f6nemin iki dev \u015fairi William Blake ve William Wordsworth\u2019le, Napolyon Bonapart\u2019\u0131n saf alt\u0131ndan heykelinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yledi\u011fi Thomas Paine\u2019le, \u0130ngiliz radikalizminin merkezini olu\u015fturan isimlerden, ileride kocas\u0131 olacak William Godwin\u2019le ate\u015fli tart\u0131\u015fmalar ya\u015fad\u0131lar, devrimi savundular; dev eserler b\u0131rakt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

J\u00fcponlu \u00e7akal<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mary Wollstonecraft, Godwin\u2019le tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda art\u0131k tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir radikaldi. Ac\u0131mas\u0131z ve k\u0131vrak dili ona \u201cJ\u00fcponlu \u00e7akal\u201d ve \u201cfilozof y\u0131lan\u201d lakaplar\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Godwin\u2019le tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 ak\u015fam d\u00f6rt saati a\u015fk\u0131n s\u00fcre hararetle devrimi tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 anlat\u0131l\u0131r; ne yaz\u0131k, ayr\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bilmiyoruz, ancak devrimcilikte uzla\u015fsalar da, anla\u015famad\u0131klar\u0131 noktalar\u0131n da bol oldu\u011fu ve birbirlerini kolay ikna edemedikleri kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7mi\u015f bulunuyor.<\/p>\n

Felsefe ve devrimle \u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc geceler<\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc a\u015fk, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc duygular ve c\u00fcret ister; geceleri annesinin yatak odas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde n\u00f6bet tutan, Pandora\u2019y\u0131 reddedip Promete olmaya \u00f6zenen Wollstonecraft\u2019ta vard\u0131. Godwin-Wollstonecraft ili\u015fkisini ba\u015flatan, Wollstonecraft\u2019\u0131n, d\u00f6nemindeki kad\u0131nlardan asla beklenmeyece\u011fi \u015fekilde, Godwin\u2019in kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u201cdavetsiz<\/strong>\u201d \u00e7almas\u0131 oldu. Daha nice tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n, siyaset, felsefe ve \u015fiirle \u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc nice ak\u015fam\u0131n; birlikte kavga vermenin, birlikte heyecanlanman\u0131n ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n, y\u00fcksek bir a\u015fk\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Wollstonecraft ile Godwin, Wollstonecraft\u2019\u0131n hamile kalmas\u0131 \u00fczerine evlenmeden \u00f6nce de, evlendikten sonra da birbirlerine k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck notlar g\u00f6nderdiler. Wollstonecraft sevi\u015fmeye \u201cfelsefe yapma\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 takm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Godwin\u2019e \u201cBu ak\u015fam size felsefe yapmaya gelebilir miyim?\u201d yollu soruyor; onla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 zaman g\u00f6zlerindeki \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6rmeye can att\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yaz\u0131yor ve kendi i\u00e7indeki \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 Milton\u2019dan dizelerle anlat\u0131yordu. \u201c\u0130ki ate\u015ften y\u00fcrek birbirine ak\u0131yor\u201d ve Fransa\u2019da kilise topraklar\u0131na el konmas\u0131n\u0131n yararlar\u0131 ile bunun nas\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilece\u011fini tart\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Ve insan insan\u0131 yaratt\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mary Wollstonecraft, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131ndan tedirginlik duysa da t\u00fcm ya\u015fam g\u00fcc\u00fcyle destekledi\u011fi devrimi, son d\u00f6nemecinde g\u00f6remedi; ikinci k\u0131z\u0131 Mary\u2019nin, bizlerin bildi\u011fi ad\u0131 ile Mary Shelley\u2019nin, do\u011fumunda hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. Ancak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Mary\u2019nin annesinin izinden gitti\u011fini biliyoruz. Wollstonecraft, Kad\u0131n Haklar\u0131n\u0131n Gerek\u00e7elendirilmesi<\/em> kitab\u0131nda kad\u0131nlara, kendilerine dayat\u0131lan zay\u0131fl\u0131k rol\u00fcn\u00fc reddetmeye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131rken \u015f\u00f6yle diyordu: \u201cShakespeare \u00f6n\u00fcnde beliren han\u00e7eri sinirleri i\u015flemeyen bir elle kavramam\u0131\u015ft\u0131; \u015eeytan\u2019\u0131 korkun\u00e7 hapishanesinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rken Milton\u2019\u0131n elleri titrememi\u015fti.\u201d Mary Wollstonecraft\u2019\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131 Mary Shelley \u201cinsan\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 insan\u0131\u201d, Frankenstein\u2019\u0131 yaratt\u0131; bu \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz karakterli roman\u0131n\u0131n kurgusu iki dev \u015fair, Byron ve daha sonra evlenece\u011fi Percy Shelley ile girdi\u011fi \u201cKim en korkun\u00e7 hik\u00e2yeyi anlatmay\u0131 ba\u015faracak?\u201d bahsinin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcyd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Bahsi Mary kazand\u0131; roman\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 Frankenstein ya da Modern Promete<\/em> koydu. Ate\u015fi \u00e7alma pe\u015finde ko\u015fanlar\u0131n soyundan geliyor ve Sanayi Devrimi\u2019nin ard\u0131ndan gelen yeni d\u00fcnyada, ac\u0131mas\u0131z s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcye kar\u015f\u0131 kavgada kendine yer a\u00e7\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Mary Wollstonecraft sonunda burjuva d\u00fczeninin oturmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lacak bir halk devrimine giden d\u00f6nemde ve devrim i\u00e7in ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131; k\u0131z\u0131 Mary Shelley, burjuvazinin dizginleri ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kendi s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc egemen k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemin yazar\u0131 oldu. Frankenstein\u2019\u0131n canavar\u0131, burjuvazinin getirdi\u011fi karanl\u0131kla k\u0131r\u0131lan umutlar\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131r. \u0130nsan\u0131n bilim alan\u0131ndaki s\u0131\u00e7ramas\u0131, tek ba\u015f\u0131na, \u201cinsan\u0131\u201d kurtaramam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Shelley\u2019nin modern Promete\u2019si Doktor Frankenstein\u2019\u0131n yarat\u0131s\u0131, yetkin olmaktan pek uzakt\u0131r; \u00e7irkindir, ancak ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta bir canavar de\u011fildir ve burjuvazinin eline kalm\u0131\u015f toplum onu bir canavar yapar.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u201cMary Wollstonecraft sonunda burjuva d\u00fczeninin oturmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lacak bir halk devrimine giden d\u00f6nemde ve devrim i\u00e7in ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131; k\u0131z\u0131 Mary Shelley, burjuvazinin dizginleri ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc egemen k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemin yazar\u0131 oldu. Frankenstein\u2019\u0131n canavar\u0131, burjuvazinin getirdi\u011fi karanl\u0131kla k\u0131r\u0131lan umutlar\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131r.\u201d<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Wollstonecraft\u2019\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck eserini yay\u0131mlamas\u0131ndan 220 y\u0131l sonra bug\u00fcn, burjuvazi tekelcilik evresinde, Frankenstein\u2019dan daha korkun\u00e7 canavarlar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor. Ekmek, minib\u00fcs ve kar topunun kana buland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkede, bunu en yak\u0131ndan ya\u015f\u0131yoruz. Wollstonecraft, \u201cKad\u0131nlara, Muhammedili\u011fin \u00f6z\u00fcne uygun tarzda, insan t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn bir par\u00e7as\u0131 \u015feklinde de\u011fil, do\u011fu\u015ftan erke\u011fe tabi olan varl\u0131klar olarak bak\u0131l\u0131yor\u201d diyordu. Bug\u00fcn, tekeller emperyalizminin her t\u00fcrl\u00fc medeniyete d\u00fc\u015fman bir \u0130slama bo\u011fdu\u011fu co\u011frafyada, Ramazan\u2019da da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan imsakiyelerin bir\u00e7o\u011funun arkas\u0131nda, \u201cCumhurba\u015fkan\u0131\u201d Erdo\u011fan\u2019\u0131n da al\u0131nt\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Peygamber\u2019in Veda Hutbesi\u2019nin terc\u00fcmesi bulunuyor. \u015e\u00f6yle:<\/p>\n

\u201cEy insanlar!<\/p>\n

\u201cKad\u0131nlar\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zetmenizi ve bu hususta Allah\u2019tan korkman\u0131z\u0131 tavsiye ederim. Siz kad\u0131nlar\u0131 Allah\u2019\u0131n emaneti olarak ald\u0131n\u0131z ve onlar\u0131n namusunu kendinize Allah\u2019\u0131n emriyle helal k\u0131ld\u0131n\u0131z. Sizin kad\u0131nlar \u00fczerindeki hakk\u0131n\u0131z yata\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 kimseye \u00e7i\u011fnetmemeleri, ho\u015flanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z kimseleri izniniz olmad\u0131k\u00e7a evlerinize almamalar\u0131d\u0131r. E\u011fer gelmesine m\u00fcsaade etmedi\u011finiz bir kimseyi evinize al\u0131rlarsa Allah size onlar\u0131 yataklar\u0131nda yaln\u0131z b\u0131rakman\u0131z\u0131 ve daha da olmazsa d\u00f6v\u00fcp sak\u0131nd\u0131rman\u0131za izin vermi\u015ftir.\u201d([1]<\/a>)<\/sup><\/p>\n

Bu \u00fclkede t\u00fcrban\u0131 savunan feministler g\u00f6rd\u00fck. Savunduklar\u0131 budur. K\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n daha hayatla, felsefeyle, kavgayla, a\u015fkla tan\u0131\u015fmadan, teslim edildikleri karanl\u0131kta bunlar\u0131 \u201cdo\u011fru\u201d bilmesidir. Frankenstein\u2019\u0131n gelinlerinin yeti\u015ftirilmesidir.<\/p>\n

Wollstonecraft\u2019\u0131 AKP d\u00f6neminde, 2007\u2019de \u00e7evirdim. 1792\u2019den \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131d\u0131r. Akla, kad\u0131na, ya\u015fama ve bu kez tekellerin canavarlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 Promete olmaya \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131d\u0131r. Wollstonecraft soruyor: Promete\u2019lerin erkek olmas\u0131 \u015fart m\u0131?<\/p>\n

Dipnot<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Handan Ko\u00e7, Muhafazak\u00e2rl\u0131\u011fa Kar\u015f\u0131 Feminizm<\/em>, Destek Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2012.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mary Wollstonecraft\u2019\u0131n 1792 tarihli \u201cKad\u0131n Haklar\u0131n\u0131n Gerek\u00e7elendirilmesi\u201dni, genel anlamda, ilk feminist manifesto saymak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr ve ilk feminist manifestonun Ayd\u0131nlanma\u2019n\u0131n besledi\u011fi devrim \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda, Frans\u0131z Devrimi\u2019nin h\u0131zla doruk noktas\u0131na ilerledi\u011fi d\u00f6nemde \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 tesad\u00fcf sayamay\u0131z. Mary Wollstonecraft\u2019\u0131n 1792 tarihli Kad\u0131n Haklar\u0131n\u0131n Gerek\u00e7elendirilmesi\u2019ni, genel anlamda, ilk feminist manifesto saymak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr ve ilk feminist manifestonun Ayd\u0131nlanma\u2019n\u0131n besledi\u011fi devrim \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda, Frans\u0131z […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":766,"featured_media":23076,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[170,29],"tags":[2366,557,2828,2827],"class_list":["post-23069","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-133-sayi","category-toplum","tag-feminizm","tag-kadin","tag-kadin-haklari","tag-mary-wollstonecraft"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23069","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/766"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23069"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23069\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23076"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23069"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23069"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23069"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}