{"id":23134,"date":"2018-06-24T15:30:21","date_gmt":"2018-06-24T12:30:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=23134"},"modified":"2018-06-24T15:27:41","modified_gmt":"2018-06-24T12:27:41","slug":"dna-kodlamalari-doganin-yapilanmasina-bakisimizi-degistiriyor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/06\/24\/dna-kodlamalari-doganin-yapilanmasina-bakisimizi-degistiriyor","title":{"rendered":"DNA kodlamalar\u0131 do\u011fan\u0131n yap\u0131lanmas\u0131na bak\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftiriyor"},"content":{"rendered":"

Do\u011fada kimin, kimin \u00fczerinden ne s\u0131kl\u0131kla beslendi\u011fine ili\u015fkin bilgimiz, do\u011fan\u0131n nas\u0131l yap\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve i\u015fledi\u011fini anlamam\u0131z\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Yeni bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, besin a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n (Besin a\u011flar\u0131 birden fazla besin zincirini birbirine ba\u011flayan ve i\u00e7eren sistemlerdir –\u00e7.n.<\/em>) karakteristik \u00f6zelliklerini nas\u0131l alg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00fczerinde, bu a\u011flar\u0131 tan\u0131mlamada kullan\u0131lan y\u00f6ntemlerin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir etkisi olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. Benzer y\u00f6ntemleri, d\u00fcnya genelindeki besin a\u011flar\u0131na uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u00fcrprizlerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabiliriz.<\/p>\n

Nas\u0131l arad\u0131\u011f\u0131n ne buldu\u011fundur<\/strong><\/p>\n

Beslenme ili\u015fkilerinin nas\u0131l yap\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlayabilmek i\u00e7in Finlandiya ve Kanada\u2019dan ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, d\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki en basit besin a\u011flar\u0131ndan biri \u00fczerine odaklanmay\u0131 se\u00e7tiler: \u00dczerlerinde bar\u0131nan\/beslenen parazit yaban ar\u0131lar\u0131 ve sinekler taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen Kuzeydo\u011fu Gr\u00f6nland g\u00fcve ve kelebekleri. Ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n ba\u015fyazar\u0131 Helena Wirta bulgular\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor: \u201cSistemde buldu\u011fumuz \u015fey ak\u0131llara durgunluk verici. Konak larva geli\u015fip eri\u015fkin olana ya da d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kana dek ge\u00e7en b\u00fcy\u00fcme s\u00fcrecinde kullan\u0131lan geleneksel y\u00f6ntemleri modern molek\u00fcler tekniklerle destekledi\u011fimizde, besin a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n her d\u00fczeyinde de\u011fi\u015fiklik kaydettik. Aniden, t\u00fcrler aras\u0131ndaki etkile\u015fimin daha \u00f6nceki deneyimlere oranla \u00fc\u00e7 kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit ettik. Ortalama olarak \u00e7o\u011fu avc\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn varsay\u0131landan daha az uzmanla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7o\u011fu av t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclenden daha fazla say\u0131da avc\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fck. B\u00f6ylece, basit bir \u015fekilde ifade etmek gerekirse, t\u00fcm a\u011f\u0131n daha \u00f6nceden inand\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n aksine birbirine s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemledik.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ba\u015flat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 konumundaki Tomas Roslin ise \u201cY\u00f6ntemin, bizim tek merkezli a\u011fa ili\u015fkin alg\u0131m\u0131z \u00fczerinde ne kadar etkili oldu\u011funu anlamak i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 y\u00f6ntemlerin uygulanmas\u0131 sonucu a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7e\u015fitlilik ile d\u00fcnyan\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fik b\u00f6lgeleri i\u00e7in \u00f6nceden tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f besin a\u011flar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rabiliriz. Basit\u00e7e a\u011f yap\u0131s\u0131, farkl\u0131 y\u00f6ntemlerimiz aras\u0131nda, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k\u2019tan Japonya\u2019ya kadar olan belirli b\u00f6lgeler aras\u0131nda saptanandan daha fazla \u00e7e\u015fitlilik g\u00f6sterir. B\u00f6ylece, d\u00fcnya genelinde besin a\u011f\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131na ili\u015fkin bildi\u011fimizi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcklerimiz, t\u00fcrlerin ger\u00e7ekte birbirlerini nas\u0131l etkiledikleri kadar ara\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemlerimizin nas\u0131l oldu\u011fundan da etkilenmi\u015f olabilir.\u201d \u015feklinde a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda bulundu.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u00f6ce\u011fin y\u00fckselen i\u00e7 d\u00fcnyas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

DNA kodlamalar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n besin a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 daha hassas bi\u00e7imde incelemelerini sa\u011fl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n iyile\u015ftirilmesi amac\u0131yla aylarca laboratuarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Sean Prosser, \u201cBu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n temeli, t\u00fcrlerin verili olan gen \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fine dayanarak tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Av ve avc\u0131 aras\u0131nda fark ihtiva eden gen b\u00f6lgelerini belirleyerek hem avlar i\u00e7erisinde bulunan geli\u015fmemi\u015f avc\u0131y\u0131 hem de geli\u015fkin avc\u0131lar\u0131n midesinde bulunan larva halindeki besin (av) kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 titizlikle saptayabildik. B\u00f6ylece, g\u00f6zlemlenen dizilimleri, b\u00f6lgedeki t\u00fcm t\u00fcrlerin DNA dizilimlerini bar\u0131nd\u0131ran bir k\u00fct\u00fcphaneyi referans alarak kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda kesin bir bi\u00e7imde kimin av, kimin avc\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirleyebiliyoruz.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fczelliklerinden biri oyundaki baz\u0131 belirsiz oyuncular\u0131n hayat hik\u00e2yelerinin k\u00f6klerine kadar inmemize izin vermesi,\u201d \u015feklinde a\u00e7\u0131klama yapan uluslararas\u0131 parazit yaban ar\u0131s\u0131 uzman\u0131 Gergely V\u00e0rkonyi s\u00f6zlerini \u015f\u00f6yle s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc: \u201cNeredeyse b\u00fct\u00fcn sistemlerde, baz\u0131 avc\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6zlenmesi ger\u00e7ekten \u00e7ok zordur. Hedefimizde bulunan baz\u0131 avc\u0131 t\u00fcrleri larva benzeri avlar\u0131na biz insanlar\u0131n onlar\u0131 asla ke\u015ffedemeyece\u011fi yerler olan toprak ya da bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn alt\u0131ndayken sald\u0131r\u0131yor. Bunun yerine, daha kolayca fark edilebilen eri\u015fkin avc\u0131lar\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131rsaklar\u0131ndaki av kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na bakarak, besin a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n genel yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n asl\u0131nda gizli olan bu ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemini belirleyebildik.\u201d<\/p>\n

Be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eu anda ula\u015f\u0131lan nokta, Tomas Roslin ve Gergely V\u00e0rkonyi taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k Zackenberg b\u00f6cek besin a\u011flar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n doruk noktas\u0131.<\/p>\n

Roslin, \u201cKuzey Kutbu\u2019na yak\u0131n bir yerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 istememizin amac\u0131 her \u015feyi daha basit bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6zlemekti. E\u011fer kiminle kimin aras\u0131nda etkile\u015fim oldu\u011funun kayd\u0131n\u0131 tutmak istiyorsan\u0131z, \u015funun fark\u0131na varmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z ki \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin \u00e7ok oldu\u011fu durumlarda olgular kolayl\u0131kla elinizden ka\u00e7abiliyor. Ama sadece bir avu\u00e7 t\u00fcr \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rsan\u0131z, neyin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fip neyin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fi konusunda ger\u00e7ekten do\u011fru bulgulara rastlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131za dair g\u00fcveniniz tam oluyor.\u201d \u015feklinde konu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

Gergely ise \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcrecini \u015f\u00f6yle ifade etti: \u201cD\u00fcr\u00fcst olmak gerekirse bu g\u00fczel manzaray\u0131 ve d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde istila edilmemi\u015f en b\u00fcy\u00fck alanlardan birinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n bizlere verdi\u011fi heyecan\u0131 unutamay\u0131z. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmam\u0131z s\u00fcresince kurdu\u011fumuz tuzaklar\u0131 bozan kutup ay\u0131lar\u0131, bizi kovalayan Misk \u00f6k\u00fczleri oldu. Bu sizi s\u00fcrekli tetikte tutuyor.\u201d<\/p>\n

Yeni bir \u015feylerin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini \u201cAra\u015ft\u0131rmam\u0131z\u0131n en heyecan verici sonucu bizlere yeni bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 kazand\u0131rmas\u0131 oldu,\u201d \u015feklinde ifade eden Helena s\u00f6zlerine \u015f\u00f6yle devam etti: \u201c\u015eu ana kadar yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u015fey, bu teknikleri d\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki en basit besin a\u011flar\u0131nda uygulamak oldu. Hatta uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z teknikler \u015fimdiden b\u00f6ylesi bir a\u011f yap\u0131lanmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin fikirlerimizi tekrar g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmemizi sa\u011flad\u0131. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 di\u011fer ortamlara da uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda nelerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilece\u011fimizi \u015fu anda sadece hayal edebiliriz.\u00a0 Temel yap\u0131lar\u0131, daha hassas olan bu perspektifle yeniden de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fimizde hangi yap\u0131lar\u0131n yerinde kalaca\u011f\u0131, hangilerinin yerle bir olaca\u011f\u0131na dair hen\u00fcz h\u00e2l\u00e2 bir ipucu bulabilmi\u015f de\u011filiz.\u201d<\/p>\n

10 y\u0131l \u00f6nce DNA kodlamas\u0131 fikrini \u00f6neren ve \u015fimdi bu fikrin do\u011fadaki bir\u00e7ok sorunun cevaplanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na tan\u0131k olan, Helena\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma arkada\u015f\u0131 Paul Herbert, \u015fu anda vizyonunu bir ad\u0131m \u00f6teye g\u00f6t\u00fcrmeye haz\u0131r. Herbert \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayla ilgili \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yledi: \u201cBurada geli\u015ftirilen tekniklerin do\u011fan\u0131n i\u015fleyi\u015fi konusuna yenilik\u00e7i bir yakla\u015f\u0131m getirece\u011fine inan\u0131yorum. Sadece birka\u00e7 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n artan oranda uygulanmas\u0131, herhangi bir b\u00f6ce\u011fi se\u00e7erek DNA dizilimlerini o ana kadar etkile\u015fimde bulundu\u011fu di\u011fer organizmalardan \u00e7\u0131karsamam\u0131za izin verir. Bir organizman\u0131n t\u00fcm etkile\u015fim ge\u00e7mi\u015fini \u00e7\u0131karsamak, ekolojik etkile\u015fimlerin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 daha \u00f6nce tasarlanmam\u0131\u015f bir kesinlikle kurmam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Do\u011fada kimin, kimin \u00fczerinden ne s\u0131kl\u0131kla beslendi\u011fine ili\u015fkin bilgimiz, do\u011fan\u0131n nas\u0131l yap\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve i\u015fledi\u011fini anlamam\u0131z\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Yeni bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, besin a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n (Besin a\u011flar\u0131 birden fazla besin zincirini birbirine ba\u011flayan ve i\u00e7eren sistemlerdir –\u00e7.n.) karakteristik \u00f6zelliklerini nas\u0131l alg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00fczerinde, bu a\u011flar\u0131 tan\u0131mlamada kullan\u0131lan y\u00f6ntemlerin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir etkisi olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. Benzer y\u00f6ntemleri, d\u00fcnya genelindeki besin a\u011flar\u0131na […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":848,"featured_media":23135,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[157,19,38],"tags":[272,673,1104],"class_list":["post-23134","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-120-sayi","category-bilim-gundemi","category-dergi-sayilari","tag-dna","tag-doga","tag-kodlama"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t