{"id":23238,"date":"2014-02-01T20:24:28","date_gmt":"2014-02-01T18:24:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=23238"},"modified":"2018-04-17T11:54:50","modified_gmt":"2018-04-17T08:54:50","slug":"dogru-atiflar-hatali-atiflar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2014\/02\/01\/dogru-atiflar-hatali-atiflar","title":{"rendered":"Do\u011fru at\u0131flar, hatal\u0131 at\u0131flar"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00dcnl\u00fc biliminsanlar\u0131na ait s\u0131k\u00e7a kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00f6zdeyi\u015flerin bir\u00e7o\u011fu sahibine yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla atfedilmi\u015ftir. Hatta baz\u0131 \u00f6rneklerde, s\u00f6z\u00fcn iddia edilen biliminsan\u0131na ait oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren hi\u00e7bir somut delil yoktur. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u201cdevlerin omuzlar\u0131nda y\u00fckseldi\u011fini\u201d s\u00f6yleyen ilk Newton mudur? Ya da Laplace\u2019\u0131n o \u00fcnl\u00fc s\u00f6z\u00fcyle Napolyon\u2019a kafa tuttu\u011fu ger\u00e7ek midir? Peki ya Einstein\u2019\u0131n yal\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa ili\u015fkin \u201cbasit\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc, onun a\u011fz\u0131ndan m\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r? <\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u201c\u00d6l\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fc\u011fe inanmak m\u0131? Asla. \u00dcstelik bana tek bir hayat yeterlidir.\u201c (Albert Einstein)<\/p>\n

\u201cHayatta korkulacak hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yoktur, onun sadece anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir.\u201c (Marie Curie)<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0130nsan zihninin en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcnah\u0131, bir \u015feylere delil olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde inanmakt\u0131r.\u201c (Thomas Henry Huxley)<\/p>\n

\u00dcnl\u00fc biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n bilgelik y\u00fckl\u00fc s\u00f6zlerine at\u0131f yapmak bizlerde \u00f6zel bir tatmin duygusu yarat\u0131r: Bu insanlar\u0131n do\u011fan\u0131n s\u0131rlar\u0131na vak\u0131f olduklar\u0131na inanm\u0131\u015f olmam\u0131z, sarf ettikleri s\u00f6zlere al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir derinlik ve do\u011fruluk pay\u0131 kazand\u0131r\u0131r g\u00f6zlerimizde. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla hem bilimsellik hem de bilgelik vasf\u0131n\u0131 bir arada ta\u015f\u0131yan bu ki\u015filerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerine at\u0131fta bulunmakla g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131m\u0131zda daha etkileyici, daha inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir mesaj iletmeyi de hedefleriz.<\/p>\n

Fakat ne ilgin\u00e7tir ki, ayn\u0131 zamanda, \u00e7o\u011fumuzun ara s\u0131ra ba\u015fvurdu\u011fu \u00f6zdeyi\u015flerin bir\u00e7o\u011funun sahibine yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla atfedilmi\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Bu durum farkl\u0131 nedenlerden kaynaklanabilir: \u00d6rne\u011fin bir biliminsan\u0131n\u0131n \u015f\u00f6hrete kavu\u015fmu\u015f olmas\u0131, sarf etti\u011fi s\u00f6z\u00fcn, her ne kadar ba\u015fka ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan daha \u00f6nceden dile getirilmi\u015f olsa da haks\u0131zca kendisiyle ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olabilir. Veyahut me\u015fhur bir \u00f6zdeyi\u015f ger\u00e7ekte, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde tam olarak an\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekilde ifade edilmemi\u015f, bilim tarihinin not defterine hatal\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bir di\u011fer durumda ise, bir \u00f6zdeyi\u015fin bir biliminsan\u0131na atfedilmesi hi\u00e7bir somut kayda dayanmaz; o, ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi kan\u0131tlanmam\u0131\u015f bir efsaneden ibarettir sadece. Bu yaz\u0131da sehven yap\u0131lan bu t\u00fcr at\u0131flardan \u00fc\u00e7 tanesine bakaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

\u2018Devlerin omuzlar\u0131nda y\u00fckselen c\u00fcceler\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c\u015eayet daha ileriyi g\u00f6rebildiysem devlerin omuzlar\u0131nda durdu\u011fum i\u00e7in olmu\u015ftur\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc Isaac Newton\u2019un ak\u0131llarda en \u00e7ok iz b\u0131rakan s\u00f6zlerinden biridir. Bunu hangi \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti me\u015fhur \u0130ngiliz bilimadam\u0131?<\/p>\n

Newton, bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u00fczerine odaklam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7ok erken, hen\u00fcz 22 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken, bu konuda mevcut literat\u00fcr\u00fc okumu\u015f, \u00f6zellikle de \u0131\u015f\u0131k teorisi \u00fczerine kendisinden \u00f6nce \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f en \u00f6nemli bilimadamlar\u0131ndan biri olan Descartes\u2019\u0131n eserlerini incelemi\u015fti. Newton, \u0131\u015f\u0131k huzmesinin ufac\u0131k par\u00e7ac\u0131klardan olu\u015ftu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f ve beyaz \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n, g\u00f6kku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 renklerinin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7eren farkl\u0131 renkte \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n bir araya gelmesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmi\u015fti. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, bug\u00fcn \u201cspektrum\u201d dedi\u011fimiz kavram\u0131 icat etmi\u015fti. Bu ba\u011flamda \u00f6rne\u011fin sabun baloncuklar\u0131 gibi \u201cince filmler\u201d \u00fczerinde olu\u015fan \u00e7ok renkli \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini \u00f6zel bir itina ile inceleyecek, olu\u015fumlar\u0131na dair bir a\u00e7\u0131klama getirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015facakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Newton\u2019un y\u0131llarca \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 bir arada toplayan Bir\u00e7ok Makalemde konu edilen ve I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00d6zellikleri\u2019ne a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getiren bir Varsay\u0131m<\/em> ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalesi Kraliyet Cemiyeti\u2019nin 16 Aral\u0131k 1675 tarihli oturumunda Londra\u2019da okunmu\u015ftu. Newton\u2019un \u015fahsen bulunamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu toplant\u0131da bahis konusu makalenin sunulmas\u0131 \u00fczerine bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla rakibi olan do\u011fa bilimcisi, mimar ve eski dille \u201chez\u00e2rfen\u201d diyebilece\u011fimiz Robert Hooke\u2019un s\u00f6z istedi\u011fi, bu sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n ziyadesiyle kendisi taraf\u0131ndan zaten yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, Newton\u2019un da baz\u0131 ufak katk\u0131larla konuyu bir nebze daha ileriye g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc iddia etti\u011fi rivayet edilir. Bu olay\u0131 izleyen haftalarda, Newton ile Hooke mektupla\u015farak aralar\u0131ndaki ihtilafa bir a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Hooke, 20 Ocak 1676\u2019da Newton\u2019a yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektupta \u201c\u00f6yle ya da b\u00f6yle hakk\u0131mda yanl\u0131\u015f bilgilendirilmi\u015f olabilirsiniz\u201d demi\u015fti. Uzla\u015fmac\u0131 bir \u00fcslup tak\u0131n\u0131p \u201cbu i\u015fte benden daha uzaklara gittiniz\u201d ve \u201csan\u0131r\u0131m konuyu incelemekte sizden daha uygun ve daha muktedir bir ki\u015fi yoktur\u201d demeye kadar varan, hatta kendi yeteneklerinin Newton\u2019unkilerinin \u00e7ok daha alt\u0131nda oldu\u011funu ifade eden s\u00f6zler telaffuz etmi\u015fti. Bu iltifatlara cevaben 15 \u015eubat 1676 tarihinde Newton, Hooke\u2019a yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektupta \u015fu t\u00fcmceleri kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: \u201cKonuyu ara\u015ft\u0131rabilme yetene\u011fime fazla tevecc\u00fch g\u00f6steriyorsunuz. Descartes\u2019\u0131n yapt\u0131klar\u0131 iyi bir ad\u0131md\u0131. Siz, bir\u00e7ok \u015fekilde katk\u0131da bulundunuz ve \u00f6zellikle ince filmlerin rengini felsefi m\u00fclahazaya ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131n\u0131z. Ben ise daha ileriyi g\u00f6rebildiysem e\u011fer, devlerin omuzlar\u0131nda durdu\u011fum i\u00e7in olmu\u015ftur.\u201d<\/p>\n

Newton\u2019un s\u00f6z\u00fc, bir al\u00e7akg\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcl\u00fck \u00f6rne\u011fi olu\u015fturman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bilimde ilerlemenin, \u00f6nc\u00fcllerin b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 mirasa pay katmak suretiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini ifade etmek amac\u0131yla s\u0131k\u00e7a zikredilmektedir. Bu metaforu kendi mi bulmu\u015ftu Newton yoksa onu ba\u015fka bir kaynaktan \u201c\u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 alm\u0131\u015f\u201d olabilir miydi? Bu konuda kesin bir bilgiye ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f de\u011fil; fakat Newton\u2019un Salisbury\u2019li John\u2019un yaz\u0131lar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu akla yatk\u0131n bir varsay\u0131md\u0131r. Salisbury\u2019li John (1120-1180) \u00e7ok geni\u015f k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc bir din adam\u0131, de\u011ferli bir yazar ve hizmetinde oldu\u011fu Canterbury ba\u015fpiskoposunun nam\u0131na misyonlar icra eden bir diplomatt\u0131. 1176 y\u0131l\u0131nda Fransa\u2019da Chartres piskoposlu\u011funa atanacak ve bu g\u00f6revi hayat\u0131n\u0131n sonuna kadar \u00fcstlenecekti.<\/p>\n

John\u2019un Chartres\u2019dayken bir yeni-Platoncu filozof olan Bernard\u2019\u0131n eserleriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 olas\u0131d\u0131r. Metalogicon<\/em> isimli Latince yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kitab\u0131nda \u015fu s\u00f6zleri kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 Salisbury\u2019li John: \u201cChartres\u2019l\u0131 Bernard devlerin omuzlar\u0131nda oturan c\u00fcceler gibiyiz (Nos esse quasi nanos gigantum humeris insidientes)<\/em> derdi hep, ki bu sayede onlardan daha fazla ve daha uzakta bulunanlar\u0131 g\u00f6rebilmekteyiz, ve bu da bizlerin daha keskin bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ya da herhangi bir ay\u0131rt edici fiziksel \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahip oldu\u011fumuzdan kaynaklanmamaktad\u0131r, sadece onlar\u0131n dev boylar\u0131n\u0131n bizleri y\u00fckseltip tepelere ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7indir.\u201d<\/p>\n

Chartres\u2019l\u0131 Bernard\u2019\u0131n ise (1124 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f olmal\u0131) bu t\u00fcmceyi, eski\u00e7a\u011f filozoflar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir tevecc\u00fch sergilemek fakat ayn\u0131 zamanda kendi \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n katk\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 methetmek amac\u0131yla dile getirdi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenir. (1) O zamanki yani 12. y\u00fczy\u0131l katedral okullar\u0131, b\u00fcnyelerinde geni\u015f bir bilgi birikimi ve nitelikli bir e\u011fitim d\u00fczeyini bar\u0131nd\u0131rabiliyor olmalar\u0131n\u0131, bir yandan eski\u00e7a\u011f Yunan ve Roma filozoflar\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 o zengin ve \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc bilgi kayna\u011f\u0131na; ama \u00f6te yandan organizasyon itibariyle geleneksel bir \u00e7izgiden ka\u00e7\u0131nabilmi\u015f ve \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir m\u00fcfredat yaratabilmi\u015f olmalar\u0131na da bor\u00e7lu olduklar\u0131n\u0131 ima etmektedir – yani her ne kadar devler \u00f6nemli olsa da c\u00fccelerin akl\u0131n\u0131 yabana atmamak gerekir!<\/p>\n

Devlerin omuzlar\u0131nda duran c\u00fcceler metaforunu zamanda daha geriye g\u00f6t\u00fcremedi\u011fimiz i\u00e7in, mucidinin Newton de\u011fil Chartres\u2019l\u0131 Bernard oldu\u011funu kabul etmeliyiz.<\/p>\n

Laplace, Napolyon\u2019a ne s\u00f6yledi?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749-1827) bilim tarihinin gelmi\u015f ge\u00e7mi\u015f en \u00f6nemli ki\u015filiklerinden biridir. S\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir astronom, bir fizik\u00e7i ve ayn\u0131 zamanda bir matematik\u00e7i olan Laplace\u2019dan \u201cFrans\u0131z Newton\u201d olarak bahsediliyordu. Bu lakab\u0131n\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir biliminsan\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Newton\u2019un elde etti\u011fi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 esas al\u0131p onlar\u0131 daha genel ve daha kapsaml\u0131 bir \u015fekilde form\u00fcle ederek matematiksel astronomi alan\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam bir temele oturtmu\u015f olmas\u0131na bor\u00e7luydu.<\/p>\n

18 ya\u015f\u0131nda Paris\u2019e gelen Laplace, me\u015fhur matematik\u00e7i d\u2019Alembert\u2019in yard\u0131m\u0131yla matematik \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyeli\u011fine ba\u015flar. Daha sonralar\u0131 kimyac\u0131 Lavoisier ve matematik\u00e7i Lagrange gibi \u00fcnl\u00fc biliminsanlar\u0131yla birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015facakt\u0131r. Laplace, astronomiyle yak\u0131ndan ilgilenir. \u00d6zellikle G\u00fcne\u015f sisteminin kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine Lagrange ile birlikte ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcr. \u0130nceledi\u011fi konular aras\u0131nda \u015fu soru da vard\u0131r: G\u00fcne\u015f ve onun etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6nen gezegenlerin y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerindeki hareketleri bizlere her ne kadar kararl\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00fckse de, bu sistem milyonlar sene sonra bildik halini koruyacak ve gezegenler y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerinde tam bug\u00fcnk\u00fc gibi d\u00f6nmeye devam edecekler mi, yoksa birbirini zamanla de\u011fi\u015fen g\u00fc\u00e7lerle \u00e7eken bu cisimlerin hareketlerindeki kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bozacak bir durum meydana gelecek mi?<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Newton\u2019un bu konudaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ilgin\u00e7ti: \u201cGezegenler, baz\u0131 ufak d\u00fczensizlikler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, hep ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde e\u015fmerkezli \u00e7emberler \u00fczerinde hareket ederler; kuyrukluy\u0131ld\u0131z ve gezegenlerin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 etkile\u015fiminden kaynaklanm\u0131\u015f olabilen bu d\u00fczensizlikler zamanla artmaya muktedirlerdir, ta ki bu sistemin bir reforma ihtiyac\u0131 olana kadar.\u201d Anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere Newton, G\u00fcne\u015f sisteminin karars\u0131z olabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmesine, ama ona g\u00f6re kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in sistemin ara s\u0131ra bir reforma -Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n m\u00fcdahalesine- ihtiyac\u0131 vard\u0131. Newton\u2019un bu a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131, rakibi olan Alman matematik\u00e7i ve filozof Gottfried Leibniz\u2019in dikkatinden ka\u00e7mam\u0131\u015ft\u0131; Leibniz, Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 eserlerin \u00e7\u00f6kmemesi i\u00e7in ara s\u0131ra mucizelere ihtiyac\u0131 olacak kadar beceriksiz mi oldu\u011funa alayc\u0131 bir dille dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Laplace, G\u00fcne\u015f sisteminin kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin ispat\u0131n\u0131 1799-1825 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131 yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 be\u015f ciltlik G\u00f6ksel Mekanik<\/em> eserine dahil edecekti (\u00f6rne\u011fin G\u00fcne\u015f sisteminin en b\u00fcy\u00fck iki gezegeni olan J\u00fcpiter ve Sat\u00fcrn\u2019\u00fcn y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerindeki bozulmalar\u0131n periyodik oldu\u011funu ve bu iki gezegenin her 900 y\u0131lda tekrar tam ayn\u0131 pozisyona d\u00f6nd\u00fcklerini b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ba\u015far\u0131yla kan\u0131tlayabilecekti). Kitab\u0131n\u0131 1802 y\u0131l\u0131nda (o y\u0131la kadar eserin ilk \u00fc\u00e7 cildi yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131) Napolyon\u2019a sunmas\u0131, Laplace\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde h\u00e2l\u00e2 s\u0131k\u00e7a zikredilen bir s\u00f6z s\u00f6ylemesine neden olacakt\u0131. Kitab\u0131 okuduktan sonra Napolyon eseri be\u011fendi\u011fini ancak Laplace\u2019\u0131n, evren sistemi \u00fczerine yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu kapsaml\u0131 eserin hi\u00e7bir yerinde o evreni yaratm\u0131\u015f olan Tanr\u0131\u2019dan bahsetmedi\u011fini ifade edince Laplace, \u201cEfendim, o varsay\u0131ma ihtiyac\u0131m olmad\u0131\u201d yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015fti. Bu yan\u0131t, Laplace\u2019\u0131n pozitivist felsefeye yak\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve fiziksel olaylar\u0131 salt belirlenimci (determinist) s\u00fcre\u00e7lerle ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymak, ayr\u0131ca 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren bilimin, dinin prangalar\u0131ndan kurtulma mecras\u0131na eskisine nazaran daha ciddi bir \u015fekilde oturdu\u011funa dair \u00f6rnek vermek ad\u0131na kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ancak Laplace ile Napolyon\u2019un aras\u0131ndaki bu konu\u015fma hakk\u0131nda yap\u0131lan iki farkl\u0131 de\u011ferlendirme var ki bunlar\u0131n ikisi de yukar\u0131daki anlat\u0131yla \u00e7eli\u015fmektedir. G\u00f6kbilimci Herv\u00e9 Faye\u2019e g\u00f6re (2) Laplace, asl\u0131nda Tanr\u0131\u2019ya de\u011fil, Newton\u2019un Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fal s\u00fcre\u00e7lere ara s\u0131ra \u00e7ekid\u00fczen verdi\u011fi varsay\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6nderme yapm\u0131\u015f, yani Newton\u2019un aksine kendisinin hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde b\u00f6yle bir tanr\u0131sal m\u00fcdahale varsay\u0131m\u0131na ihtiyac\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmi\u015fti. Ger\u00e7ekten de Laplace\u2019\u0131n b\u00f6yle bir varsay\u0131ma niye ihtiyac\u0131 olmu\u015f olsun ki? G\u00fcne\u015f sisteminin istikrar\u0131n\u0131 salt matematiksel arg\u00fcmanlara dayanarak kan\u0131tlamam\u0131\u015f m\u0131yd\u0131? Ancak bu a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 kabul etsek dahi, Laplace\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n Newton\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 bir alay unsuru i\u00e7erdi\u011fi muhakkakt\u0131r. Herv\u00e9 Faye\u2019\u0131n zikretti\u011fi bir di\u011fer kayna\u011fa g\u00f6re Laplace, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce, Napolyon ile konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n biyografik bir yay\u0131nda yer alaca\u011f\u0131na dair duyum alm\u0131\u015f ve bunun bir \u015fekilde -gerek bir a\u00e7\u0131klama eklenerek, gerekse konu\u015fmaya yap\u0131lan atf\u0131n metinden t\u00fcm\u00fcyle kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla- \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmesini bile istemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Konu\u015fman\u0131n ikinci de\u011ferlendirmesi (3), olay\u0131n tek tan\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan \u0130ngiliz astronom William Herschel\u2019e dayand\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor. Herschel, g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, Napolyon-Laplace g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmesine \u015fu \u015fekilde yer veriyor: Napolyon Herschel\u2019e astronomi ve g\u00f6klerin mimarisi hakk\u0131nda sorular sorup ondan tatmink\u00e2r yan\u0131tlar almas\u0131 \u00fczerine, bu sefer Laplace\u2019a do\u011fru d\u00f6n\u00fcp onun da ayn\u0131 konularda kanaatini bildirmesini istemi\u015fti. Fakat Laplace\u2019\u0131n kendi fikirlerinden farkl\u0131 fikirler ifade etti\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcnce bilimadam\u0131yla uzun bir tart\u0131\u015fmaya girmi\u015fti. \u201cFikir fark\u0131, birinci Kons\u00fcl\u2019\u00fcn hayk\u0131r\u0131\u015f ya da hayranl\u0131k i\u00e7eren bir ses tonuyla (y\u0131ld\u0131zl\u0131 g\u00f6klerin enginli\u011fi hakk\u0131nda konu\u015fuyorduk) sordu\u011fu soruyla ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131: \u2018B\u00fct\u00fcn bu \u015feylerin yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 kimdir!\u2019 M\u00f6sy\u00f6 De la Place, bu muhte\u015fem sistemin in\u015fa ve ayakta kal\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131, bir do\u011fal nedenler zinciriyle a\u00e7\u0131klayabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermek istiyordu. Birinci Kons\u00fcl ise buna baya\u011f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yd\u0131.\u201d G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi Herschel, Laplace\u2019\u0131n me\u015fhur s\u00f6z\u00fcnden hi\u00e7 bahsetmemektedir, bu y\u00fczden de Laplace\u2019\u0131n tarihin defterine ge\u00e7en o me\u015fhur s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn ger\u00e7ekd\u0131\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n

\u00dcnl\u00fc \u00f6zdeyi\u015f, Einstein\u2019a m\u0131 ait?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cHer \u015fey<\/em> olabildi\u011fince basit olmal\u0131d\u0131r<\/em>, ama daha basit de\u011fil\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc Albert Einstein\u2019a atfedilen \u00f6zdeyi\u015fler aras\u0131nda en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Ancak Laplace\u2019\u0131n durumunda oldu\u011fu gibi bu durumda da Einstein\u2019\u0131n onu telaffuz edip etmedi\u011fine \u015f\u00fcpheyle bakmam\u0131z gerekir.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00f6zdeyi\u015f, ad\u0131na \u201cyal\u0131nl\u0131k ilkesi\u201d denilen olduk\u00e7a eski bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi ifade eder asl\u0131nda. \u0130lke s\u0131k\u00e7a \u201cEldeki t\u00fcm hipotezlerin aras\u0131nda asgari say\u0131da varsay\u0131m gerektiren hipotez ye\u011flenmeli\u201d \u015feklinde \u00f6zetlenmi\u015ftir. 14. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan \u0130ngiliz papaz, ilahiyat\u00e7\u0131 ve filozof Ockham\u2019l\u0131 William, bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin en \u00fcnl\u00fc savunucular\u0131ndan biriydi. Me\u015fhur \u201cOckham\u2019\u0131n usturas\u0131\u201d bu ilkeye g\u00f6nderme yapar. Ger\u00e7i Ockham\u2019l\u0131 William\u2019\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 form\u00fclasyon biraz farkl\u0131yd\u0131: \u201c\u00c7o\u011fulluk, gereksiz yere asla \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclmemeli.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u00d6zdeyi\u015fin do\u011fu\u015f noktas\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya koyuldu\u011fumuzda, k\u0131t kaynaklarla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Bu konuda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar (4), Amerikal\u0131 kompozit\u00f6r ve m\u00fczik ele\u015ftirmeni Roger Sessions\u2019un 1950 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir makale d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda g\u00fcvenilir herhangi bir kayna\u011f\u0131 ortaya koyabilmi\u015f de\u011fildir. Sessions makalesinde \u015f\u00f6yle bir ifade kullan\u0131r: \u201cAlbert Einstein\u2019\u0131n elbette m\u00fczi\u011fe de uygulanabilir bir s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc hat\u0131rl\u0131yorum. Esasen, her \u015fey<\/em> olabildi\u011fince basit olmal\u0131d\u0131r<\/em>, ama daha basit de\u011fil, demi\u015fti!\u201d Burada yer alan \u201cesasen\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6nemine dikkat \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir: Anla\u015f\u0131lan \u015fu ki Einstein bu t\u00fcmceyi harfi harfine dile getirmemi\u015f, Sessions, Einstein\u2019\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini ustaca ve tarihte iz b\u0131rakacak bir form\u00fcl ile \u00f6zetlemi\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Einstein\u2019\u0131n daha \u00f6nceleri (1933 y\u0131l\u0131nda) benzer bir kavram\u0131 dillendirmesinin, Sessions\u2019un yazd\u0131klar\u0131na inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k katt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir: \u201cT\u00fcm teorilerin nihai amac\u0131n\u0131n, tek bir deney verisini bile uygunca g\u00f6stermekten feragat etmeksizin, temel unsurlar\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn mertebe basitle\u015ftirmek ve azaltmak oldu\u011fu ink\u00e2r edilemez.\u201d Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Einstein\u2019\u0131n yal\u0131nl\u0131k ilkesini benimsemi\u015f oldu\u011funu teyit edebiliriz; ancak \u00f6zdeyi\u015fi kendisine mi yoksa Roger Sessions\u2019a m\u0131 bor\u00e7lu oldu\u011fumuz konusu \u015fimdilik kesinlik kazanm\u0131\u015f de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Burada hatal\u0131 at\u0131flar repertuar\u0131ndan sadece \u00fc\u00e7 tane \u00f6rnek verdik. Listeyi uzatmam\u0131z m\u00fcmk\u00fcn elbette. Sizin en \u00e7ok kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z hatal\u0131 at\u0131f hangisidir?<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Richard Southern, Making of the Middle Ages<\/em>, Yale University Press, 1961.
\n2) Ernest Pasquier, \u201cLes hypoth\u00e8ses cosmogoniques (suite)\u201d, Revue n\u00e9o-scholastique<\/em>, No 18, s.124-125, 1898.
\n3) Daniel Johnson, \u201cThe Hypothetical Atheist\u201d, Commentary<\/em>, Haziran 18, 2007.
\n4) http:\/\/quoteinvestigator.com\/2011\/05\/13\/einstein-simple\/<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00dcnl\u00fc biliminsanlar\u0131na ait s\u0131k\u00e7a kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00f6zdeyi\u015flerin bir\u00e7o\u011fu sahibine yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla atfedilmi\u015ftir. Hatta baz\u0131 \u00f6rneklerde, s\u00f6z\u00fcn iddia edilen biliminsan\u0131na ait oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren hi\u00e7bir somut delil yoktur. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u201cdevlerin omuzlar\u0131nda y\u00fckseldi\u011fini\u201d s\u00f6yleyen ilk Newton mudur? Ya da Laplace\u2019\u0131n o \u00fcnl\u00fc s\u00f6z\u00fcyle Napolyon\u2019a kafa tuttu\u011fu ger\u00e7ek midir? Peki ya Einstein\u2019\u0131n yal\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa ili\u015fkin \u201cbasit\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc, onun a\u011fz\u0131ndan m\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r? \u00a0\u201c\u00d6l\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fc\u011fe […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":508,"featured_media":23241,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[157,38,1473],"tags":[277,2847,2848],"class_list":["post-23238","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-120-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-genis-aci","tag-einstein","tag-laplace","tag-napolyon"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t