{"id":23477,"date":"2015-03-01T16:50:58","date_gmt":"2015-03-01T14:50:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=23477"},"modified":"2018-04-17T16:51:09","modified_gmt":"2018-04-17T13:51:09","slug":"toroslarin-gorkemli-tepe-taci-katran-agaci","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2015\/03\/01\/toroslarin-gorkemli-tepe-taci-katran-agaci","title":{"rendered":"Toroslar\u0131n g\u00f6rkemli tepe tac\u0131:\u00a0Katran a\u011fac\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Katran a\u011fac\u0131 ormanlar\u0131 tarih boyunca tahrip edildi ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na \u00e7ekildi. Bir zamanlar yayg\u0131n ve g\u00f6rkemli ormanlar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu L\u00fcbnan ve Suriye\u2019de bug\u00fcn kal\u0131nt\u0131 durumunda. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de kal\u0131nt\u0131 durumuna d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmemesi i\u00e7in biyolojisi ve genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi hakk\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar daha kapsaml\u0131 bir \u015fekilde yap\u0131lmal\u0131, b\u00f6lgesel ve ulusal d\u00fczeyde bilgilendirme toplant\u0131lar\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmelidir. Katran a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131nda tohum bankas\u0131, doku k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, yeni molek\u00fcler genetik y\u00f6ntemler gibi modern yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 da gerekir. <\/em><\/p>\n

Toros ve\/veya L\u00fcbnan sedirinin odunundan elde edilen \u00f6z\u00fcte T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de halk aras\u0131nda \u201ckatran\u201d denir. Bundan dolay\u0131 sedir a\u011fac\u0131, \u201ckatran a\u011fac\u0131\u201d olarak bilinir. Katran a\u011fac\u0131, ge\u00e7mi\u015ften g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze bir\u00e7ok medeniyet i\u00e7in ihti\u015fam ve zenginlik g\u00f6stergesi olan kutsal bir a\u011fa\u00e7t\u0131r. Katran a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n kuzenlerini tan\u0131mak, biyolojik \u00f6zelliklerini bilmek, tarihsel ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ge\u00e7mi\u015fine seyahat etmek, kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinmek ve korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in neler yap\u0131labilir sorusuna cevap almak istiyorsan\u0131z yaz\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131na dalmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z…<\/p>\n

Katran a\u011fac\u0131 ve kuzenleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Katran a\u011fac\u0131, \u00e7amgiller (Pinaceae<\/em>) familyas\u0131nda yer alan herdem ye\u015fil kozalakl\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7lardand\u0131r. Sedir cinsi, yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde birbirinden co\u011frafik olarak ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f d\u00f6rt ayr\u0131 kuzenle (farkl\u0131 t\u00fcr) temsil edilir (\u015eekil 1). Bunlar; 1) Cezayir ve Fas\u2019ta bulunan Atlas sediri (Cedrus atlantica<\/em> Manetti), 2) K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019ta yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f g\u00f6steren K\u0131br\u0131s sediri (C. brevifolia<\/em> Henry), 3) L\u00fcbnan, Suriye ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yer alan L\u00fcbnan ve\/veya Toros sediri (C. libani<\/em> A. Richard), 4) Afganistan ve Himalayalarda bulunan Himalaya sediri\u00a0 (C. deodara<\/em> (Roxburgh) Don Loud.)\u2019dir (Vidakovic 1991; Boydak 2003).<\/p>\n

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\u015eekil 1. Katran a\u011fac\u0131 ve kuzenlerinin genel yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f alanlar\u0131 (Vidakovic 1991\u2019den al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Katran a\u011fac\u0131, da\u011flar\u0131 s\u00fcrekli kar ile \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u201cbeyaz\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen ve bir zamanlar da\u011flar\u0131nda g\u00f6rkemli sedir ormanlar\u0131 bulunduran L\u00fcbnan devletinin bayra\u011f\u0131nda simge (\u015eekil 2), paras\u0131nda amblem ve bir\u00e7ok k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkinli\u011finde sembold\u00fcr. Katran a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 90\u2019\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, g\u00f6rkemli ormanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu da Toros da\u011flar\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bundan dolay\u0131, Toros sediri olarak da bilimsel ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yay\u0131nlarda yer al\u0131r. Katran a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131n ve g\u00f6rkemli ormanlar\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fte L\u00fcbnan ve Suriye\u2019de de bulunmaktayd\u0131. Fakat ge\u00e7mi\u015ften g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r (yakla\u015f\u0131k 5000 y\u0131l) s\u00fcregelen d\u00fczensiz kesimler, medeniyetler taraf\u0131ndan sedir ormanlar\u0131na egemen olma tutkusu, yang\u0131nlar ve otlatmalar gibi bir\u00e7ok etkenden dolay\u0131 L\u00fcbnan ve Suriye\u2019deki ormanlar, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yer alan Toros sediri ormanlar\u0131 ile k\u0131yaslan\u0131nca kal\u0131nt\u0131 durumundad\u0131r (Khuri vd. 2000; Fady vd. 2008; Hajar vd. 2010).<\/p>\n

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\u015eekil 2. Sedir a\u011fa\u00e7l\u0131 L\u00fcbnan devleti bayra\u011f\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Katran a\u011fac\u0131, \u00e7o\u011funlukla 800-2000 metre (m) y\u00fckseltiler aras\u0131nda Toros da\u011flar\u0131nda yay\u0131lmakta (\u015eekil 3), bu genel yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck (500-600 m) rak\u0131mda (y\u00fckselti) (Babada\u011f-Fethiye) ve daha y\u00fcksek (2400 m) rak\u0131mlarda (Bolkar Da\u011flar\u0131 – Mersin) da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck gruplar veya bireyler halinde yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermektedir. Ayr\u0131ca, Sultanda\u011f\u0131-Afyon ve Karadeniz b\u00f6lgesinde (\u00c7atalan-Erbaa ve Ak\u0131nc\u0131k\u00f6y-Niksar) katran a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n izole olmu\u015f populasyonlar\u0131 (topluluk) da (\u015eekil 3) bulunur (Boydak 2003; Boydak ve \u00c7al\u0131ko\u011flu 2008).<\/p>\n

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\u015eekil 3. Toros sedirinin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki genel yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f alanlar\u0131 (Kurt vd. 2008a\u2019dan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Katran a\u011fac\u0131 ve kuzenlerinin genel biyolojik \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sedir t\u00fcrleri, \u00e7amgiller familyas\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer \u00fcyelerinin \u00e7o\u011funda oldu\u011fu gibi, bir cinsiyetli ve bir evciklidirler. Yani, erkek ve di\u015fi \u00e7i\u00e7ekler ayn\u0131 birey \u00fczerinde fakat farkl\u0131 k\u00fcmelerde bulunur. Erkek \u00e7i\u00e7ekler temmuz-a\u011fustos, di\u015fi \u00e7i\u00e7ekler ise eyl\u00fcl-ekim aylar\u0131nda g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir bir b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011fe ula\u015f\u0131rlar. Tozla\u015fma (erkek organda olu\u015fan \u00e7i\u00e7ek tozlar\u0131n\u0131n (polen) di\u015fi organa ula\u015fmas\u0131) genellikle ekim ay\u0131nda, d\u00f6llenme (erkek gametin yumurtaya ula\u015fmas\u0131) ise genellikle ilkbaharda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Kozalaklar ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda genellikle ye\u015fil renkte olmakla beraber (Resim 1a), baz\u0131lar\u0131 morumsu k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 veya \u015farap tortusu rengindedir (Erkulo\u011flu 1994; Boydak ve \u00c7al\u0131ko\u011flu 2008). \u0130lk y\u0131l\u0131n sonunda kozalaklar kahverengiye ve k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda ise olgun kozalak rengi olan gri-kahverengiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrler (Resim 1b). Di\u015fi kozalaklar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131p tohumlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6kmesi \u00e7i\u00e7eklenmeyi izleyen ikinci y\u0131l\u0131n ekim ay\u0131nda ba\u015flar ve k\u0131\u015f ortas\u0131na kadar devam eder. Sedir a\u011fac\u0131nda ilk kozalak tutma yakla\u015f\u0131k 30 y\u0131l\u0131 bulmaktad\u0131r. Yani, bir sedir bireyinin \u00fcretkenlik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na ula\u015fmas\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 30 y\u0131l almaktad\u0131r. Burada belirtilen biyolojik olaylar\u0131n zamanlamas\u0131, populasyonlar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu y\u00fckselti, s\u0131cakl\u0131k, ya\u011f\u0131\u015f gibi bir\u00e7ok fakt\u00f6re ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6stermektedir (Kurt 2005; Boydak ve \u00c7al\u0131ko\u011flu 2008).<\/p>\n

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Resim 1. a) Bir y\u0131ll\u0131k ye\u015fil kozalak, b) \u0130ki y\u0131ll\u0131k olgun gri-kahverengi kozalaklar.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Sedir a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n i\u011fne \u015feklindeki k\u0131sa yapraklar\u0131na \u201cibre\u201d denilmekte, genellikle k\u0131sa s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerde 30-40 tanesi bir arada demet g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcnde, uzun s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerde ise tek olarak bulunmaktad\u0131rlar (Resim 1). Sedirin gen\u00e7 a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131nda dallar g\u00f6vdeden yukar\u0131ya do\u011fru (a\u011fac\u0131n tepe tac\u0131na) y\u00f6nelmesine kar\u015f\u0131n, ya\u015fl\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7larda dallar g\u00f6vde ile 90 derecelik a\u00e7\u0131 yapacak \u015fekilde yatay durumdad\u0131r. A\u011fa\u00e7 kabu\u011fu, gen\u00e7 bireylerde d\u00fczg\u00fcn ye\u015filimt\u0131rak k\u00fcl renginde olup, a\u011fa\u00e7 ya\u015fland\u0131k\u00e7a, boyuna \u00e7atlakl\u0131, pullu bir yap\u0131ya d\u00f6ner ve siyah\u0131mt\u0131rak k\u00fcl rengine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr (Boydak ve \u00c7al\u0131ko\u011flu 2008).<\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7mi\u015ften g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze katran a\u011fac\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Katran a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi alanlar (T\u00fcrkiye, Suriye ve L\u00fcbnan) ge\u00e7mi\u015fte bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 medeniyete ev sahipli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Katran a\u011fac\u0131 ormanlar\u0131na sahip olmay\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 ve ihti\u015fam\u0131n g\u00f6stergesi olarak g\u00f6ren bu medeniyetlerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 Fenike, M\u0131s\u0131r, Asur, Babil, Roma ve Osmanl\u0131d\u0131r. Fenikelilerin tarihte gemicilikte ileri bir uygarl\u0131k olmalar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda katran a\u011fac\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bol olan alanlarda ya\u015famalar\u0131 yatmaktad\u0131r. Katran a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fczel kokulu, dekoratif, dayan\u0131kl\u0131, kolayca i\u015flenebilen ve su ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 dayan\u0131kl\u0131 odunu, o zamanlar\u0131n \u00e7ok de\u011ferli bir ticaret mal\u0131yd\u0131. Fenikeliler katran a\u011fac\u0131 tomruklar\u0131n\u0131 (kereste), alt\u0131n, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve papir\u00fcs gibi de\u011ferli maddeler kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lara satm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar elde ettikleri keresteler ile \u00e7o\u011funlukla firavunlar\u0131n tap\u0131naklar\u0131n\u0131 ve saraylar\u0131n\u0131 in\u015fa etmi\u015flerdir (Masri 1995; Khuri vd. 2000). L\u00fcbnan ve Suriye\u2019deki katran a\u011fac\u0131 ormanlar\u0131n\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131 durumunda kalmas\u0131n\u0131n nedenleri aras\u0131nda, ormanlar\u0131n\u0131n kolay ula\u015f\u0131labilir olmas\u0131 ve c\u00f6mert\u00e7e kullan\u0131lmalar\u0131 yatmaktad\u0131r. Tarihte katran a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nemli yap\u0131lar aras\u0131nda Kud\u00fcs tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131, Hz. S\u00fcleyman\u2019\u0131n saray\u0131, firavun mabetleri ve Hicaz demiryolu yap\u0131m\u0131 say\u0131labilir. \u00d6zellikle, L\u00fcbnan ve Suriye\u2019deki ormanlar yakla\u015f\u0131k 5000 y\u0131ldan beri a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Toros da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n engebeli yap\u0131s\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 ula\u015f\u0131m ve ta\u015f\u0131man\u0131n zorlu\u011fu, Toroslarda bulunan katran a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok fazla kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemi\u015f ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f alan\u0131na sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Khuri vd. 2000; Boydak ve \u00c7al\u0131ko\u011flu 2008).<\/p>\n

Katran a\u011fac\u0131, ge\u00e7mi\u015ften g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi alanlarda ve yak\u0131n \u00e7evrede bulunan medeniyetler taraf\u0131ndan kutsal bir a\u011fa\u00e7 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcp, g\u00fc\u00e7, kudret ve ihti\u015fam\u0131n bir simgesi olarak kabul edilmi\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece medeniyetlerin yaz\u0131l\u0131 ve s\u00f6zl\u00fc tarihlerinde ad\u0131ndan s\u0131k\u00e7a bahsedilmi\u015ftir. Katran a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n bahsedildi\u011fi ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 metinlerin M\u0131s\u0131r kaynaklar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu, Hitit \u00e7ivi yaz\u0131l\u0131 metinlerinde ise \u201cGISER\u0130N\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda an\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinir. Medeniyetler taraf\u0131ndan kutsal bir a\u011fa\u00e7 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesinin alt\u0131nda ise neredeyse b\u00fct\u00fcn kutsal kitaplarda (Tevrat<\/em>, \u0130ncil<\/em> ve Kur\u2019an<\/em> gibi) ad\u0131ndan \u00e7ok\u00e7a bahsedilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 da yatmaktad\u0131r. Tarihteki en eski yaz\u0131l\u0131 destan olan G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f destan\u0131nda katran a\u011fac\u0131, g\u00f6rkemin ve g\u00fcc\u00fcn simgesi olarak ge\u00e7mektedir (Khuri vd. 2000; Akrep 2013).<\/p>\n

Katran a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Katran a\u011fac\u0131 ve kuzenlerinin odunu, tarihte gemicilikte en \u00e7ok tercih edilen kerestelerden biridir. Gemi ve sandal yap\u0131m\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, g\u00fczel kokulu olmas\u0131 ve b\u00f6cekleri uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 ho\u015f bir kokuya sahip olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 katran a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n odunu mobilya, sand\u0131k gibi bir\u00e7ok odun \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcnde de kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Katran a\u011fac\u0131 ve kuzenlerinin odun malzemesinin yan\u0131nda, odun d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinden \u00f6zellikle esansiyel ya\u011flar ve odun \u00f6z\u00fct\u00fc (katran) de de\u011fi\u015fik ama\u00e7lar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Atlas ve Himalaya sedirinden elde edilen ya\u011f, Fas, Hindistan ve Nepal\u2019de sabunlar\u0131n kokuland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan parf\u00fcmeriye, bir\u00e7ok hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n tedavisinden (bron\u015fit, t\u00fcberk\u00fcloz, cilt hastal\u0131klar\u0131, romatizmal\u0131 rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar, \u00fclser ve bel so\u011fuklu\u011fu) \u00f6l\u00fcleri yakma i\u015flemine kadar bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 alanda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (Bhattarai 1992; FAO 1995). Atlas ve Himalaya sedirinin odun ya\u011f\u0131, evcil ve\/veya besi hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n v\u00fccutlar\u0131na s\u00fcr\u00fclerek sivrisinek, karasinek, kene gibi zararl\u0131lar\u0131n etkisi engellenmektedir (Singh vd. 1990). M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da firavunlar\u0131n mumyalanmas\u0131 (Koller vd. 2003) ve \u0130skit kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fczellik macunlar\u0131 (Akrep 2013), katran a\u011fac\u0131 ve kuzenlerinin \u00f6z\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u011fer alanlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Toros da\u011flar\u0131nda katran a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f alanlar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan halk, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde halen dededen toruna aktar\u0131lan k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir miras \u015feklinde sedir odunundan katran \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor (Kurt vd. 2008b; Kurt ve I\u015f\u0131k 2012). Katran, y\u00f6re halk\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckba\u015f ve b\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f hayvanlar\u0131n v\u00fccuduna d\u0131\u015fardan uygulanarak uyuz hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve kene, atsine\u011fi, sivrisinek gibi parazitlere kar\u015f\u0131 uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 (repellent) ve \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc (pestisit) olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. Y\u00f6re halk\u0131 katran\u0131, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck deri\u015fimlerde olmak \u00fczere (bir kova suya birka\u00e7 damla), hayvanlar\u0131n i\u00e7me sular\u0131na da kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Bu kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7en hayvanlarda, i\u00e7 parazitlerin etkisiz hale geldi\u011fi ve hayvanlar\u0131n daha sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 oldu\u011funa inan\u0131l\u0131yor (Kurt vd. 2008b). Katran a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n ibre, kozalak, tohum ve kabu\u011fundan elde edilen ya\u011flar\u0131n bir\u00e7ok zararl\u0131ya (bakteri ve sivrisinek gibi) kar\u015f\u0131 etkili oldu\u011fu bilimsel olarak da kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (D\u0131\u011frak vd. 1999; Ye\u015filada vd. 1999; K\u0131z\u0131l vd. 2002; \u00c7etin vd. 2009). Y\u00f6re halk\u0131 hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7inde katran\u0131 kullan\u0131yor. \u015e\u00f6yle ki; elde ettikleri katran\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 ev ve\/veya \u00e7ad\u0131rlar\u0131n etraf\u0131na damlatarak y\u0131lan, akrep, kene gibi tehlikeli canl\u0131lar\u0131n katran\u0131n keskin kokusundan dolay\u0131 ya\u015fam ortamlar\u0131na gelmesini \u00f6nlemede, \u015furup \u015feklinde haz\u0131rlan\u0131p i\u00e7ilmesiyle de \u00fclser, i\u00e7 parazitler, kar\u0131n a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 gibi \u015fik\u00e2yetlere kar\u015f\u0131 tedavide kullanmaktad\u0131rlar (Kurt vd. 2008b).<\/p>\n

\"\"
Resim 2. Antalya-Elmal\u0131\u2019da bulunan g\u00f6rkemli sedir ormanlar\u0131ndan bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm (Foto\u011fraf\u0131n \u00e7ekildi\u011fi yer Elmal\u0131 sedir ara\u015ft\u0131rma orman\u0131, ortada g\u00f6r\u00fclen sulak alan (\u00e7ekim d\u00f6neminde) Avlan g\u00f6l\u00fc ve kar\u015f\u0131 da\u011fl\u0131k alan ise \u00c7\u0131\u011fl\u0131kara b\u00f6lgesidir)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Katran a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 ve ormanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in neler yap\u0131lmal\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Katran a\u011fac\u0131, yukar\u0131da \u00f6zet olarak bahsedilen ekolojik, ekonomik, estetik ve etik \u00f6zelliklerinden dolay\u0131 korunmas\u0131 gereken \u00f6nemli bir orman a\u011fac\u0131d\u0131r (I\u015f\u0131k ve Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m 1999). Odun ve odun d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, park ve bah\u00e7elerde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, gezi ve piknik (rekreasyonel) alan\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lan yerel ormanl\u0131k alanlara sahip olmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da \u00f6nem arz eder. Bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra,\u00a0 katran a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki en g\u00f6rkemli ormanlar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bulunmaktad\u0131r ve bu ormanlar\u0131n yayg\u0131n alanlara sahip olanlar\u0131 Antalya ve civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Ka\u015f, Elmal\u0131 ve Finike b\u00f6lgelerinde katran a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye de\u011fer ormanlar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r (Resim 2).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de katran a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6rkemli ormanlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye de\u011fer y\u00fczlerce ve hatta binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k bir\u00e7ok an\u0131t a\u011fac\u0131 da bulunmaktad\u0131r. Katran a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6rkemli ormanlar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu Antalya\u2019n\u0131n Elmal\u0131 il\u00e7esinde bir\u00e7ok an\u0131t a\u011fa\u00e7 bulunur. Bu an\u0131t a\u011fa\u00e7lardan en ya\u015fl\u0131 olarak bilinenlerden bir tanesi \u00c7\u0131\u011fl\u0131kara Tabiat\u0131 Koruma alan\u0131nda bulunan ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yakla\u015f\u0131k 2030 y\u0131ll\u0131k (Hz. \u0130sa\u2019dan ya\u015fl\u0131) oldu\u011fu tahmin edilen \u201cKoca Katran\u201dd\u0131r (Resim 3). Katran a\u011fac\u0131 ormanlar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 hem orman hem de birey d\u00fczeyinde \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem arz etmektedir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de katran a\u011fac\u0131 ormanlar\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla milli park ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma ormanlar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde bulunmakta ve korunmaktad\u0131r (Resim 4). Fakat son \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan maden yasalar\u0131 ile \u00e7ok kolay bir \u015fekilde ruhsat al\u0131narak dal kesmenin dahi yasak oldu\u011fu katran a\u011fac\u0131 ormanlar\u0131na girilebilmekte ve yer alt\u0131 cevherlerini elde etme ad\u0131na yer \u00fcst\u00fcndeki zenginlikler yok edilmektedir. Yani bir bak\u0131ma \u201ckaz gelecek yerden tavuk esirgenmez\u201d mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcd\u00fclmekte ama atas\u00f6z\u00fcndeki kaz\u0131n \u201ckatran a\u011fac\u0131\u201d oldu\u011fu ya g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmekte ve\/veya bilinmemektedir. Katran a\u011fac\u0131 ormanlar\u0131, tahribat sonucu olu\u015fturulan mermer ve ta\u015f ocaklar\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamayacak kadar de\u011ferlidir.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Resim 3. \u00c7\u0131\u011fl\u0131kara Tabiat\u0131 Koruma alan\u0131nda bulunan Koca Katran\u0131n a) boyuna ve b) enine g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ayr\u0131ca, kesilen ve\/veya yok edilen katran a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n yerine tohum ekme\/fidan dikme ile daha fazla sedir a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n elde edilebilece\u011fi de teorik a\u00e7\u0131dan do\u011fru g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesine kar\u015f\u0131n, pratik a\u00e7\u0131dan yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 bir durumdur. \u015e\u00f6yle ki; yukar\u0131da k\u0131saca bahsedilen biyolojik \u00f6zellikler k\u0131sm\u0131nda da belirtildi\u011fi gibi katran a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok orman a\u011fac\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olarak ergenli\u011fe (ilk kozalak tutma) ancak otuz ya\u015flar\u0131nda ula\u015f\u0131r. Yani herhangi bir y\u00f6rede bulunan bir katran a\u011fac\u0131 orman\u0131 genellikle y\u00fczy\u0131llar ile ifade edilen ya\u015flarda olan bireylerden olu\u015fur. Bunun anlam\u0131, kesilen katran a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n yerine tohum ve\/veya fidandan ayn\u0131 ya\u015flarda bireylerin yeti\u015fmesinin y\u00fczy\u0131llar alaca\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Tabii bu bireylerin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde yeti\u015fmesi, T\u00fcrkiye gibi bir \u00fclkede a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 otlatma, yang\u0131nlar, ka\u00e7ak kesimler ve yeni maden ocaklar\u0131 gibi tehlike unsurlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fczy\u0131llar i\u00e7inde tekrar tehdit edilmemeleri durumunda m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Resim 4. Toros sedirinin teoride koruma alt\u0131nda olan \u00c7\u0131\u011fl\u0131kara Tabiat\u0131 Koruma alan\u0131ndan.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Yukar\u0131da \u00f6zet bir \u015fekilde belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere, katran a\u011fac\u0131 ormanlar\u0131 tarih boyunca tahrip edilmi\u015f ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir. Hatta bir zamanlar yayg\u0131n ve g\u00f6rkemli ormanlar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu L\u00fcbnan ve Suriye\u2019de bug\u00fcn kal\u0131nt\u0131 durumundad\u0131r. Katran a\u011fac\u0131 ormanlar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de kal\u0131nt\u0131 durumuna d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmemesi i\u00e7in biyolojisi ve genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi hakk\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar daha kapsaml\u0131 bir \u015fekilde yap\u0131lmal\u0131, b\u00f6lgesel (\u00f6zellikle yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f alan\u0131ndaki y\u00f6re halk\u0131) ve ulusal d\u00fczeyde bilgilendirme toplant\u0131lar\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmelidir. Katran a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131nda tohum bankas\u0131, doku k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, yeni molek\u00fcler genetik y\u00f6ntemler gibi modern yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 da art\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir \u015fekilde orman y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7in ormanlar\u0131n ve an\u0131t a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve ek olarak a\u011fa\u00e7land\u0131rma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir. Aksi takdirde, sedir ormanlar\u0131n\u0131n foto\u011fraf \u00e7ektirmek i\u00e7in gidilecek hat\u0131ra ve\/veya kal\u0131nt\u0131 ormanlar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r (Resim 5).<\/p>\n

Te\u015fekk\u00fcr: <\/strong>Dr. Yusuf Kurt\u2019un Kuzey Karolina Devlet \u00dcniversitesindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu (T\u00dcB\u0130TAK-B\u0130DEB\/2219-Program\u0131) taraf\u0131ndan desteklenmi\u015ftir. Bu deste\u011finden dolay\u0131 T\u00dcB\u0130TAK\u2019a te\u015fekk\u00fcr ederim.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Akrep MY. 2013. Eski\u00e7a\u011f Anadolusu\u2019nda sedir a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemi. Mavi Atlas<\/em> (G\u015e\u00dc Edebiyat Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi). G\u00fcz 2013, ss. 21-27.<\/p>\n

2) Bhattarai NK. 1992. Medical ethnobotany in the Karnali Zone, Nepal. Economic Botany <\/em>46: 257-261.<\/p>\n

3) Boydak M. 2003. Regenaration of\u00a0 Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani<\/em> A. Rich.) on karstic lands in Turkey. Forest Ecology and Management<\/em> 178: 231-243.<\/p>\n

4) Boydak M. ve \u00c7al\u0131ko\u011flu M. 2008. Toros Sediri\u2019nin (Cedrus libani<\/em> A. Rich.) Biyolojisi ve Silvik\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc. Ormanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Geli\u015ftirme ve Orman Yang\u0131nlar\u0131 ile M\u00fccadele Hizmetlerini Destekleme Vakf\u0131 Yay\u0131n\u0131, Lazer Ofset Matbaas\u0131, 284 s., Ankara.<\/p>\n

5) \u00c7etin H., Kurt Y., I\u015f\u0131k K. and Yan\u0131ko\u011flu A. 2009. Larvicidal effect of Cedrus libani<\/em> seed oils mosquito Culex pipiens<\/em>. Pharmaceutical Biology<\/em> 47(8): 665-668.<\/p>\n

6) Di\u011frak M., Ilcim A. and Alma MH. 1999. Antimicrobial activities of several parts of Pinus brutia<\/em>, Juniperus oxycedrus<\/em>, Abies cilicia<\/em>, Cedrus libani <\/em>and Pinus nigra<\/em>. Phytotherapy Research<\/em> 13: 584-587.<\/p>\n

7) Erkulo\u011flu \u00d6S. 1994. Sedirin tohum \u00f6zellikleri. Yeri: Sedir, \u00dc. Eler (Ed.), Ormanc\u0131l\u0131k Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, El Kitab\u0131 Dizisi: 6, ss: 81-93, Ankara.<\/p>\n

8) Fady B., Lefevre F., Vendramin GG., Ambert A., Regnier C. and Bariteau M. 2008. Genetic consequences of past climate and human impact on eastern Mediterranean Cedrus libani forests: Implications for conservation. Conservation Genetics<\/em> 9: 86-95.<\/p>\n

9) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 1995. Non-wood forest products from conifers. Chapter 7-Essential oils.<\/p>\n

10) Hajar L., Fran\u00e7ois L., Khater C., Jomaa I., Deque M. and Cheddadi R. 2010. Cedrus libani (A. Rich.) distribution in Lebanon: Past, present and future. C. R. Biologies<\/em> 333: 622-630.<\/p>\n

11) I\u015f\u0131k K. ve Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m T. 1999. Orman Gen Kaynaklar\u0131 Koruma Stratejileri ve Cedrus libani<\/em> \u00dczerinde Baz\u0131 \u00d6neriler. \u00c7evre Sorunlar\u0131, Biyolojik \u00c7e\u015fitlilik ve Orman Gen Kaynaklar\u0131m\u0131z, T.E.M.A. Vakf\u0131 Yay\u0131n No: 25, ss.179-195, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

12) Khuri S., Shmoury MR., Baalbaki R., Maunder M. and Talhouk SN. 2000. Conservation of the Cedrus libani<\/em> populations in Lebanon: history, current status and experimental application of somatic embryogenesis. Biodiversity and Conservation<\/em> 9: 1261-1273.<\/p>\n

13) K\u0131z\u0131l M., K\u0131z\u0131l G., Yavuz M. and Aytekin C. 2002. Antimicrobial activity of resins obtained from the roots and stems of Cedrus libani<\/em> and Abies cilicia<\/em>. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology<\/em>, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 144-146.<\/p>\n

14) Koller J., Baumer U., Kaup Y., Schmid M. and Weser U. 2003. Analysis of a pharaonic embalbing tar. Nature<\/em>, Vol. 425. 784 p.<\/p>\n

15) Kurt Y. 2005. Sedirin (Cedrus libani<\/em> A. Rich.) Do\u011fal Populasyonlar\u0131nda Genetik Varyasyonun Belirlenmesi. Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi, Akdeniz \u00dcniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Antalya 74 s.<\/p>\n

16) Kurt Y., Kacar MS. and I\u015f\u0131k K. 2008b. Traditional tar production from Cedrus libani<\/em> A. Rich. on the Taurus Mountains in southern Turkey. Econ Bot<\/em> 62 (4): 615-620.<\/p>\n

17) Kurt Y., Kaya N. and I\u015f\u0131k K. 2008a. Isozyme variation in four natural populations of Cedrus libani A. Rich. in Turkey. Turk J Agric For 32: 137-145.<\/p>\n

18) Kurt Y. and I\u015f\u0131k K. 2012. Comparison of tar produced by traditional and laboratory methods. Ethno Med<\/em> 6 (2): 77-83.<\/p>\n

19) Masri R. 1995. The Cedars of Lebanon: Significance, Awareness and Management of the Cedrus libani<\/em> in Lebanon. Cedars Awareness and Salvation Effort seminar on the environment in Lebanon. http:\/\/almashriq.hiof.no\/lebanon\/300\/360\/363\/363.7\/transcript.html<\/p>\n

20) Singh H.,\u00a0 Saklani A. and Lal B. 1990. Ethnobotanical observations on some Gymnosperms of Garhwal Himalaya, Uttar Pradesh, India. Economic Botany<\/em> 44: 349-354.<\/p>\n

21) Vidakovic M. 1991. Conifers, morphology and variation. Zdravko Zidovec, Zagreb.<\/p>\n

22) Ye\u015filada E., G\u00fcrb\u00fcz I. and Shibata H. 1999. Screning of Turkish anti-ulcerojenic folk remedies for anti-Heliobacter pylori<\/em> activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology<\/em> 66: 289-293.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Katran a\u011fac\u0131 ormanlar\u0131 tarih boyunca tahrip edildi ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na \u00e7ekildi. Bir zamanlar yayg\u0131n ve g\u00f6rkemli ormanlar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu L\u00fcbnan ve Suriye\u2019de bug\u00fcn kal\u0131nt\u0131 durumunda. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de kal\u0131nt\u0131 durumuna d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmemesi i\u00e7in biyolojisi ve genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi hakk\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar daha kapsaml\u0131 bir \u015fekilde yap\u0131lmal\u0131, b\u00f6lgesel ve ulusal d\u00fczeyde bilgilendirme toplant\u0131lar\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmelidir. Katran a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131nda tohum bankas\u0131, doku k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":619,"featured_media":23487,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[170,217],"tags":[198,2878,2879],"class_list":["post-23477","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-133-sayi","category-cevre-bilimleri","tag-cevre","tag-katran-agaci","tag-toros-daglari"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t