\u00c7eviren: Nal\u00e2n Mahsereci<\/p>\n
Daha \u00f6nce s\u00f6yle\u015fi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m ki\u015filere pek benzemeyen kuyrukluy\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n, son iki milenyumdan beri bilim tarihinde ya\u015fanan geli\u015fmelerle ne kadar ilgili oldu\u011funa tan\u0131k oluyoruz. Kuyrukluy\u0131ld\u0131z, D\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki bilimsel kazan\u0131mlar ile y\u00f6r\u00fcngesinde ilerlerken bulundu\u011fu yerler aras\u0131nda paralellikler kuruyor. Kuyrukluy\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n, uranyum atomunun insan\u0131n kendi y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlamaya meyilli olmas\u0131ndan duydu\u011fu kayg\u0131lar\u0131 payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.<\/em><\/p>\n – S\u00f6yle\u015fiye zaman ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in te\u015fekk\u00fcrler, bize kendiniz hakk\u0131nda bir \u015feyler anlat\u0131r m\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z?..<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>Bir u\u00e7tan bir uca yakla\u015f\u0131k 32 km olarak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen, g\u00f6reli olarak b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kuyrukluy\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131m; buz, karbondioksit, basit karbon bile\u015fikleri ve D\u00fcnya\u2019da da bulunan ba\u015fka birka\u00e7 bile\u015fenden olu\u015fuyorum.<\/p>\n – Burada daha \u00f6nce bulunmu\u015f muydunuz?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>Evet, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 son ziyaretim s\u0131ras\u0131nda, piramitlerin ve temel metal\u00fcrjik i\u015flemlerin yava\u015f yava\u015f yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 dikkatimi \u00e7ekmi\u015fti. D\u00fcnyadan uzakla\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131mda, Pisagor m\u00fczikal ton frekans\u0131n\u0131n dalga boyu ile ters orant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu ke\u015ffetmi\u015fti. Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan ve matematiksel sadelikten ilham alarak, gezegenlerin e\u015fit derecede ahenkli olmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fini varsayd\u0131; bu nedenle G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019ten tamsay\u0131l\u0131k uzakl\u0131klarda bulunmal\u0131yd\u0131lar. Yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu bilmeme ra\u011fmen, Evren\u2019i anlamak i\u00e7in yeni ba\u015flamakta olan teorik ata\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 g\u00f6rmekten memnundum.<\/p>\n – Bilimimizle ilgilendi\u011finizi g\u00f6r\u00fcyorum. Ge\u00e7en ziyaretiniz s\u0131ras\u0131nda dikkatinizi \u00e7eken ba\u015fka \u015feyler de olmu\u015f muydu?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>Ben uzakla\u015f\u0131rken, Demokritos atomlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc ve gelecek 200 y\u0131lda Ar\u015fimet mekanikte ve suyun kald\u0131rma kuvveti \u00fczerine kayda de\u011fer sonu\u00e7lara ula\u015ft\u0131. Yakla\u015f\u0131k bir y\u00fczy\u0131l sonra, M\u00d6 1. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, Ptolemy’nin yans\u0131ma ve k\u0131r\u0131lma \u00fczerine bir dizi ciddi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 oldu. Ba\u015fka bir\u00e7ok \u015feyin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra cam\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131lma indisinin suyun k\u0131r\u0131lma indisinden b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren birtak\u0131m say\u0131sal tablolar olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n – K\u0131r\u0131lma indisi, maddenin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fckme miktar\u0131 m\u0131d\u0131r?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>Evet, b\u00f6yle de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. Keza, Ptolemy, her \u015feyin D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7evresinde d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc varsayd\u0131; bu varsay\u0131mda yanl\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, kozmolojik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, biny\u0131ldan daha uzun bir s\u00fcre kullan\u0131ld\u0131. E\u011fer \u00f6zg\u00fcr istence sahip olsayd\u0131m, yaln\u0131zca bu olaylar bile beni D\u00fcnya\u2019ya geri getirirdi, ama k\u00fctle\u00e7ekiminin manevi parmaklar\u0131 beni s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya kavram\u0131\u015ft\u0131, D\u00fcnya\u2019ya geri d\u00f6nmeye elimde olmadan yazg\u0131l\u0131y\u0131m.<\/p>\n – Bu noktada neredeydiniz?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>Bu s\u0131rada, D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n 500 AB\u2019den (1) biraz daha fazla uza\u011f\u0131ndayd\u0131m. Y\u00f6r\u00fcngemin bu k\u0131sm\u0131, G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019ten en uzak oldu\u011fum nokta, g\u00fcn\u00f6te diye adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. G\u00fcne\u015f D\u00fcnya\u2019dan g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn 4 milyonda biri parlakl\u0131kta g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu, t\u0131pk\u0131 100 watt\u2019l\u0131k bir ampul\u00fcn 30 m uzakl\u0131ktan g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi gibi; saatte yakla\u015f\u0131k 300 km\u2019lik bir h\u0131zla emekliyordum. Bu h\u0131zla D\u00fcnya\u2019ya d\u00f6nmem 27.000 y\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 al\u0131rd\u0131, ivmem Newton\u2019un ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen elman\u0131n iki milyarda biri kadar olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, ku\u015fkusuz artacakt\u0131, b\u00f6ylelikle h\u0131z\u0131m da. Benim tek \u0131s\u0131 kayna\u011f\u0131m G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019tir ve g\u00fcn\u00f6tesinde mutlak s\u0131f\u0131rdan yaln\u0131zca 15 derece daha s\u0131cakt\u0131m, yani -258 0<\/sup>C.<\/p>\n – \u0130liklerinize dek \u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fs\u00fcn\u00fcz gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor!<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>Bilimdeki \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 gerileme ile bundan daha da fazla \u00fc\u015f\u00fcd\u00fcm. Bana \u00f6yle g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc ki, ge\u00e7en y\u00fczy\u0131llar i\u00e7inde bilimdeki b\u00fcy\u00fck kazan\u0131mlar kaybedilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131, sanki sonsuza dek kavranamaz kalmaya yazg\u0131l\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f gibi hissettim. G\u00fcn\u00f6te konumumdan 400 AB\u2019ye gelmem 1300 y\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ald\u0131. G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019e Pl\u00fcton\u2019dan 10 kat daha uzaktayken, Ba\u011fdat\u2019taki Bilgelik Evi\u2019nin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve burada, Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n erken bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00a0 \u00e7evrilip kaydedildi\u011fini g\u00f6rerek y\u00fcreklendim. Orada cebirdeki geli\u015fmelerle birlikte, G\u00fcne\u015f h\u00e2l\u00e2 bana D\u00fcnya\u2019dan g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden 6 milyon kez daha soluk g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrken, art\u0131k cisimler bana daha parlak g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131m sadece birka\u00e7 derece artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ama \u015fimdi saatte yakla\u015f\u0131k 4000 km\u2019lik h\u0131zla seyahat ediyordum.<\/p>\n – Uzay\u0131n derinliklerinde ne kadar zaman harcad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131za inanam\u0131yorum. G\u00fczel bir yolculuk ge\u00e7irdi\u011finizi umar\u0131m\u2026<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>Evet, 1600\u2019den 1700\u2019e kadar, 5 milyar kilometre seyahat ettim ve bu ge\u00e7irdi\u011fim en mutlu 5 milyar kilometreydi. Galileo yeni icat edilen teleskopu kullanarak J\u00fcpiter\u2019in d\u00f6rt uydusunu ke\u015ffetmi\u015fti; daha da \u00f6nemlisi, Ven\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn de t\u0131pk\u0131 Ay gibi evreleri oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015fti. Buradan da hakl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde, onun da G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sonucunu \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kepler, Tycho Brahe\u2019nin \u00f6zenle kurdu\u011fu g\u00f6zlemevinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131, gezegenlerin konumlar\u0131n\u0131n hassas \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerini kullanarak, gezegen y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerinin elips \u015feklinde oldu\u011fu sonucunu ula\u015ft\u0131 ve \u00fcnl\u00fc yasas\u0131nda, gezegenlerin G\u00fcne\u015f etraf\u0131nda dola\u015f\u0131m s\u00fcrelerinin karesinin, yar\u0131 ana eksenlerinin k\u00fcp\u00fc ile orant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Kepler\u2019in daha \u00f6nce ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7lardan, neden ger\u00e7ekte d\u00fczg\u00fcn y\u00fczl\u00fc be\u015f geometrik cisim olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, alt\u0131 gezegen ve bundan dolay\u0131 alt\u0131 olas\u0131 y\u00f6r\u00fcngenin olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klama \u00e7abas\u0131 beni bir hayli keyiflendirdi. D\u00fcnya\u2019ya son yak\u0131nla\u015fmam\u0131n tersine, bu s\u0131ralarda fizikteki geli\u015fmelerin benim artan ivmemi yakalayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hissediyor gibiydim.<\/p>\n – Fizikte ne t\u00fcr geli\u015fmeler g\u00f6rd\u00fcn\u00fcz?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>18. y\u00fczy\u0131l, Newton\u2019un Optik<\/em>\u2019i yay\u0131mlamas\u0131yla (nihayet) s\u0131\u00e7ram\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Newton, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n par\u00e7ac\u0131klardan olu\u015ftu\u011funa inan\u0131yordu; her ne kadar \u0131\u015f\u0131k zerrelerinin sal\u0131nabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnse de; bundan dolay\u0131, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n dalgalardan olu\u015ftu\u011funu \u00f6neren Young\u2019un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n kabul edilmesi biraz zaman ald\u0131. Fahrenheit, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Amerika\u2019da h\u00e2l\u00e2 kullan\u0131lmakta olan s\u0131cakl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc geli\u015ftirmi\u015fti ve statik elektrik \u00fczerine deneyler yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Halley, Newton\u2019un k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim teorisini kullanarak, k\u0131z karde\u015flerimden birinin D\u00fcnya\u2019ya 1758 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00f6nece\u011fini do\u011fru olarak \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc; ama k\u0131z karde\u015fim, J\u00fcpiter\u2019in etkisinden dolay\u0131 -ki J\u00fcpiter\u2019in benim \u00fczerimde de \u00f6nemli bir etkisi vard\u0131r- birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn ge\u00e7 gelmi\u015fti. Herschel\u2019in Uran\u00fcs\u2019\u00fc ke\u015ffetmesi, di\u011fer b\u00fct\u00fcn gezegenlerin yaz\u0131l\u0131 tarih \u00f6ncesinden beri biliniyor olmas\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden D\u00fcnya\u2019y\u0131 sallad\u0131 ve \u015fu soruyu ak\u0131llara d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc: \u201cAcaba ba\u015fka gezegen var m\u0131?\u201d Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonuna do\u011fru Volta bak\u0131r ve \u00e7inko diskleri aras\u0131nda alternatif ak\u0131m \u00fcretecek mekanizmay\u0131 kurdu, \u0131slak mukavvalarla ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131r ve \u00e7inko disklerden ilk pili \u00fcretti. Bu s\u0131rada ben, G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in Uran\u00fcs\u2019e uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan on kat daha \u00f6tedeydim, yakla\u015f\u0131k 8000 km\/saat ile yolculuk ediyordum.<\/p>\n – Bu sizi 19. y\u00fczy\u0131la m\u0131 getirdi?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>Evet, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca, yakla\u015f\u0131k 8 milyar kilometre teptim. John Adams ve Urbain LeVerrier\u2019in Uran\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn y\u00f6r\u00fcngesi \u00fczerine kavga ettiklerini g\u00f6rd\u00fcm.<\/p>\n – Kavgalar\u0131 neyle ilgiliydi?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>Kepler\u2019in di\u011fer gezegenlerin y\u00f6r\u00fcngesinin elips bi\u00e7iminde oldu\u011funu g\u00f6zlemesine ve Newton\u2019un teorisi eliptik y\u00f6r\u00fcngeleri \u00f6ng\u00f6rmesine ra\u011fmen, Uran\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn y\u00f6r\u00fcngesi elipse pek yak\u0131n de\u011fildi. Bu problem ger\u00e7ekten her \u015feyi kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n – Nas\u0131l yani?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>\u015ea\u015fk\u0131na d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcn\u00fcz, kimse y\u00f6r\u00fcngenin neden yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu anlayamad\u0131.<\/p>\n – \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm neydi?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>Baz\u0131 insanlar, Newton\u2019un k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim teorisinin baz\u0131 noktalar\u0131na ku\u015fkuyla yakla\u015ft\u0131lar. \u0130\u00e7 gezegenlerde (3) teori i\u015fliyor, belki b\u00f6ylesi b\u00fcy\u00fck uzakl\u0131klarda i\u015flemiyor olabilirdi. Ya da, G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019inizin k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim alan\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden daha zay\u0131ft\u0131. Oradaki ku\u015fku bulutlar\u0131 g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc karartt\u0131.<\/p>\n – G\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc temizlendi mi?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>Bir s\u00fcre sonra. Bir ba\u015fka d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce de, orada g\u00f6remedi\u011fimiz bir maddenin i\u015fba\u015f\u0131nda oldu\u011fuydu, Uran\u00fcs\u2019\u00fc iten ve \u00e7eken g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez maddenin b\u00fcy\u00fck bulutlar\u0131.<\/p>\n – Biraz zorlama gibi duruyor.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>Asl\u0131nda, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde teredd\u00fcts\u00fcz olarak bu olguya inan\u0131yorsunuz ya da onun bir t\u00fcr genelle\u015ftirilmi\u015f haline.<\/p>\n – \u00d6yle mi yap\u0131yoruz?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>Evren\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez bir maddeyle dolu oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yorsunuz. Bu madde, cisimlerin hareketinde, zaman zaman bask\u0131n bir rol oynuyor.<\/p>\n – Bunu biraz a\u00e7\u0131klar m\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>Yolunuzun \u00fczerinde sarmal bir g\u00f6kada g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmesi oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyorum; e\u011fer bu soruyu o s\u00f6yle\u015fi s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00fcndeme getirirseniz, ilk elden bilgi alabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n – Peki, yapaca\u011f\u0131m. Uran\u00fcs sorunu ne oldu?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>Son \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm, Uran\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn ba\u015fka bir gezegen taraf\u0131ndan tedirgin edildi\u011fiydi. Adams ve LeVerrier birbirlerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak Nept\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc, o g\u00fcne de\u011fin yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyd\u00fc!<\/p>\n – \u015ea\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131! Bu d\u00f6nemde dikkatinizi \u00e7eken ba\u015fka geli\u015fme var m\u0131?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>\u00c7ok fazla. Aralar\u0131nda, James Maxwell\u2019in derleyip geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi elektrik ve manyetizma yasalar\u0131n\u0131n ke\u015ffi de var.<\/p>\n – Biz fizi\u011fi daha \u00e7ok anlad\u0131k\u00e7a, sizin de daha mutlu oldu\u011funuzu fark ettim. Neden b\u00f6yle?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>Bilmiyorum, belki basit\u00e7e anla\u015f\u0131lma tutkusudur.<\/p>\n – Bunu \u00e7ok iyi anlayabiliyorum. Geldik 20. y\u00fczy\u0131la\u2026<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019ten 177 AB uzaktayd\u0131m, bu da Pl\u00fcton\u2019un maksimum uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan yakla\u015f\u0131k 4,5 kat daha fazlayd\u0131. \u015eimdi saatte yakla\u015f\u0131k 9500 km\u2019lik bir h\u0131zla seyahat ediyordum ve 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda G\u00fcne\u015f Sistemi\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131 fark etmi\u015ftim. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda fizikteki geli\u015fmelerin artan h\u0131z\u0131, benim s\u00fcrekli ivmelenmemi yakalayacak gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. O d\u00f6nemde Merk\u00fcr\u2019\u00fcn y\u00f6r\u00fcngesinin, \u00e7ok da Newton\u2019un teorisinin \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm i\u00e7in bir kez daha karanl\u0131k madde \u00f6neriliyordu; y\u00f6r\u00fcngeyi bozan bu kez Vulcan adl\u0131 varsay\u0131msal bir gezegendi. Newton\u2019un teorisinden yine \u015f\u00fcphe ediliyordu, do\u011fru \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc bulmak uzun s\u00fcrmedi. 1905\u2019te Einstein\u2019\u0131n bir\u00e7ok ba\u015fka \u015feyin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra E=mc2<\/sup>\u2019yi de \u00f6ng\u00f6ren \u00f6zel g\u00f6relilik teorisiyle fizik yeni doruklara ula\u015ft\u0131. On y\u0131l sonra Einstein Newton\u2019un k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim teorisinin yerini alacak olan genel g\u00f6relilik teorisini geli\u015ftirdi. Newton\u2019un kendi teorisini yaymas\u0131yla, Einstein\u2019\u0131n kendi teorisini yaymas\u0131 aras\u0131nda, 26 milyar km seyahat ettim. Bu beni, Merk\u00fcr\u2019\u00fcn y\u00f6r\u00fcngesinin Einstein\u2019in teorisiyle do\u011fru bir bi\u00e7imde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6rmenin yeterince yak\u0131n\u0131na getirdi. Bu y\u0131llar boyunca elektron ke\u015ffedildi, Rutherford atomun b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda bo\u015fluktan olu\u015ftu\u011funu ke\u015ffetti ve Bohr, atom kuram\u0131n\u0131 \u015fekillendirdi. \u00d6rne\u011fin, atom \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde enerji ve momentum gibi \u015feyler, kesintili paketler halinde oluyordu. Eski Newton-Young tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, yani \u0131\u015f\u0131k par\u00e7ac\u0131klardan m\u0131 yoksa dalgalardan m\u0131 olu\u015fur sorunu, b\u00fct\u00fcn ihti\u015fam\u0131yla geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc; ben G\u00fcne\u015f Sistemi\u2019ne girene de\u011fin de, tart\u0131\u015fma par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n lehine yat\u0131\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Foton ad\u0131 verilen bu par\u00e7ac\u0131klar bir arada t\u0131pk\u0131 dalga gibi hareket eder, bu da ni\u00e7in bunlar\u0131n dalga gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6sterir. Yani Newton hakl\u0131yd\u0131, ama yanl\u0131\u015f nedenlerle!<\/p>\n – Ne heyecanl\u0131 bir yolculuk, yak\u0131n zamanlara gelmi\u015fsiniz gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor\u2026<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>Evet, 1950\u2019ye gelindi\u011finde do\u011fay\u0131 do\u011fru bi\u00e7imde betimleyen kuantum mekani\u011fi sa\u011flam bir \u015fekilde kurulmu\u015ftu. Bildi\u011finiz gibi atom bombalar\u0131 patlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131, giderek daha \u00e7ok olacakt\u0131. Beni anlamak i\u00e7in kullanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z bilgiyi y\u00fczlerce y\u0131lda biriktirdikten sonra, onu ve onun soyundan gelenleri yok etme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda yatan ironi t\u00fcylerimi \u00fcrpertti.<\/p>\n – Burada bir ba\u015fka ironi daha var, onu not etmeden ge\u00e7emeyece\u011fim.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>Nedir o?<\/p>\n – Yok olmakla ilgili bir hayli kayg\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funuz g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor, pek \u00e7o\u011fumuzdan daha fazla; oysa sizin kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kuyrukluy\u0131ld\u0131z, e\u011fer D\u00fcnya\u2019ya \u00e7arparsa, yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki b\u00fct\u00fcn ya\u015fam\u0131 mutlak olarak yok edecek kadar etkili olabilir.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>Evet, yapabilirim. Ama sizin kendi kendinizi yok etmeniz \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck trajedi olur.<\/p>\n – Evet, olur. Yolculu\u011funuza geri d\u00f6nelim, bug\u00fcne geldi\u011fimizde kuyrukluy\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131 art\u0131k \u00e7ok daha iyi anl\u0131yoruz, de\u011fil mi?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>Evet. Fred Whipple, kuyrukluy\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n \u201ckirli kartoplar\u0131\u201d oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc, bu takma addan \u00e7ok fazla ho\u015flanmasam da, daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131lmak i\u00e7imi \u0131s\u0131tt\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca y\u0131ld\u0131zlara minnettar\u0131m, somurtkan, ye\u015fil g\u00f6zl\u00fc bir asteroit olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m i\u00e7in.<\/p>\n – Kuyrukluy\u0131ld\u0131zlarla asteroitler aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck farklar oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyorum. Ne zaman G\u00fcne\u015f Sistemimize girdiniz?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>Sonraki 20 y\u0131l boyunca, 40 AB\u2019den 20 AB\u2019ye kadar yol ald\u0131m; Uran\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019e uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar, oraya 1980\u2019lerin sonuna do\u011fru vard\u0131m. Bu d\u00f6nemde, birka\u00e7 k\u00f6kl\u00fc gizem ayd\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015ftu. Daha sonraki s\u00f6yle\u015filerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda bunlar\u0131 tart\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n – Anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m kadar\u0131yla, fizikte h\u00e2l\u00e2 birka\u00e7 temel ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmemi\u015f problem oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yorsunuz.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>Kesinlikle.<\/p>\n – Bu yolculukta dikkatinizi \u00e7eken \u015feyler nerede ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>Ben G\u00fcne\u015f Sistemi\u2019ne girerken, do\u011faya bakman\u0131n yeni ve derin y\u00f6ntemlerinin geli\u015ftirilmesine ba\u015flan\u0131yordu. Par\u00e7ac\u0131klar, sicimler olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu, farkl\u0131 sal\u0131n\u0131m tarzlar\u0131 farkl\u0131 par\u00e7ac\u0131klar olarak yorumlan\u0131yordu. Bu yeni sicim teorisi bana Pisagor\u2019u ve onun sicim \u00fczerine deneylerini ve bu deneylerden elde etti\u011fi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 gezegenlerin uzakl\u0131klar\u0131na genelle\u015ftirmesini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrtt\u00fc. \u015eimdi sicim teorisyenleri, benzer bir bi\u00e7imde \u015funu iddia ediyorlar: Titre\u015fen sicimlerin \u00fcsttonlar\u0131n\u0131n uyumlu ili\u015fkileri, b\u00fct\u00fcn do\u011fay\u0131 olu\u015fturan farkl\u0131 temel par\u00e7ac\u0131klard\u0131r. Merak ediyorum \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n titre\u015fen zerrecikler oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcren Newton bu konuda neler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrd\u00fc.\u00a0 Her neyse, 1994\u2019te G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019ten 10 AB uzakl\u0131ktayd\u0131m.<\/p>\n – Bu yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak Sat\u00fcrn\u2019\u00fcn G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019e olan uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar, de\u011fil mi?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>Evet, saatte yakla\u015f\u0131k 50.000 km h\u0131zla seyahat ediyordum ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131m s\u0131f\u0131r\u0131n alt\u0131nda 300 dereceydi. Bu s\u0131cakl\u0131k, s\u0131v\u0131 azotun kaynama noktas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerindedir; her zamanki gibi so\u011fuktum, belirli gazlar \u00e7oktan buharla\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve y\u00f6r\u00fcngemde benimle birlikte yolculuk ediyorlard\u0131. Fermi Lab\u2019da \u00fcst kuark \u00fcretildi ve g\u00f6zlendi; \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden ben de ke\u015ffedilecektim. Fermi Lab\u2019\u0131n ke\u015ffi, bir s\u00fcredir inan\u0131lan, do\u011fada alt\u0131 farkl\u0131 kuark bulundu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini do\u011frulad\u0131. Ama maddenin neden alt\u0131 temel yap\u0131ta\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011funa kimse yan\u0131t veremedi. J\u00fcpiter\u2019in yak\u0131nlar\u0131na gelmek i\u00e7in 5 AB\u2019den daha \u00e7ok yol almam, iki y\u0131ldan daha az s\u00fcrd\u00fc. S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131m s\u0131f\u0131r\u0131n alt\u0131nda 233\u2019e y\u00fckselmi\u015fti, giderek bendeki daha \u00e7ok gaz s\u00fcblime oluyordu, sonunda Alan Hale ve Thomas Bopp taraf\u0131ndan ke\u015ffedildim. J\u00fcpiter y\u00f6r\u00fcngemi de\u011fi\u015ftirdi ve periyodumu 2380 y\u0131la d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc; bu da beni \u00e7ok memnun etti. 1997\u2019de, G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019ten 1 AB uzaktayd\u0131m ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131m 45 dereceye y\u00fckselmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n – Fahrenheit olarak m\u0131?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>Evet, do\u011fru, s\u0131f\u0131r\u0131n \u00fczerinde 45 derece Fahrenheit. Bu ayn\u0131 zamanda, D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n ortalama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Beni terk eden par\u00e7ac\u0131klar, \u00e7ekirde\u011fimden milyonlarca kilometre geri itildiler. Kimisini kaybedece\u011fim, kimisini G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in yak\u0131n\u0131ndan ayr\u0131l\u0131rken yeniden yakalayaca\u011f\u0131m.<\/p>\n Yolculuk periyodumun yaln\u0131zca y\u00fczde 1\u2019ini G\u00fcne\u015f Sistemi\u2019nin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ge\u00e7irmi\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131m, bunun da yaln\u0131zca onda birini J\u00fcpiter\u2019in y\u00f6r\u00fcngesinde. Bu k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede D\u00fcnya\u2019da g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerim yaln\u0131zca bir foto\u011fraf karesi gibidir.<\/p>\n – Geri d\u00f6necek misiniz?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>Evet, 3187 y\u0131l\u0131nda geri d\u00f6nece\u011fim ve neler g\u00f6rece\u011fimi merak ediyorum. Eminim ki, fizikte g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn deneyleri ve teorileri, o d\u00f6nemde arkaik g\u00f6r\u00fcnecek. Y\u0131llar \u00f6nce, bir\u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr i\u00e7in temel soru, \u201cNeden alt\u0131 gezegen var?\u201d sorusuydu. \u015eimdi, gezegen say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemsiz oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyoruz, G\u00fcne\u015f Sistemi\u2019nin olu\u015fumu s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki bir kaza sadece. O soruyu \u00f6nemsemiyoruz bile. Art\u0131k yeni bir soru onun yerini ald\u0131: \u201cNeden alt\u0131 kuark var?\u201d Geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmde, bu son soru da reddedilmi\u015f mi olacak, acaba yerini yeni biri mi alm\u0131\u015f olacak\u2026 Belki de soru kesin olarak yan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f olacak. D\u00f6nmek ve \u00f6\u011frenmek i\u00e7in sab\u0131rs\u0131zlan\u0131yorum!<\/p>\n – S\u00f6yle\u015fi i\u00e7in bize ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z zamana te\u015fekk\u00fcr ederiz, \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bilgiler verdiniz.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0– <\/em><\/strong>Benim i\u00e7in bir zevkti. Umar\u0131m gelecek sefer yak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131zdan ge\u00e7erken de b\u00f6yle bir f\u0131rsat yakalar\u0131z.<\/p>\n Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n 1) AB: Astronomi birimi, \u0130ngilizcesi AU\u2019dur (astronomical unit). G\u00f6kbilimde kullan\u0131lan bir uzakl\u0131k birimidir. Bir AU G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in merkeziyle D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n merkezi aras\u0131ndaki uzakl\u0131k olan 149,6 milyon kilometredir.<\/p>\n 2) G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019e yak\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131na g\u00f6re ilk d\u00f6rt gezegen i\u00e7 gezegenler, son d\u00f6rt gezegen de d\u0131\u015f gezegenler olarak bilinir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u00c7eviren: Nal\u00e2n Mahsereci Daha \u00f6nce s\u00f6yle\u015fi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m ki\u015filere pek benzemeyen kuyrukluy\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n, son iki milenyumdan beri bilim tarihinde ya\u015fanan geli\u015fmelerle ne kadar ilgili oldu\u011funa tan\u0131k oluyoruz. Kuyrukluy\u0131ld\u0131z, D\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki bilimsel kazan\u0131mlar ile y\u00f6r\u00fcngesinde ilerlerken bulundu\u011fu yerler aras\u0131nda paralellikler kuruyor. Kuyrukluy\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n, uranyum atomunun insan\u0131n kendi y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlamaya meyilli olmas\u0131ndan duydu\u011fu kayg\u0131lar\u0131 payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. – S\u00f6yle\u015fiye zaman […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":412,"featured_media":23515,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[30,2317,26],"tags":[297,911,728,639,2882,792,346],"class_list":["post-23514","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-astronomi","category-evrenle-soylesiler","category-fizik","tag-gunes-sistemi","tag-herschel","tag-jupiter","tag-kepler","tag-kisa-bilim-tarihi","tag-kuyrukluyildiz","tag-newton"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t