{"id":23714,"date":"2015-01-01T14:04:49","date_gmt":"2015-01-01T12:04:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=23714"},"modified":"2018-04-19T14:09:50","modified_gmt":"2018-04-19T11:09:50","slug":"dunyada-ve-turkiyede-hashas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2015\/01\/01\/dunyada-ve-turkiyede-hashas","title":{"rendered":"D\u00fcnyada ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ha\u015fha\u015f"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ha\u015fha\u015f t\u00fcm yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde, g\u0131da maddesi olma \u00f6zelli\u011finin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bundan daha \u00f6nemli olarak, tarih boyunca kullan\u0131lan ve de\u011feri hi\u00e7 azalmayan en \u00f6nemli t\u0131p bitkisi<\/strong> niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131r. D\u00fcnyada ekiminden hasad\u0131na ve sat\u0131\u015f\u0131na kadar son derece s\u0131k\u0131 kurallara, d\u00fczenlemelere ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, ha\u015fha\u015ftan uyu\u015fturucu elde edilmesinden ve denetim d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretilmesi durumunda uyu\u015fturucu \u00f6zelli\u011finin su\u00e7 i\u015flemek, \u00e7\u0131kar sa\u011flamak, ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k olu\u015fturmak\u2026 gibi ama\u00e7larla kullan\u0131labilmesindendir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yak\u0131n tarihimizde ha\u015fha\u015f oda\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6nemli siyasal olaylar ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1961 Anayasas\u0131yla getirilen \u00f6zerk \u00fcniversite, \u00f6zg\u00fcr bas\u0131n, erkler ayr\u0131m\u0131, y\u00f6netimi denetleme y\u00f6n\u00fcnde yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015f y\u00fcksek yarg\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7ilere sendika hakk\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu ortam\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 bulan ABD, -derenin \u00fcst taraf\u0131ndan \u201csuyumu buland\u0131r\u0131yorsun\u201d diye seslenen kurt benzeri- Amerikan gen\u00e7lerinin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 uyu\u015fturucunun kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye oldu\u011funu savlayarak \u00fclkemizde ha\u015fha\u015f \u00fcretiminin yasaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015ftir. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 Aytun\u00e7 Alt\u0131ndal \u201cHa\u015fha\u015f ve Emperyalizm\u201d adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda \u0130hsan Sabri \u00c7a\u011flayangil\u2019in s\u00f6zlerine yer verir:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u015euras\u0131 net ve kesindir ki, 12 Mart\u2019\u0131n Ha\u015fha\u015f\u2019la gizlenemeyecek bir g\u00f6bekba\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Nitekim, 1971\u2019deki Adalet Partisi (AP) h\u00fck\u00fcmetinde D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rev alm\u0131\u015f olan \u0130hsan Sabri \u00c7a\u011flayangil de, iktidardan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131ktan be\u015f y\u0131l sonra bir gazeteye verdi\u011fi deme\u00e7te, \u2018\u202612 Mart\u2019ta CIA vard\u0131r; b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde vard\u0131r. 12 Mart\u2019ta ha\u015fha\u015f vard\u0131r\u2026\u2019 demi\u015ftir\u201d (Alt\u0131ndal, 2003: 14).<\/p>\n

Bu olay demokrasinin ask\u0131ya al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131, giderek ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na giri\u015fildi\u011fi fa\u015fist bask\u0131 d\u00f6nemleri ile yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131\u011fa verilen \u00f6d\u00fcnler aras\u0131nda do\u011fru orant\u0131ya g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kan\u0131t olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. 12 Mart 1971 askeri bildirisiyle ba\u015flayan darbe d\u00f6neminde s\u00f6z konusu darbe y\u00f6netimince ha\u015fha\u015f ekimi yasaklan\u0131r. Bu karar\u0131n ayn\u0131 zamanda ge\u00e7imini ha\u015fha\u015f \u00fcretiminden sa\u011flayan \u00e7ift\u00e7iye de a\u011f\u0131r bir darbe oldu\u011fu, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin gelirinin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Oysa ABD bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7bir tutarl\u0131 dayana\u011f\u0131 yoktur. Yasak d\u00f6neminde de ABD\u2019ye uyu\u015fturucu giri\u015fi hem de artarak s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (Bkz. Songar, 1974). Ha\u015fha\u015f ekim yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 da olsa ancak 1974\u2019te B\u00fclent Ecevit\u2019in ba\u015fbakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki y\u00f6netim d\u00f6neminde kald\u0131r\u0131labilmi\u015ftir. (Bu ba\u011flamda 12 Eyl\u00fcl 1980 askeri darbesinin hemen sonras\u0131nda,Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n 20 Ekim 1980\u2019de NATO\u2019ya geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn, Yunan taraf\u0131 \u00f6d\u00fcn vermeden, sorunsuz, engelsiz sa\u011flanmas\u0131 bir di\u011fer benzer ya\u015famsal olayd\u0131r).<\/p>\n

Ha\u015fha\u015f\u0131n \u00f6nemi t\u0131psal niteli\u011finden gelir. Bu niteli\u011fi ise morfin ve di\u011fer alkaloidlerden kaynaklan\u0131r. Bunlardan ila\u00e7 aktif hammaddeleri \u00fcretilmektedir. Bu alkaloidlerden morfin, kodein ve tebainin uyu\u015fturucu \u00f6zelli\u011fi olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen noskapin ve papaverin uyu\u015fturucu \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahip de\u011fildir. T\u0131pta analjezik (a\u011fr\u0131 kesici), anestezik (uyu\u015fturucu) veantit\u00fcssif (\u00f6ks\u00fcr\u00fck kesici)\u00a0 olarak bu maddelerden yararlan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hasat edilen ha\u015fha\u015f kaps\u00fclleri \u00e7ift\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131r\u0131larak kabuk tohumdan ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Tohum serbest piyasada de\u011ferlendirilirken ha\u015fha\u015f kabu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131klanan fiyat \u00fczerinden Toprak Mahsulleri Ofisine (TMO) teslim edilir. Ha\u015fha\u015f\u0131n al\u0131m\u0131nda ve ha\u015fha\u015ftan elde edilen opiatlar\u0131n sat\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tek yetkili kurum TMO\u2019dur. Bu durumda ha\u015fha\u015ftan ekonomik de\u011feri olan tohum<\/strong> ve kaps\u00fcl kabu\u011fu<\/strong> olmak \u00fczere iki \u00f6nemli \u00fcr\u00fcn elde edildi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyada uyu\u015fturucu maddelerin ekimi, \u00fcretimi, ithali ve ihrac\u0131n\u0131, \u00fclkemizin de imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler (BM) Uyu\u015fturucu Maddelere Dair 1961 TEK S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi (Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs) ve de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesine ili\u015fkin 1972 protokol\u00fcne g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlenmektedir. 1961 Tek S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi \u00fclkelere, d\u00fcnyadaki uyu\u015fturucu madde i\u015flerinin tek elden y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc getirmektedir. Buna g\u00f6re \u00fclkeler, BM\u2019nin uyu\u015fturucu maddelerin kontrol\u00fc konusundaki yetkisini kabul etmektedir. D\u00fcnyada, ha\u015fha\u015f ekimi BM denetiminde, yasal ana \u00fcretici olarak T\u00fcrkiye, Hindistan, Avustralya, Fransa, \u0130spanya, Macaristan\u2019da yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye ve Hindistan BM taraf\u0131ndan geleneksel ha\u015fha\u015f \u00fcreticisi \u00fclkeler olarak kabul edilmektedir. Son be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k verilerin ortalamas\u0131na g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye, d\u00fcnya yasal ha\u015fha\u015f ekim alanlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde % 47\u2019lik bir paya sahip bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ne ki bu elveri\u015flili\u011fe, \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131n yine d\u00fcnya opiat \u00fcretiminin yakla\u015f\u0131k % 20\u2019sini kar\u015f\u0131lamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ana \u00fcretici \u00fclkeler temelinde yasal ha\u015fha\u015f ekim alanlar\u0131 toplam\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck ini\u015f \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar g\u00f6stermektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fer 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda 138.149 hektarken 2013\u2019te 71.009 hektard\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re d\u00fcnya ekim alanlar\u0131nda y\u0131llara yans\u0131yan bir istikrar olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmelidir.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya morfine e\u015fde\u011fer opiat hammadde \u00fcretimi 2005 ile 2008 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan 2009 y\u0131l\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak yeniden artmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda 428 ton, 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda 479 ton, 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda 541 ton, 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda 477 ton, 2013\u2019te 593 ton olmu\u015ftur (INCB Narcotic Drugs Report 2013).<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyada ha\u015fha\u015f k\u00f6kenli opiat hammadde \u00fcretiminin, t\u00fcketim miktar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi fazla stok olu\u015fmas\u0131na neden olmaktad\u0131r. Bu durumda da d\u00fcnyada istemin artmamas\u0131 nedeniyle \u00fcretici \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda zorlu bir yar\u0131\u015f ya\u015fanmaktad\u0131r. D\u00fcnyada \u00f6nde gelen yasal ha\u015fha\u015f \u00fcreticisi \u00fclkelerden Avustralya, T\u00fcrkiye, Hindistan, Fransa, \u0130spanya, Macaristan aras\u0131nda yo\u011fun rekabet bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler\u2019in, \u00fcyesi t\u00fcm \u00fclkelere \u201cT\u0131bb\u00ee ve bilimsel ama\u00e7l\u0131 opiat hammadde ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ncelikle geleneksel ha\u015fha\u015f \u00fcreticisi \u00fclkelerden temin etmeleri\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki tavsiye karar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, en b\u00fcy\u00fck opiat hammadde ithalat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olan ABD, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte kendisiyle yap\u0131lan uzun pazarl\u0131klar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararla ithalat\u0131n\u0131n % 80\u2019lik k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 geleneksel tedarik edici \u00fclkeler olan T\u00fcrkiye ve Hindistan\u2019dan, kalan % 20\u2019lik k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 da di\u011fer \u00fclkelerden ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmektedir. Bu uygulama k\u0131saca 80\/20 kural\u0131 olarak bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ha\u015fha\u015f ekimi 3298 Say\u0131l\u0131 Uyu\u015fturucu Maddelerle \u0130lgili Kanun ve Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde belgeye ba\u011fl\u0131, kontroll\u00fc ve \u00e7izilmemi\u015f ha\u015fha\u015f kaps\u00fcl\u00fc \u00fcretimi \u015feklinde, yazl\u0131k ve k\u0131\u015fl\u0131k ekim bi\u00e7iminde yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bakanlar Kurulunca ha\u015fha\u015f ekimine izin verilen yerlerde TMO\u2019ca yap\u0131lan planlama \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, BM taraf\u0131ndan \u00fclkemize verilen limit \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ha\u015fha\u015f ekimi ve \u00e7izilmemi\u015f kaps\u00fcl \u00fcretimi yapt\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ha\u015fha\u015f al\u0131m miktar\u0131 (di\u011fer bak\u0131\u015fla \u00fcretimi anlam\u0131na da gelir) ko\u015fullara g\u00f6re y\u0131lda 20.000 ton ile 40.000 ton aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmekte ve \u00fcreticilere 50 milyon TL ile 100 milyon TL aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen tutarda \u00f6deme yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ha\u015fha\u015f T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00f6z (endemik) bitkilerindendir. Bu topraklar\u0131 sevmektedir. Giderek, ya\u015famsal nitelikteki ha\u015fha\u015f \u00fcretiminin belli bir miktar\u0131n alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fmemesi, g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 zorunluluktur. Giderek ila\u00e7 sanayinin ha\u015fha\u015f \u00fcretimiyle olan ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemi de belirginle\u015fmektedir. Bu ba\u011flamda ha\u015fha\u015f\u0131n don, kurakl\u0131k, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131caklar gibi olumsuz etkenlere kar\u015f\u0131 duyarl\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de opiat \u00fcretimi TMO\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak 1981\u2019de, Bolvadin\u2019de kurulan Afyon Alkaloidleri Fabrikas\u0131nda (AAF) yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. AAF 20.000 ton y\u0131ll\u0131k i\u015fleme kapasitesiyle alan\u0131nda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck fabrikas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dclkemiz d\u00fcnya yasal uyu\u015fturucu madde t\u00fcketiminin yakla\u015f\u0131k % 30\u2019unu kar\u015f\u0131layabilecek d\u00fczeydedir. Ha\u015fha\u015f kaps\u00fcl\u00fcnden \u00fcretilen morfin ve t\u00fcrevleri ile ha\u015fha\u015f tohumunun ihracat\u0131ndan y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama 80 Milyon US$ dolay\u0131nda d\u00f6viz girdisi sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu yaz\u0131da s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc sunulan ha\u015fha\u015f \u00fcretimine ili\u015fkin bilgilerden hareketle; T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin s\u00f6z konusu alanda verimlili\u011fi art\u0131rma \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n, yerli ila\u00e7 sanayinin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesinin, opiat \u00fcretimini g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alacak ha\u015fha\u015f \u00fcretim ko\u015ful ve y\u00f6ntemlerinin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131n gerekli, giderek zorunlu oldu\u011fu belirtilmelidir.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Alt\u0131ndal, Aytun\u00e7, \u201cHa\u015fha\u015f ve Emperyalizm\u201d, Yeni Avrasya Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2003.<\/p>\n

2) \u201cINCB Narcotic Drugs Report 2013\u201d, United Nations, International Narcotics Control Board, New York, 2014.<\/p>\n

3) Songar, Ayhan, \u201cHa\u015fha\u015f Meselesi ve T\u00fcrkiye\u201d, Hareket Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1974.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ha\u015fha\u015f t\u00fcm yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde, g\u0131da maddesi olma \u00f6zelli\u011finin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bundan daha \u00f6nemli olarak, tarih boyunca kullan\u0131lan ve de\u011feri hi\u00e7 azalmayan en \u00f6nemli t\u0131p bitkisi niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131r. D\u00fcnyada ekiminden hasad\u0131na ve sat\u0131\u015f\u0131na kadar son derece s\u0131k\u0131 kurallara, d\u00fczenlemelere ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, ha\u015fha\u015ftan uyu\u015fturucu elde edilmesinden ve denetim d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretilmesi durumunda uyu\u015fturucu \u00f6zelli\u011finin su\u00e7 i\u015flemek, \u00e7\u0131kar sa\u011flamak, ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":613,"featured_media":23715,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[168,535],"tags":[2917,2916,543],"class_list":["post-23714","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-131-sayi","category-forum","tag-bitkiler","tag-hashas","tag-tarim"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t